한국 사회에서 과학기술 민주화 논의의 전개

박진희(Park, Jin-hee) 한국역사연구회 2013 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.87

Discussions on democratization of science & technology in Korea originated in the 1970s when the Science & Technology movement was initiated by the students. The activists of the S&T Movement tried to mobilize engineers and science students to participate in the students movement against the military regime with regards to scientific issues. For negative effects from the technical development led or promoted by the military regime, issues of environmental pollution and alienation of labour were raised. During the 1980s, appeared were the social groups which were engaged specially in the labour movement of scientists and engineers. They thought that social problems caused by abuse of science and technology could be solved by the labour movement of scientists and engineers. While the 1970s and 1980s the S&T Movement made our society to focus on the social issues related to science. But problems such as uncertainty of science and technology or the reliability of expert system were not issued, although our society was confronted with such problems. In the late 1990s, the discussions on democratization of science and technology attracted the attention of the public. The participation of lay citizen in the technical risk assessments was legitimated, and the government accepted the citizen jury which is based on lay knowledge. Nowadays, it seems that our science and technology system is democratized to a certain extent.

과학기술 관련 시민사회운동의 역사와 그 역할

박진희(Park Jinhee) 한국과학기술학회 2004 과학기술학연구 Vol.4 No.1

과학기술정책에 대한 시민 참여의 목소리들이 높아지고 있다. 그간 한국사회에서는 민주화 운동, 시민운동의 전개와 더불어 과학기술관련 단체들이 결성되어 각종 활동을 전개해왔다. 본 논문에서는 이들 과학기술 관련 단체들의 활동을 세시기로 나누어 살펴보면서, 우리나라 과학기술 문제 해결의 주체로서 이들의 역할을 정리해본다. 한국 사회에서 이들 과학기술 관련 시민 사회운동은 70년대 민중과학운동에서, 과학기술노동운동, 과학기술 운동을 거쳐 90년대 시민 과학기술 운동으로 전개되어왔다. 이들 단체들에 의한 과학기술운동은 전문가 집단으로서 과학기술자 주체 형성에 기여를 하였고, 현재는 새로운 과학기술의 모색으로 시민 참여를 통한 과학기술운동을 전개하고 있다. 이들 단체들은 그간 과학기술 정책의 민주화에 어느 정도 기여를 해왔다고 할 수 있다. 현재 이들 단체는 시민사회에 걸맞은 과학기술자 사회의 형성과 시민 참여를 통한 새로운 과학기술 모색이라는 두 가지 과제를 맞고 있다. The korean society confronts with social problems which are resulted from the rapid development of science and technology. While the governments politic has concentrated on the economic application of science and technology, various citizens groups have been organized to solve the social problems by themselves. Historically the so called citizens movement in the field of science and technology was formed with the influence of students movement in 19705. The activities and the aim of the movement have changed in accordance with the state of the korean society. They pay more attention to the enhancement of citizens participation in the development of science and technology. This paper is intended to evaluate the role of the citizens organizations in terms of their participation in the policy-making, formation of alternative scientist and engineer. The practices of the organizations are classified in three periods which corresponds to the process of social movement in Korea. It is further attempted to suggest the future role of those organizations.

시민과학기술운동과 적정기술

신관우(Kwanwoo Shin),이충훈(Choong Hoon Lee) 적정기술학회 2015 적정기술학회지(Journal of Appropriate Technology) Vol.1 No.1

적정기술은 독점적인 자본과 국가중심적인 원조에 따른 과학기술의 일방적 원조로부터 벗어나 지역적 특수성에 기반 으로 한 지역적인 문제를 현지의 노동과 기술로 해결하기 위한 하나의 과학기술운동으로 이해할 수 있다. 또한, 역사 적으로는 다르지만, 거대 자본과 기술의 독점에 대항하여 시민사회의 여러 가지 문제를 해결하기 위하여 선진국의 시민중심의 과학기술운동과 오픈소스 기반 과학기술은 적정기술과 마찬가지로, 과학기술의 보편적인 확산과 자발적인 참여를 기반으로 한 구체적인 사회운동의 형태로 확산되고 있다. 최근, 이러한 현대의 시민사회운동의 일환으로의 과학기술과 적정기술이 보편적 과학기술이라는 측면에서 상호 결합되는 활동으로 나타나고 있음을 고찰하고, 이를 바탕 으로 한 새로운 적정기술의 방향에 관하여 논의하였다. In political economy, appropriate technology can be described as one of volunteered science and technological activities, rooted in local particularities and local labours to solve local immediate problems in underdeveloped countries against the state monopoly capitalism. Although it might have different background and origin historically, there are many conceptual similarities in citizen science activities in developed countries, which have started as a social movement against the science monopoly based on the state capitalism. In this paper, we reviewed those individual activities historically, and listed some recent representative activities. We believe that these activities in appropriate technology combined with the citizen science movements will provide a new directional outlook.

사회여론 수렴방법으로서의 시민 합의회의 : 이종이식 문제를 중심으로

모효정,권복규 이화여자대학교 생명의료법연구소 2009 생명윤리정책연구 Vol.3 No.1

The issues related to science and technology have been considered as an area in which only experts can make decisions due to its complexity and difficulty unlike in other fields of the society. However, the public character of science and technology gives direct effects on the life of the citizens and future generations and requires us to participate in policy making relevant to science and technology. The courses in which the citizens can participate in the decision-making process is various. In particular, the consensus conference has received a lot of attention in that it provides neutral information on a new science and technology and collects the considered opinion of the citizens. Furthermore, it is not limited to the specific area or subject but is open to induce a citizen’s consensus. The xenotransplantation which has ethical and social issues relevant to safety and has various potential requires the versatile consideration of a civic society and a scientific societies. The consensus conference on xenotransplantation was held from April to September in 2007, and total 14 civil panels discussed on various issues of xenotransplantation throughout 3 preparation meetings and 1 final conference. Although the necessity of research on xenotransplantation has received enough attention, civil panels expressed their concern that the relevant regulations should be prepared prior to the adoption of xenotransplantation. Lack of the interest of the society and government on xenotransplan- tation and the difficulty of civil panel selection has been pointed as the primary problem in the consensus conference. The consensus conference is one of the best methods to collect public opinions in that it provides correct information on a new biotechnology, induces civil consensus on the relevant social and ethical issues, and finally provides the direction for the future development.

사회여론 수렴방법으로서의 시민 합의회의:

모효정(MO Hyojung),권복규(KWON Ivo) 이화여자대학교 생명의료법연구소 2009 생명윤리정책연구 Vol.3 No.2

The issues related to science and technology have been considered as an area in which only experts can make decisions due to its complexity and difficulty unlike in other fields of the society. However, the public character of science and technology gives direct effects on the life of the citizens and future generations and requires us to participate in policy making relevant to science and technology. The courses in which the citizens can participate in the decision-making process is various. In particular, the consensus conference has received a lot of attention in that it provides neutral information on a new science and technology and collects the considered opinion of the citizens. Furthermore, it is not limited to the specific area or subject but is open to induce a citizen’s consensus. The xenotransplantation which has ethical and social issues relevant to safety and has various potential requires the versatile consideration of a civic society and a scientific societies. The consensus conference on xenotransplantation was held from April to September in 2007, and total 14 civil panels discussed on various issues of xenotransplantation throughout 3 preparation meetings and 1 final conference. Although the necessity of research on xenotransplantation has received enough attention, civil panels expressed their concern that the relevant regulations should be prepared prior to the adoption of xenotransplantation. Lack of the interest of the society and government on xenotransplan-tation and the difficulty of civil panel selection has been pointed as the primary problem in the consensus conference. The consensus conference is one of the best methods to collect public opinions in that it provides correct information on a new biotechnology, induces civil consensus on the relevant social and ethical issues, and finally provides the direction for the future development.

과학기술 민주화 기획으로서의 합의회의: 한국의 경험

이영희 한국사회과학연구회 2008 동향과 전망 Vol.- No.73

Consensus conference used to be described as a public inquiry at the center of which is a group of 10-16citizens who are charged with the assessment of a socially controversial topic of science and technology. These lay people put their questions and concerns to a panel of experts, assess the experts’ answers, negotiate amongst themselves and then make public their consensus statement in the form of a written report at the end of the conference. Since late 1980s, the concept of consensus conference has been well known across the world. As a result, many countries including some Asian countries have organized consensus conferences as a participatory technology assessment activity. In Korea consensus conferences have been organized four times so far as well. However, the most striking difference between Korean consensus conferences and those of foreign countries is that Korean consensus conferences were initiated or supported by citizens movement organization, whereas other countries’ consensus conferences were organized by congress, government, or research institutes. This paper asks three research questions. First, what makes this difference? This paper argues that the existence of a citizens movement organization aiming for democratization of science and technology has done a key role to introduce consensus conferences in Korea even though there were not enough support from congress or government. Secondly, this paper asks whether Korean consensus conferences can be evaluated as a success or failure in terms of democratization of science and technology. The answer is partly positive and partly negative, and the reason for that is pursued. Lastly this paper discusses the desirable direction of consensus conferences in Korea in the future. 통상적으로 과학기술정책의 결정과정에 대한 참여가 과학기술 엘리트들로 국한되는 것에 비해, 합의회의는 사회 각 분야에 있는 다양한 보통 시민들이 특정 과학기술 이슈에 대해 관련 전문가들과의 조직화된 토론과 시민들 내부의 숙의과정을 통해 시민들의 의견을 모아 정책결정자들에게 전달하여 정책결정에 반영될 수 있도록 함으로써 과학기술정책 결정과정에 대한 일반시민들의 참여가능성을 높여주고 있다. 이 합의회의는 현재 전세계적으로 확산되고 있는데, 한국에서 개최된 합의회의 경험이 다른 나라들에서 개최된 합의회의 경험들과 뚜렷하게 차별화되는 것은 한국의 합의회의들이 모두 시민단체에 의해 직접 조직되거나 그 영향 하에 추진되었다는 점이다. 이 글이 연구문제로 제기하는 것은 다음 세 가지이다. 첫째, 왜 유럽이나 미국, 호주, 일본, 대만 등과는 달리 유독 한국의 경우에는 대부분의 합의회의가 시민단체의 주도로 개최되게 되었을까? 이 논문은 한국에서 시민단체가 합의회의를 주도할 수 있었던 것은 과학기술 민주화를 기치로 내건 시민단체가 한국에 이미 존재하고 있었고, 이 시민단체가 합의회의를 과학기술 민주화의 유력한 수단으로 선택하고, 그것의 사회적 실천을 위해 노력했던 결과였다고 본다. 둘째, 이처럼 과학기술의 민주화를 기치로 내건 시민단체에 의해 직접 조직되었거나, 그 영향 하에서 추진된 한국의 합의회의가 과연 과학기술의 민주화 측면에서 얼마나 성공적이었다고 평가될 수 있는가? 이 논문은 한국의 합의회의 경험의 다양한 측면들에 대한 평가를 통해 이 질문에 대한 답을 제시한다. 셋째, 지금까지 한국의 합의회의를 특징지었던 시민단체의 주도성이 향후에도 바람직한 것인가? 이 논문에서는 앞의 두 질문에 대한 논의에 기반하여 향후 한국의 바람직한 합의회의 추진 방향을 제시하고 있다.

불확실성 시대의 기술영향평가, 새로운 모색

강윤재 인문사회 21 2020 인문사회 21 Vol.11 No.5

이 글은 4차 산업혁명과 글로벌 위험사회, 인류세, 대전환시대 등으로 표현되는 불확실성의 시대에 TA에 대한 인식전환을 통해 새로운 역할과 과제를 이론적 차원에서 검토하는 것을 목표로 삼고 있다. 이를 위해 주로 문헌연구와 사례분석을 통해 먼저, TA의 개요 및 현황을 간략하게 살펴보고, 그 문제점을 도출한다. 또한, TA에서 불확실성의 문제가 던져주고 있는 파장을 위험평가의 연구에 비춰 검토하고 있다. 시민참여를 통한 TA의 개선책은 한계가 있으며, 불확실성의 정치는 그런 한계를 잘 보여준다는 점을 살펴보고, 이런 개념적 논의를 바탕으로 불확실성에 기초한 새로운 TA의 가능성을 모색한다. 특히, 깔롱의 시민참여와 관련된 세 가지 모형을 준거로 삼아 TA에서 시민과학의 활용가능성을 검토한다. 그 결과, 시민의 주도성 보장과 전문가-시민 협업의 활성화를 통해 TA의 새로운 가능성을 열 수 있음을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 구체적 사례분석을 통한 실증연구는 향후 과제로 남아 있다. This essay aims to examine the new roles and tasks of technological assessment (TA) in an uncertain era at the theoretical level. To this end, through literature review and case studies, the current status of TA in Korea is summed up, and its problems are derived. In addition, as in risk assessment, we can be realized that, if we want to deal with the problem of uncertainty in TA, we need to understand the context in which the politics of expertise or the politics of uncertainty operate, as well as the concept and contents of uncertainty deeper. Also, it is revealed that the input of citizen engagement approach to TA process cannot work well as we expect to it, and the politics of uncertainty shows the reason why that is so. Based on this conceptual discussion, we try to explore the new way of TA. By taking Callon’ three models, which constructed mainly on the degree of citizen engagement, as a reference, we try to find out the applicability of citizen science (or PaSTA) in TA as a trigger for an alternative TA. As a result, we can find out that new possibilities of TA can be opened by ensuring citizens’ initiative and activating expert-citizen collaboration. Further research based on case studies remains a future task.

기후위기의 페미니즘 정치학과 생태시민되기

김효정 한국문화연구학회 2023 문화연구 Vol.11 No.2

The climate crisis is a global and urgent ecological problem facing humanity that cannot be avoided. The various ecological and environmental catastrophes caused by the current climate crisis lead to the politics of developing science and technology to solve them. However, the climate crisis is also rearranging human society in the midst of environmental changes that cannot be predicted by science and technology. This article begins with a critique of the science-technoism, anthropocentrism, colonialism, and developmentalism of the mainstream climate crisis discourses by asking: whose crisis is the climate crisis, and whose responsibility is it? This article calls for a deconstruction of the science-technoism discourse surrounding the climate crisis and a reconstruction of the relationship between humans and nature, especially through ecofeminism and new materialist feminism. By elucidating ecofeminism's decolonization theory of the climate crisis and new material feminism's becoming-climate debate, this study critically examines the issue of women's victimization in the climate crisis and considers whether nature can become a public subject in our society. Based on the analysis of feminist politics surrounding the climate crisis, this study proposes becoming ecological citizens as a new feminist citizenship in the era of climate crisis through the case study of women peasants' ecological citizenship practices based on interspecies relations.

신고리 원전 공론조사 데이터 분석을 통한 기술 시민권 탐색

김지연(JiYeon Kim),김명심(Myungsim Kim),김규태(GyuTae Kim),김성희(SeongHee Kim),박주형(JuHyung Park) 한국환경사회학회 2018 환경사회학연구 ECO Vol.22 No.2

2017년 정부는 공론조사(시민참여형조사) 방식으로 신고리 5 · 6호 원전 건설 여부를 결정하기로 했다. 최종적으로 471명의 시민이 모든 숙의 과정을 완료했다. 이후 시민참여형조사 방식은 대중적으로 널리 알려졌고 사회적 의사결정의 주요 형식 중 하나로 부상하고 있다. 그런데 정작 관련 분석과 방법론 개발 방향에 대한 논의는 드물다. 조사를 수행한 측(정부)이나 조사 결과를 지지하는 측(건설재개)은 공론조사에 대해 추가적인 분석을 할 필요를 느끼지 않고, 환경운동 단체 등은 역시 조사 결과에 너무 실망한 나머지 그에 대한 구체적인 분석을 하지 않고 있다. 본 논문은 질적 연구방법과 양적 연구방법을 혼합하여 사용했다. 먼저 공론조사(deliberative polling) 방법론을 탐색했는데, 사실 공론조사 자체야말로 질적 접근과 양적 접근을 혼합한 모델이다. 질적 연구를 위한 이론적 배경으로 “기술 시민권(technological citizenship)” 개념을 채택했다. 공론화위원회가 공개한 데이터를 분석함으로써 시민참여단의 의사결정 분화 양상을 분석할 것인데, 이 과정에서 우리는 자신의 기술적 견해를 표명하는 ‘기술 시민의 정체성’을 탐색할 것으로 기대한다. 마지막으로 이번 시민참여형조사 방법론에 대한 몇 가지 문제를 제기하고자 한다. 시민참여형조사 방식은 이제 형성되어 가는 중이다. ‘기술의 정치’ 과정에서 이 방식은 상향식 민주주의로 진화할 수도 있고 단지 기능주의에 불과한 것으로 남겨질 가능성도 여전히 남아 있다. In 2017, the Public Deliberation Committee on Shin-Gori Nuclear Reactors No. 5 & 6 was set up to decide whether to build a nuclear power plant at Shin-gori through a deliberative polling method. Finally, 471 citizens completed the deliberative polling (participatory survey methodology) processes. Since then, this particular method has become widely known and has become a form of social decision-making. Nevertheless, actual discussions for the related analysis and its methodological development are rare. The group (government committee) that conducted the deliberative polling, and the entities that supported the “construction resumption” opinion did not feel the necessity of more analysis; meanwhile, environment movement groups were greatly disappointed with this case so that they also do not want to paying any specific attention for more analysis. This paper uses mixed methods of qualitative research and quantitative research. We first explored the deliberative polling methodology, which also is a mixture of qualitative and quantitative approaches itself. We are here concerned with the “Technological citizenship” that is as the theoretical concept of this study. Our purpose is to find ‘them’ within that polling data released by the committee. Next, our paper presents the differentiating patterns of citizen participation decision making by analyzing the raw data. In this process, it could expect to be able to meet a ‘the identity of technological citizen’ emerging over the analysis data. The study also raises some questions and offer few specific suggestions on deliberative polling methodology. That method is now being formed. There is a possibility that it could either evolve into a form of bottom-up democracy or just be a simple functional tool of the technological political system.

한일 사회문제 해결형 연구개발사업 비교 분석

박인용(Park, Inyong),성지은(Seong, Ji-eun),한규영(Han, Kyu-young) 한국과학기술학회 2015 과학기술학연구 Vol.15 No.2

기존 혁신정책의 대안이자 사회문제의 새로운 대응책으로서 사회문제 해결형 연구개발사업이 시도되고 있다. 사회문제는 문제가 발생하는 사회적 맥락, 특히 문제에 직면하는 사용자를 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 그 때문에 사회문제 해결형 연구개발사업은 사회문제와 사용자의 수요를 발굴하고, 개발 및 실증과정에서 연구자와 사용자의 협업을 강조한다. 본 연구에서는 한국 시민연구사업과 일본사회기술연구개발센터 사업의 두 사례를 들어 각각의 배경, 기본 구성, 추진과정을 비교분석하였다. 두 사례에서는 사회문제 해결 목표와 사용자 참여 방안이 유사한 형태로 나타나고 있었다. 그러나 사업 성격과 추진 과정 측면에서는 일본 사례가 더 넓은 시각에서 사회문제 해결형 연구개발에 접근하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 한국에서는 기술개발 중심의 기존 연구개발체계가 그대로 유지되는 가운데 사회문제 해결형 연구개발사업과의 정합성이 떨어진 데 따른 것으로 해석된다. 따라서 공급중심 시각 탈피, 사용자 참여의 내실화, 법제도 · 사업화 등 기술 외적 부문의 발달을 위한 지원 수단을 마련하여 기존 연구개발체계에서 비롯된 한계를 극복할 수 있도록 해야 한다. The supply-driven innovation system is encountering its limitation. At the same time, the needs for solving societal challenges occurring in people’s lives are growing. Social problem-solving R&D programs have been attracting attention as a countermeasure to satisfy these needs. It is important to understand the social context of the occurring problems as well as the users facing the social challenges. Therefore, social problem-solving R&D programs have to explore the social challenge and users’ needs, with emphasis on the collaboration with researchers and users in the development and implementation process. This study carries out comparative analysis between ‘Korean Citizen-driven R&D project’ and ‘Japanese Research institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX)’ concerning goals, construction of program, and promotion processes. The two cases are similar regarding the objectives of social problem-solving and the strategy for user participation. However, there are differences between the characteristics of the projects and promotion processes. The RISTEX is performing social problem-solving R&D with a much wider perspectives than the Korean project. This is because the Korean project maintained the existing R&D system with the lens of the supply-driven system, even when approaching social problem-solving. Therefore, this limitation should be overcome by adopting support systems discarding the supply-driven perspective, through substantiality of user participation, maintenance of legal system, and commercialization of technologies.