Using Eye-tracking in L2 Research: Friend or Foe?

권서경(Suh Keong Kwon) 한국영어교과교육학회 2020 영어교과교육 Vol.19 No.3

Eye-tracking, an innovative research method that measures the movements of the eyes, has recently gained much attention in the areas of second language learning and assessment. The advantage of using eye-tracking is that it provides a direct measure of cognitive processes in a natural condition. The present paper provides a systematic review of what eye-tracking is, both in theory and practice, how it works from preparation to interpretation of the results, and what strengths and weaknesses it possesses. For this, an existing eye-tracking study has been used as a sample to demonstrate what needs to be considered in the stages of data collection, data analysis, and interpretation. The present paper also provides some empirical data and findings from the sample study as examples to demonstrate how the eye-movement data are computed and analyzed to explain a participant’s viewing behavior. By introducing different types of eye-movement data, the paper illustrates how different measures and forms of eye-movements provide discrete meanings to explain participants’ cognitive processes. This study concludes by providing a few practical suggestions to improve the validity of eye-tracking studies for effective uses of the method.

The availability of eye tracking technology with UI

Tristan Basa 한국컴퓨터게임학회 2020 한국컴퓨터게임학회논문지 Vol.33 No.1

In the case of experiments through survey methods, accurate measurements were difficult because they were influenced by the feelings of participants in the experimentation. Thus, in this paper, using eye-tracking technology, the shortcomings of existing survey methods were supplemented and quantitative assessments were made possible. A new method was presented to analyze the player s eye tracking based on the specific points on the mobile screen. The player s eye contact information is accurate because it appears immediately. A more accurate and reliable measurement is possible by comparing and analyzing the eye-tracking data and survey methods proposed in this paper.

What Do Eye-movements Tell Us about Language Processing? An Introduction and Methodological Guide

정세훈 한국응용언어학회 2018 응용 언어학 Vol.34 No.S

It is perhaps needless to say that linguistic input is essential in learning a language as no language can be acquired without using it. In this sense, understanding how learners deal with linguistic input they encounter and what available knowledge resources they apply for real time comprehension may provide valuable information as to how language development takes place (Dekydtspotter & Renaud, 2014; Fodor, 1998). While a variety of different online methods have been used to investigate learners’ real-time language processing, the eye-tracking method has received increasing attention in recent second language acquisition (SLA) literature as a methodological tool to explore cognitive processes involved in learners’ online processing of target language input. In this article, I aim to provide an overview of the eye-tracking techniques including its basic characteristics, key concepts, and description of some of the major eye-movement measurements. In the second part of the paper, I also attempt to provide some of the practical guidelines and tips that are useful in designing and running an eye-tracking experiment for language processing research.

시선추적 기법을 활용한 초등학생의 공간감각 관련 문제해결 과정 분석

이슬,장혜원 대한수학교육학회 2018 수학교육학연구 Vol.28 No.3

This study aims to analyze the difference in eye-fixation and eye-movement during problem solving processes related to spatial sense between the higher spatial sense group and the lower spatial sense group using an eye-tracker. The subjects of this study included 10% higher spatial sense group (n=16) and 10% lower spatial sense group (n=17) out of 152 fifth graders of H Elementary School in Seoul. The subjects were asked to solve six problems presented on the computer monitor. Three of the problems were related to nets and the remaining three were related to building blocks. First, we recorded and analyzed the students’ problem solving processes using an eye-tracker, and then conducted interviews. The results of the analysis revealed significant differences in problem solving processes related to nets and building blocks between the higher group and the lower group. Based on the results, we induced a few didactical implications for encouraging elementary students’ abilities on problem solving related spatial sense. 본 연구는 시선추적 기법을 활용하여 공간감각 상위집단과 하위집단이 공간감각 관련 문제해결 과정에서 보이는 시선고정과 시선이동의 차이를 분석하고, 이를 통해 공간감각 관련 문제해결 지도 방안에 대한 시사점을 얻는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 서울 H초등학교 5학년 학생 152명을 대상으로 공간감각 검사를 실시한 후 상위 10%, 하위 10%, 총 33명의 동의를 구해 전개도 및 쌓기나무 관련 문제의 안구운동실험과 사후면담을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 공간감각 상위집단은 시선을 정답영역에 고정하는 비율이 높고 짧은 응시를 통해 시각적 정보를 처리하는 반면, 공간감각 하위집단은 시선이 텍스트, 그림, 정답, 오답 영역에 분산되었으며 반복적 회귀와 도약의 특징을 보였다. 연구 결과에 기초하여 공간감각 향상을 위한 프로그램 개발의 필요성과 공간감각 하위집단의 문제해결 전략 지도 및 교정을 위한 참고 자료로서의 활용 가능성을 제안하였다.

아이트래킹 기법을 통한 야간경관의 시지각 주목도 분석

Kang, Young Eun,Kim, Min Tai 전북대학교 부설 휴양및경관계획연구소 2013 휴양및경관연구 (J East Asian Landscape Studies) Vol.7 No.2

본 연구에서는 향후 두려움을 줄이기 위한 야간경관계획에 시사점을 제안하기 위하여 아이트래킹 방법을 적용하여 다양한 야간경관의 유형에 따른 두려움을 조사하였다. 이를 위하여 대표적인 야간경관의 유형으로 선정된 6가지 종류의 야간경관별 두려움의 정도를 7점 리커드 척도로 평가하는 동시에 피조사자가 각 야간경관을 응시할 때 눈의 움직임을 아이트래커(eye tracker)로 분석하였다. 아이트래킹 조사에서 눈의 움직임을 평가하기 위하여 사용한 변수는 눈 고정 횟수(fixation count), 눈 움직임 경로 길이(scan path length), 총 지속 시간(total duration)이었으며 피조사자들의 시선 이동 및 방향, 주목점을 파악하기 위하여 움직임 경로(scan path)와 주목 분포도(heat map)도 함께 분석되었다. 조사 결과, 야간경관별 두려움의 차이는 유의한 것으로 조사되었으며 야간경관 유형 중 모든 방향으로 열려있는 야간경관이 피조사자들에게 가장 안전하게 인식되는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 야간경관의 유형에서 길의 폭 및 주변 건물에 의하여 만들어지는 공간감이 유사한 환경이라면, 부수적인 나무, 구조물, 가로등 등 경관요소는 두려움 지각의 차이에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 주목 분포도(heat map) 분석을 통한 시지각 주목 강도는 대부분의 야간경관 유형에서 길이 끝나는 지점과 그 주변부를 응시하는 빈도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 공간, 장소를 연구하는 분야에서 사람들의 주목하는 관심 구역(AOI: Area of Interests)을 객관적으로 밝혀낼 수 있는 아이트래킹 방법을 적용했다는 것에서 큰 기여를 하였다고 할 수 있다. 향후 연구에서는 본 연구의 내용을 바탕으로, 두려움 외에 다른 변수들을 적용하여 주목도가 높았던 구역이 의미하는 바에 대한 심층적인 고찰이 필요하다고 판단된다. This study uses eye-tracking methods to investigate fear across six different nightscape scenes with the goal of suggesting nightscape planning and design guidelines that can reduce fear in the designed nighttime landscape. The correlations between eye movement parameters (fixation count, scan path length, and total duration) and reported levels of fear were analyzed as participants viewed six photographs of nightscapes. Additionally, areas of fixation and scan path patterns were analyzed using scan path maps and heat maps, which show subjects’ areas of interest. Results showed that fear ratings and eye movements varied significantly depending on the characteristics of the nightscape settings viewed. The open setting was ranked safest of the six different settings. The authors also found that landscape elements such as trees, retaining walls, and streetlights do not affect fear ratings as much as buildings. The study also showed that eye-tracking methods can be valuable tools in understanding people’s specific areas of interests on test images.

시선 추적 장치를 활용한 초등학생들의 설명하는 글 요약하기 양상 분석

장동민(Jang, Dong Min),윤석주(Yoon, Seok Ju),김동주(Kim, Dong Ju),정예은(Jung, Ye Eun),서소연(Seo, So Yeon) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2021 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.21 No.19

목적 본 연구에서는 요약하기 평가를 통해 선별된 수준별 학습자들의 요약하기 양상을 시선 추적 장치(Tobiii pro glasses2)를 통해 객관적으로 분석하였다. 방법 이를 위하여 D광역시 소재 초등학교 6학년 학생 4명을 대상으로 요약하기 과정에서 연구 대상자의 시선 이동 특성을 분석하기 위해 Tobii pro lab을 이용하여 Visualization 분석, A.O.I 설정 분석, T,O,I 설정 분석을 하였으며, 질적 분석을 위해 회상적 사고 구술방법을 활용하였다. 결과 요약하기 전체 과정에 대한 시선 이동 양상을 살펴본 결과 요약하기 수준이 상, 중에 속하는 학생은 요약하기 과제 글을 전체적으로 살펴본 뒤 요약작성을 시작하였고, 요약작성 시 본문 파트와 요약 파트를 넘나들며 요약 글을 작성하였다. 또한 중심문장과 뒷받침 문장에 시선이 고정된 횟수가 많았다. 요약 시간대별 학생들의 요약 글 작성을 위한 시선 고정 수를 살펴본 결과 요약하기 수준이 상, 중에 속하는 학생은 요약 초반에 본문 파트에 집중하고 후반으로 갈수록 요약 파트에 대한 고정이 늘어났다. 결론 연구 결과를 바탕으로 요약하기 수준이 다른 개별 학습자들의 요약과정이 어떤 양상과 차이를 보이는지 시선 추적 장치를 통해 객관적이고 과학적으로 분석하고 시사점을 도출했다는 데 그 의의가 있다. Objectives In this work, we objectively analyze the summarization aspects of selected level-specific learners through the summarization evaluation via the eye tracking device (Tovi pro glasses2). Methods To this end, Visualization analysis, A.O.I setting analysis, and T.O.I setting analysis were conducted using Tobii pro lab to analyze the visualization characteristics of the subjects in the process of summarizing 4 elementary school students in D Metropolitan City. And retrospective thinking oral methods are used for qualitative analysis. Results Looking at the aspect of eye-to-eye movement for the entire summarization process, students who are above- and medium-level summarization began to write summaries after looking at the summary task article as a whole, and when writing summaries, they wrote summaries across the body and summary parts. In addition, there were many fixed eyes on the central and supporting sentences. Looking at the fixed number of eyes for students to write summary articles by summary time zone, students who are above- and medium-level summarization focused on the body part in the beginning of the summary and increased the fixation on the summary part in the second half. Conclusions Based on the results, it is significant that we analyzed objectively and scientifically and derived implications through eye-tracking devices to see what aspects and differences the summarization processes of individual learners with different summarization levels.

Scientific Approach to Fashion Websites Using Eye Trackers

( Seunghee Lee ),( Jung Won Choi ) 한국패션비즈니스학회 2020 패션 비즈니스 Vol.24 No.6

This study analyze consumers’ unconscious visual attention to color and images of internet shopping malls by using eye-tracking method. Twenty-nine participants, including 15 females and 14 males, participated. The average ages of the male and female participants were 27.3 years and 27.7 years, respectively. Ten images of five layouts (multi-composition images, single-model images, gender-composed images, videos, and moving banner images) of internet shopping malls were shown on an eye-tracker computer screen. Quantitative analyses of the eye-tracking responses were conducted. SPSS was used to analyze the descriptive characteristics and to conduct an independent-sample t-test, along with an ANOVA. The data analysis showed that the image area generally had the shortest time to first fixation (TFF), the longest duration of fixation (DOF), the highest number of fixations (NOF), and the highest numbers of revisits(NOR).Notably, visual attention towards female models was high among various images. The results can be used to improve credibility and design online shopping layout with a scientific evidence that helps consumers through their purchase decisions.

검정교과서 선정 과정에서 교사의 주의 집중 분석

한창일,김성운,양일호 한국교원대학교 뇌기반교육연구소 2016 Brain, Digital, & Learning Vol.6 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine how elementary school teachers select textbooks through the analysis of gaze fixation data and to compare and analyze the teachers’ selection behavior and gaze fixation. To this end, the eye tracking was conducted by selecting English textbooks. The subjects of the study are 10 teachers(two male and eight female), who were randomly sampled in consideration of teaching experience, region, age, gender, whether in English teaching career, and English textbooks selecting experience. To find out the teachers’ review patterns, the location of the gaze fixation according to variables on individual teacher, and factors affecting textbook selection, gaze fixation data, interview data, and behavioral data were collected. The gaze fixation data are categorized into nine high-level sections in accordance with the internal composition of the textbook referring to advanced research, and the high-level category was analyzed by finely divided analysis tables again. The results were as follows: First, on analysis of teachers’ review patterns when they select textbooks, there are five categories: the choice of lessons to review, individual textbook review, textbook comparison, textbook main contents review, and appendix review. Second, on analysis of the gaze fixed location depending on variables of individual teacher, such as English teaching experience and English textbook selecting experience, there is no significant difference, but the difference between the average value according to their experience. In other words, teachers who have English teaching experience or English textbook selecting experience fixed their eyes longer on themes and texts in English textbooks. On the other hand, teachers who don’t have English teaching or English textbook selecting experience fixed their gaze at illustrations longer. Third, on analysis of the factors affecting the textbook selection, what have the greatest impact on how teacher choose which textbooks to use in their classes was activities. The reason for this is teachers consider levels of learners and interest in activities. In addition to the activities, factors affecting the textbook selection are internal composition, such as illustrations, characters, appendix, external composition, publishers, and authors.

A Human-Robot Interface Using Eye-Gaze Tracking System for People with Motor Disabilities

Kim, Do-Hyoung,Kim, Jae-Hean,Yoo, Dong-Hyun,Lee, Young-Jin,Chung, Myung-Jin Institute of Control 2001 Transaction on control, automation and systems eng Vol.3 No.4

Recently, service area has been emerging field f robotic applications. Even though assistant robots play an important role for the disabled and the elderly, they still suffer from operating the robots using conventional interface devices such as joysticks or keyboards. In this paper we propose an efficient computer interface using real-time eye-gaze tracking system. The inputs to the proposed system are images taken by a camera and data from a magnetic sensor. The measured data is sufficient to describe the eye and head movement because the camera and the receiver of a magnetic sensor are stationary with respect to the head. So the proposed system can obtain the eye-gaze direction in spite of head movement as long as the distance between the system and the transmitter of a magnetic position sensor is within 2m. Experimental results show the validity of the proposed system in practical aspect and also verify the feasibility of the system as a new computer interface for the disabled.

Evaluation of an Ergonomic Gaze Fixation Induction Method for Improving the Accuracy of Visual Field Testing

Jihyung Lee,Baekhee Lee,Sungho Kim,Jaheon Kang,Heecheon You 대한인간공학회 2014 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.11

Objective: 본 연구는 시야검사(visual field examination) 시 피검사자의 시선을 효과적으로 고정시켜 검사의 정확성을 향상시킬 수 방법을 개발하고 평가하였다. Background: 시야검사는 시신경의 기능성을 정량적으로 측정하는 장비로 시선을 한 곳에 고정시킨 상태에서 수행된다. 그러나 기존 시야계는 의미 없는 단순한 점을 시선고정용 시표로 사용하고 있어, 검사가 진행되는 약 6분 동안 피검사자의 시선을 효과적으로 고정시키는데 한계가 있었다. Method: 본 연구는 20 ~ 30대 남녀 총 60명을 대상(남:녀 = 1:1)으로 basic dot(●), alphanumeric, color changing dot, 그리고 flashing dot 방법을 사용하여 시야검사 시 시선고정 성능 및 주관적 만족도 평가를 수행하였다. 시선고정 성능은 시선고정 오류율(fixation loss rate), 거짓 시표 반응률(false positive error rate), 그리고, eye tracking data 기반의 시선 이동거리의 총합(total gaze distance)를 활용하여 평가되었다. 주관적 만족도는 시선고정 용이성, 눈피로도 그리고, 전반적 만족도 세 가지 항목에 대해 7 point-Likert-scale을 사용하여 평가되었다. Results: flashing dot은 시선 집중도가 basic dot(●)에 비해 2.4배 향상 되었고, 시선고정 용이성 측면에서 1.5배 주관적 만족도가 높은 것으로 평가되었다. Discussion: 보다 정확한 시야검사 결과를 얻기 위해, 시선고정 유도방법은 flashing dot을 사용하는 것이 선호되는 것으로 파악되었다. Application: 본 연구에서 선정된 시선고정 유도방법은 적용가능한 기존 시야계와 신규 개발될 시야계에 탑재되어 보다 정확한 시야 평가에 유용하게 활용될 것으로 기대된다.