한국 사회의 법과 인권, 민주주의: 이명박 정부 5년에 대한 평가 ; 이명박 정부 교육정책에 대한 평가와 과제 -신자유주의 고등교육정책을 중심으로-

임재홍 ( Chae Hong Lim ) 민주주의법학연구회 2012 민주법학 Vol.0 No.50

In this Paper, I intended to analyze a series of new higher education reform policies of Lee Myung-bak government. They are commonly characterized by ``marketization`` and ``autonomy and accountability`` of higher education. The ``marketization`` was an extensive introduction of competition mechanism in the field of higher education, and ``University autonomy and accountability`` was privatization. Public education system will be threatened if higher education services are included in neo-liberalistic moves. The right to get a good education becomes more and more a question of money. The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology emphasized national competitiveness in the 21st century knowledge-based society and the quality of human resources. But in my opinion national human resources development policy did not justify the new higher education reform policies. Because human resources development on the national level does not become the goal of public higher education. We want an education system for people, not for profits, which has been shown at a series of student demonstrations such as “tonsure protests” by university students. This also brought criticisms from the opposition, the Democratic Party. In Korea students have to pay tuitions and fees to colleges or universities. Pay increases have caused chronic controversy. Household spending on higher education has been rising inexorably over the past few years, aside from a temporary dip during the financial crisis. Significant progress is necessary in the restructuring of higher education in Korea. Korean higher education shows several distinctive features when compared with other countries. First of all, the majority of higher education institutions are private. About 87% of higher education institutions are private. About 78% of university students and 96% of professional school students enrolls in private institutions. As private institutions rely heavily on tuition revenue, their fees are considerably high. Even public universities in Korea charge substantial tuition, because governmental support for higher education in Korea is too small. Public financial expenditures on higher education as a percentage of GDP are very low at 0.3%. The net result is that the household sector bears the bulk of the financial burden for higher education. The proportion of governmental subsidies was limited to 22.3%, much lower than the OECD average(68.9%)(Education at a Glance 2011). Partly the rapid expansion of higher education supply has started to exceed the demand. In spite of the outward goal i. e., strengthening the global competitiveness of universities, the policy of the Ministry of Educations, Science And Technology has focused on shutdown of private institutions. The government has launched a campaign to restructure universities by weeding out financially-week private schools and merging state-run ones. The government`s move to weed out underperforming schools is tied to its tuition-cut drive. Korea needs to reform the universities with reviewing ways to lower tuition. But the proper way of higher education reform should begin to subsidizing higher education institution. The government needs to increase financial subsidy rather than weeding out substandard schools to upgrade the quality of higher education. Korea`s public education spending per student was lower than the average of other OECD member states, according to the organization`s 2011 edition of Education at a Glance. Under purchasing power parity(PPP), the conversion index used to compare price levels for different countries, Korea`s public education spending per student stood at $9,081 for higher education schools, lower than the OECD average of $13,717. The government did not invest properly in higher education. We point out that the government needs to spend more on public education.

고등교육 책무성에 대한 대학 기능유형별 차이:교수의 인식 분석을 중심으로

오승은,유지현,박주호 고려대학교 교육문제연구소 2015 敎育問題硏究 Vol.28 No.2

최근 교육환경의 변화로 고등교육 책무성의 중요성이 강조되고 있는데 비해, 이를 실증적으로 분석한 연구는 많지 않다. 본 연구는 고등교육의 핵심적 이해관계자인 대학교수를 대상으로, 책무성을 어떻게 인식하고 있으며 그 인식에 영향을 미치는 요인이 무엇인가 조사하고 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구를통하여 우리나라 교수들은 소속대학의 기능유형별로 고등교육 책무성의 개념 및 책무성 확보기제의 적절성, 그리고 고등교육이 추구해야 할 목표와 이해관계자에 대한 책임수준에 대한 인식에서 차이를 보이는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 정부의 고등교육 책무성 확보 정책의 유효성에 대해 유의미하게 영향을 미치는 변인은 소속대학의 기능유형인 것으로 확인되었다. 그 영향의 유효성 정도는 직업교육중심대학, 교육중심대학, 연구중심대학 순이었다. 본 연구의 시사점은 대학유형별로 인식 차이를 보이는 이슈들에대해서는 자율적으로 합의 형성을 위한 토론의 장을 제공하고 제도적 장치가 필요하다는 사실이다. 즉,본 연구가 제시한 이해관계자의 관점 차이 조율은 고등교육 책무성을 제고함에 있어 구체적이고 정교한 정책적 판단을 내리거나, 향후 조화롭고 균형적인 방향을 추구하는데 도움이 된다는 점을 시사하고 있다. The importance of higher education accountability has been increasing with rapidly changing educational environment. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of empirical research to examine higher education accountability. In this vein, the purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which faculty members who are in a critical position of the stakeholders in relation to higher education policy perceive higher education accountability and what kind of factors affect their perceptions. The result of the current study shows that faculty members’perceptions on the level of higher education accountability are different from higher education institutions’functional types. In addition, this study found that the different types of higher education institutions positively affect the effectiveness of higher education policy to strengthen their accountability. Thefinding of this study suggests that the different perception of the faculty members on higher education accountability need to have an openly debating opportunity as well as an official rule leading to a consensus. Namely, the result of the study implies that prior coordinating and tuning the different perceptions of the stakeholders will be helpful for building an accurate and concrete discussion making needed to strengthen higher education accountability and for driving the balanced future direction.

윤석열 정부의 고등교육개혁정책 추진과정에 대한 분석

반상진 한국교육정치학회 2023 敎育政治學硏究 Vol.30 No.4

The purpose of this study was to analyze of the characteristics and issues of the current government’s higher education policy design and implementation process, and the contents of major higher education policies. As the results of it, first, the current government’s education reform design and implementation process tends to independently pursue Ministry of Education-led policies that the ruling power wants to do with less than 20% of the presidential election pledges, national tasks, to launch in the image of an unprepared government, and to implement the policies that lacks consistency and reliability in the presidential election process, since the beginning of the administration. Second, among the current government’s higher education policies, major contents and issues were discussed, focusing on deregulation policies for higher education, establishment of the Regional Innovation System & Education (RISE), fostering Glocal universities, and special accounts for higher and lifelong education support. Currently, the main issues of higher education are to amplify confrontation and conflict with the education community, so the government needs to change its perception of designing and operating predictable and sympathetic higher education policies through transparent and democratic procedures in the future.

Three Major Initiatives in Higher Education by the 2016 Taiwan Tsai Administration-Self accreditation, Higher Education Sprout Project and New Southbound Policy and Their Impact on Taiwan Higher Education: In Search of Egalitarianism or Pursuit of Excellence?

Angela Yung Chi Hou,Zoe Hu,Lily Lin 한국교육행정학회 2019 한국교육행정학회 학술연구발표회논문집 Vol.2019 No.5

Due to global influence and local demand, Taiwan’s higher education has experienced great changes in policy agendas and system reforms over past decades. After 80s, Taiwan higher education experienced great expansion but faced the challenges from global competitors. In response, “selection and concentration policy” aiming at “World class” universities building and implementation of a compulsory external accreditation were the strategies adopted by the government, which led to a new type of institutional governance and academician’s engagement over the past decade. After President Tsai took the presidential office in 2016, the MOE shifted the focus to universities’ autonomy and social responsibility and encouraged institutions to strengthen the partnership and collaborations with ASEAN countries. Based on the new ideological and political paradigm shift, three major national projects, including the new cycle of self-accreditation policy, higher education sprout project, and new southbound policy were kicked off. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to present the current development of three MOE initiatives and explore the paradigm shift of higher education policymaking in terms of egalitarianism. Their impacts on universities’ autonomy and accountability are discussed as a conclusion of the paper.

Three Major Initiatives in Higher Education by the 2016 Taiwan Tsai Administration-Self accreditation, Higher Education Sprout Project and New Southbound Policy and Their Impact on Taiwan Higher Education: In Search of Egalitarianism or Pursuit of Excell

Angela Yung Chi Hou,Zoe Hu,Lily Lin 한국교육재정경제학회 2019 한국교육재정경제학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2019 No.2

Due to global influence and local demand, Taiwan’s higher education has experienced great changes in policy agendas and system reforms over past decades. After 80s, Taiwan higher education experienced great expansion but faced the challenges from global competitors. In response, “selection and concentration policy” aiming at “World class” universities building and implementation of a compulsory external accreditation were the strategies adopted by the government, which led to a new type of institutional governance and academician’s engagement over the past decade. After President Tsai took the presidential office in 2016, the MOE shifted the focus to universities’ autonomy and social responsibility and encouraged institutions to strengthen the partnership and collaborations with ASEAN countries. Based on the new ideological and political paradigm shift, three major national projects, including the new cycle of self-accreditation policy, higher education sprout project, and new southbound policy were kicked off. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to present the current development of three MOE initiatives and explore the paradigm shift of higher education policymaking in terms of egalitarianism. Their impacts on universities’ autonomy and accountability are discussed as a conclusion of the paper.

고등교육재정의 안정성과 지속가능성 확보 방안: 고등·평생교육지원특별회계의 쟁점과 중장기적 개선 검토

남수경,이희숙,김훈호,이호준,원세림 한국교육재정경제학회 2024 교육재정경제연구 Vol.33 No.3

본 연구는 고등교육재정의 안정적 확충 수단으로서 고등·평생교육지원특별회계의 개선과 중장기적 발전방안을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 고등교육재정 현황과 고등·평생교육지원특별회계의 쟁점을 검토하고, 단기・중장기 차원에서 고등교육재정의 법적·제도적 개선과 안정적 재원 확보 방안을 제시하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 고등·평생교육지원특별회계가 ‘25년 말까지 3년 한시성을 가진다는 점과 특별회계로서 수입과 지출의 목적성이 명료하지 않다는 점 등을 지적하고, 특별회계로서 타당성을 확보하기 위한 대안들을 제시하였다. 둘째, 고등·평생교육지원특별회계의 재원 확충을 위하여 교육세분 재원의 확대와 중장기적으로 고등교육세로의 전환방안을, 지역혁신중심 대학지원체계(RISE) 개편과 연계하여 시・도 법정전출금과 정부 운용 기금의 일부를 대학까지 공유하는 방안을 제시하였다. 셋째, 중·장기적 고등교육 공적 재원 확보 방안은 재원 분담 주체에 따라 구분하여 제시하였다. 국가적 차원의 확보방안으로 고등교육재정교부금이나 미래교육기금의 신설과 미래인재육성 투자펀드 조성을, 고등교육 재원 다각화와 관련하여 법인세 기반 확보방안과 세액공제와 감면 기반 고등교육 투자 유도 방안을 제시하였다. 끝으로 정책적 실효성 확보를 위하여 정부 계획 및 법률과의 연동과 고등교육 투자 확대의 근거로서 재정 지원과 교육성과 간의 연계를 제시하였다. The purpose of this article is to propose stable funding solutions for higher education based on the Special Account for Higher and Lifelong Education Support. It evaluates the current scale of higher education funding and identifies issues and improvement strategies related to this Special Account. Additionally, it offers recommendations for legal and institutional reforms to enhance higher education funding and outlines strategies for ensuring long-term financial stability in the sector. The study's findings are as follows. First, the current Special Account for Higher and Lifelong Education Support faces challenges regarding the stability, validity, and sustainability of its funding. Furthermore, the legal framework for securing these funds is insufficient. Second, potential funding solutions based on the Special Account include introducing a higher education tax and securing a portion of funds managed by the government. Third, long-term strategies for ensuring stable higher education funding involve establishing central government grants, creating new funds, and developing investment funds. Additionally, expanding local government investments and leveraging corporate taxes to either introduce a higher education tax or provide tax incentives could further encourage investment.

현행 고등교육 책무성 확보기제에 대한 비판적 성찰과 정책방향 탐색

변기용(卞基溶),서경화(徐京華),남미자(南美子),이수지(李秀智),김희연(金嬉姸),유흠뢰(劉?磊) 서울대학교 교육연구소 2013 아시아교육연구 Vol.14 No.1

본 논문의 목적은 고등교육 책무성에 대한 요구가 강화되고 있는 사회적 맥락 속에서, 현재 활용되고 있는 다양한 책무성 확보기제에 대한 비판적 성찰을 통해 미래 고등교육 책무성 확보정책의 방향을 모색하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 국내외에서 이루어진 다양한 선행연구들을 바탕으로 고등교육 책무성을 체계적으로 분석할 수 있는 분석틀을 설정하고 현행 고등교육 책무성 확보기제를 (1) 대상 및 수단, (2) 관점(정부-시장-전문가/대학), (3)환경적 맥락의 세 가지 차원에서 심층적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 조직과 개인 차원을 막론하고 정치적/관료적 책무성과 시장적 책무성 확보기제에 비해 전문적 책무성 확보기제가 매우 미흡하고, 동시에 현행 책무성 확보기제는 고등교육 체제를 둘러싼 급격한 환경적 변화에 따른 고등교육 패러다임 변화를 담아내는데도 한계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결론으로서 (1) 국가(정부)·시장·전문가(대학)의 입장이 균형있게 반영될 수 있는 거버넌스의 구축, (2) 전문적 책무성 확보기제의 강화 및 전문가 실패 보완장치의 마련, (3) 기관의 특성·미션·역량을 고려한 유연한 책무성 확보 정책 등이 향후 정책방향으로 제시되었다. In the context where social demands for higher education accountability are higher than ever before, this study aims to draw useful implications for the direction of the future accountability policies by conducting a critical analysis on the current accountability mechanisms in Korean higher education. To achieve this goal, the study first develops, through an extensive literature review, an analytical framework to investigate accountability mechanisms in Korean higher education. The effectiveness of the current higher education accountability mechanisms is then thoroughly examined based on the following three dimensions: (1) the accountor (those who are responsible for) and means to achieve accountability; (2) perspectives (political/ bureaucratic, market, and professional); and (3) societal context. The results indicate that the professional mechanisms are least developed compared to the political/bureaucratic and the market forms of accountability mechanisms. It is also found that the current accountability mechanisms are not sufficient enough to fully consider a recent higher education paradigm shift reflecting drastic societal changes over the past two decades or so. In conclusion, this study argues that, firstly, it is necessary to establish an appropriate governance system where the representatives of the government, market, and professionals (universities) are brought together to set the long-term goals of higher education, balancing different views of these three different parties in the society. Secondly, strengthening professional accountability mechanisms while at the same time introducing measures to avoid “professionals’ failures” should be considered. Thirdly, given different characteristics, missions, and capabilities of the institutions, more flexible accountability mechanisms need to be introduced and further utilized.

새정부 교육재정정책 및 법제의 주요 이슈와 과제

남수경 대한교육법학회 2022 교육법학연구 Vol.34 No.2

The purpose of this article is to present the issues and tasks of the new government's education finance policy and legislation. To this end, first, the current status of education finance in Korea was examined, second, the principles of operation of education pledges and education finance policies affecting education finance of the new government were summarized, and third, major issues and tasks for improving local education and higher education finance were presented. To summarize the main research results, first, in the case of local education finance, a plan was proposed to stably secure labor costs for faculty members through the revival of remuneration grants and to support educational activity operating costs with domestic taxes. Second, education tax revenue, which is one of the financial resources for local education finance grants, needs to be reviewed to be used for the purpose of strengthening the competitiveness of higher education. Third, in order to improve the efficiency and accountability of local education finance in the future, the current local education finance analysis and diagnosis system needs to improve indicators and utilization measures to confirm educational investment performance. Fourth, in order to secure stable higher education finances, it is necessary to introduce and operate the 'Special Account for Higher Education Support' with the goal of more than 1.0% of GDP, which is the OECD national average. 이 글은 새정부 교육재정정책 및 법제의 이슈와 과제를 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여, 첫째, 우리나라 교육재정의 실태를 살펴보고, 둘째, 새정부 교육재정에 영향을 미치는 교육공약과 교육재정정책의 운영 원리를 정리하여 제시하며, 셋째, 유・초・중등교육을 기반으로 한 지방교육재정과 고등교육재정 각각의 주요 이슈와 새정부 개선과제를 제시하였다. 주요 연구결과를 정리하면, 첫째, 지방교육재정의 경우 보수교부금의 부활 등을 통해서 교직원의 인건비를 안정적으로 확보하고 내국세로 교육활동운영비를 지원하는 재원의 다원화 방안을 제안하였다. 둘째, 지방교육재정교부금 재원의 하나인 교육세 수입은 고등교육 경쟁력 강화 등의 목적으로 활용하도록 재검토될 필요가 있다. 셋째, 향후 지방교육재정의 효율성 및 책무성 제고를 위해서는 현재의 지방교육재정 분석진단제도는 교육투자성과를 확인할 수 있도록 지표나 활용방안이 개선될 필요가 있다. 넷째, 고등교육재정의 안정적 확보를 위하여 OECD 국가평균인 GDP 1.0% 이상을 목표로 ‘고등교육지원특별회계’를 도입, 운영할 필요가 있다.

고등‧평생교육지원특별회계 운용 쟁점 및 개선방안 탐색: 전문가 의견을 중심으로

김민희,최희용 한국교육재정경제학회 2024 교육재정경제연구 Vol.33 No.4

본 연구는 고등‧평생교육지원특별회계 운용 관련 주요 쟁점을 확인하고 향후 운용 방향을 탐색하는데 목적을 두고 수행되었다. 이를 위해 문헌검토, 특별회계의 이론적·제도적 논의, 특별회계가 갖추어야 할 일반적 요건 등을 목적과 세입, 세출 내용으로 구분하여 내용을 검토하고, 전문가 의견 조사를 활용하여 고특회계 운용을 둘러싼 쟁점을 분석한 후 주요 제도 개선 대안을 제시하였다. 본 연구결과, 기타특별회계의 요건과 타 특별회계와의 비교 분석을 통해 현행 고특회계는 세입 측면의 불안정성, 고특회계 목적과 세출 항목간 낮은 정합성 및 미래 투자방향과의 정합성 측면에서 주요 쟁점이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 쟁점을 해소하고 향후 안정적인 재원 확보 및 고등교육 재원의 투자 방향을 설정하기 위해 다음과 같은 측면이 고려되어야 할 것을 제언하였다. 향후 고특회계 법률을 통해 특정 세입의 규모 및 범위를 확대할 필요가 있으며, 세출 측면에서는 특별회계의 설치를 통해 지원하고자 하는 사업의 내용, 대상, 목적 등이 구체적으로 명시될 필요가 있다. 향후에는 고등교육재정사업을 유형화하고 적절한 사업을 포함할 필요가 있다. This study was conducted with the purpose of identifying major issues related to the operation of the Special Account for Supporting Higher and Lifelong Education and exploring future directions for its operation. To this end, the contents were reviewed by dividing them into the purpose, revenue, and expenditure contents through literature review, theoretical and institutional discussions of special accounts, and general requirements that special accounts should have, and then the issues surrounding the operation of the Special Account were analyzed using a survey of expert opinions, and major system improvement alternatives were presented. The results of this study showed that the current Special Account has major issues in terms of instability in terms of revenue, low consistency between the purpose and expenditure items of the Special Account, and consistency with future investment directions through comparative analysis of other special accounts. In order to resolve these issues and secure stable financial resources and set investment directions for higher education funds in the future, the following aspects should be considered. In the future, it is necessary to expand the scale and scope of specific revenues through the Special Account Act, and in terms of expenditures, the contents, targets, and purposes of the projects to be supported through the establishment of the Special Account need to be specifically stated. In the future, it is necessary to categorize higher education finance projects and include appropriate projects.

Cooper 등의 다차원 정책분석 모형을 활용한 「고등·평생교육지원 특별회계」 정책 분석

송지나,김도기 한국지방교육경영학회 2024 지방교육경영 Vol.27 No.3

본 연구는 「고등·평생교육지원 특별회계」(이하 고특회계) 정책형성 과정에 대해 다차원적으로 접근하여 정책을 총체적으로 이해하고 체계적으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위하여 국가 법령, 정부의 정책 자료, 연구보고서, 보도자료, 정책 추진 계획안, 연구 논문, 인터넷 포털 기사 등을 수집하였으며, Cooper 등의 다차원 정책분석 모형을 활용하여 규범적, 구조적, 구성적, 기술적 차원으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 규범적 차원에서 고특회계는 교육재정 효율화, 대학 혁신 지원을 목표로 추진되었다. 둘째, 구조적 차원에서 고특회계는 대학 등록금 동결과 고등교육재정 구조의 취약성과 같은 제도적 구조로부터 영향을 받았다. 셋째, 구성적 차원에서는 고특회계 정책 결정 과정에서의 중앙정부, 지방정부, 고등교육계, 유·초·중등교육계 간 상호작용을 찾을 수 있었다. 넷째, 기술적 차원에서는 고특회계 기획 과정에서 절충안으로서 한시적 운영과 재원 확보 방식을 채택했음을 논의하고, 예산 규모와 활용 과정에서 정부의 비전 실현을 추진하고 있음을 밝혔다. 아울러, 지속 가능한 고등교육 예산 확보를 위한 정책 평가의 시급성을 강조하였다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 고등교육 재정의 안정성과 예측 가능성을 높이기 위해 고등교육재정교부금과 같은 장기적 재정 확보 방안을 마련할 필요가 있음을 제안하였다. This study aims to comprehensively understand and systematically analyze the policy-making process of the 'Special Account for Supporting Higher and Lifelong Education' by taking a multi-dimensional approach. To achieve the research objectives, various materials such as national laws and regulations, government policy documents, press releases, research papers, and internet portal articles were collected. The multidimensional policy analysis model of Cooper et al. was utilized to analyze it in normative, structural, constituent, and technical dimensions. First, at the normative level, the Special Account was promoted with the goals of optimizing education finance and supporting university innovation. Second, structurally, the Special Account was influenced by institutional structures such as tuition freezes and the vulnerability of higher education financing. Third, in terms of its constituent dimension, the policy-making process of the Special Account revealed interactions among the central and local governments, higher education institutions, and elementary, secondary, and middle education institutions. Fourth, the technical dimension discussed the adoption of a temporary operation and funding method as a compromise, and it highlighted that the government's vision was being realized through the budget size and utilization process. Additionally, the urgency of policy evaluation for securing sustainable higher education funding was emphasized. Based on the findings, it is suggested that establishing a long-term financing measure, such as a Higher Education Finance Grant, is essential to enhance the stability and predictability of higher education funding.