The Impact of Workplace Democracy on Social Capital: The Moderating Effect of Servant Leadership

Yiran LI,Kwancheol SONG 한국유통과학회 2019 산경연구논집 Vol.10 No.7

Purpose - Unlike in the past, individualistic thought is more dominant than groupism where members prioritize organizations. Such changes run counter to the direction of the survival of the companies, which calls for companies to explore strategies to address thems. As one of the solutions, many people highlights social capital. However, since most studies have been conducted on the definition and characteristics of social capital, there is not enough prior factor research on the formation of social capital. So the current situation require researches on the formation of social capital. Research design, data, and methodology - To achieve the purpose, the literature and the empirical studies were combined. Deriving workplace democracy and servant leadership as factors affecting the formation of social capital through the literature, and this factors have modeled assumptions about the impact on social capital, and have established hypotheses to verify them. The survey which is conducted to verify the hypothesis and questionnaires are derived base on the variables used in the previous studies. The survey was conducted 447 respondents in Korea. Results - As a result, we found that the workplace democracy is positively functioning with the formation of social capital. It means that the democracy functions as a universal element to enhance the quality of social capital at the workplace. The evidence also shows that the positive impacts of the servant leadership on the formation of social capital. And the survey shows that groups with high level servant leadership had a higher impact on the formation of social capital than those with low levels leadership. Conclusions – At present, the social capital has become an important factor for the companies pursuing high performance workplaces. We found that the workplace democracy and the servant leadership affect the formation of social capital. It means that to increase the employees’ sense of community and solidarity, it is need to form democratic environment with the servant leadership. Therefore, based on the results of this study, the workplace democracy and the servant leadership can present strategic implications that can increase the social capital.

부모의 경제자본이 중학교 영어 학습자의 사회자본과 영어성취도에미치는 효과

김용석 ( Yong-suk Kim ) 한국실천공학교육학회 2021 실천공학교육논문지 Vol.13 No.1

The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of parents’ economic power on the students’ English achievement in the middle school and to clarify whether or not the parents’ economic capital was transformed into students’ social capital, which would depend upon the parents’ economic capital. This study also investigated the degree of the effect of both the students’ social capital in the family and social capital outside the family on English achievement. Two variables like parents’ total income and the education fee for private education were used for the economic capital, and the variables such as the communication with parents, emotional help, academic help were for the social capital in the family. The variable of the social capital outside the family included students’ class attitude, communication with teachers, the relationship with classmates, etc. This study provided a research model to get the answer for the research questions and, using the latent growth model, analyzed the initial value and slope of the 3 years longitudinal data as the time went. The result was that both parents’ total income and private education for the economic capital had an influence on the students’ English achievement, but not on their social capital. The fee for private education of the both variables only impacted the social capital. The social capital in the family affected the social capital outside the family in the research model. The social capital in the family had a negative effect on students’ English achievement, but the social capital outside the family influenced positively on it. In conclusion, the fee for the private education among parents’ economic capital not only affected students’ English achievement, but also was changed into their social capital, which made a difference in their English ability.

지역단위의 사회적자본 측정에 관한 연구 대전시의 사례를 중심으

최길수,정영윤 충북연구원 2014 지역정책연구 Vol.25 No.1

Social capital is assumed to be an important asset for individuals, groups, and communities because it not only increases economic growth but also gives access to resources that are important obtaining social support and achieving political power. In expanding Coleman’s definition, Putnam(1995) defines social capital as “connections among individuals-social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them.” Social capital inheres in and derives from the networks of people. Korea also recognizes that social capital is one of major resources for social growth, many subsequent empirical studies have focused on how social capital or social networks are associated with trust, civic engagement, or norms of reciprocity. However, these empirical findings are not associated with a standard measurement of social capital in local area. Therefore this study is to develop social capital measurement indicators to analyse interaction between social capital and local communities, and to measure and examine standards and realities of Korean social capital combined with local communities through conduction a survey with the developed social capital indicators. Based on the World Bank research on measuring social capital of local community conducted 2004, this study is centered on three basic sets of indicators of social capital: membership in associations and networks(structural social capital), trust(cognitive social capital), and collective action(an output measure). The data for this study were collected in Daejeon in 2013 and are analyzed to get understanding of the relationship between networks and trust as two input social capital and collective action as an output measure. After conducting a general analysis using the social capital indicators, key findings are as follows: the level of membership in associations and networks in Daejeon shows degrees middle the average and the level of trust is a relatively high. However the level of collective action, such as participation, consideration and social cohesion, is low. The results of our analyses support a lack of access to social networks reduces access to voluntary associations. This result calls our attention to cohesion in social networks as a critical factor for social capital. -

사회적 연결망 유형이 옴니채널 수용에 미치는 영향

김지혜 한국인터넷전자상거래학회 2018 인터넷전자상거래연구 Vol.18 No.6

Social capital emerged as one of the most salient concepts in social sciences. This study examines the social capital and Omni-channel acceptance in SNS. we divided adimension of social capital into bonding social capital and bridging social capital. In addition to assessing bonding social capital and bridging social capital, we explore a trust and acceptance of Omni channel. In order to investigate the hypothesis, a survey conducted. we collected 496 questionnaires from Facebook, Kakao story, Instagram users. Smart PLS 2.0 was used to test the research model and hypotheses. Bonding social capital and bridging social capital affected trust. Also trust affected Omni channel intention. But Marketing promotion has not a moderating effect between Omni-channel acceptance and trust. The results were as follows. First, The research model contributes to extant literature by Omni-channel acceptance between social capital in SNS. Second, social capital significantly influenced trust and Omni-channel acceptance. Implications and limitations are discussed, and future research are suggested.

보험영업 팀의 사회적 자본과 팀 유효성 -거래적 리더십의 조절효과-

이정민,박동수,김수희 한국기업경영학회 2011 기업경영연구 Vol.18 No.1

It has been a conventional wisdom that the more a team utilizes the social capital in a team, the better the performance of the team with some positive moderating effect of transactional leadership of the team leader. By presenting a frame work of the cognitive, social, and behavioral complexities of leadership, Hooijberg, Hunt, and Dodge (1997) indicated that good leaders need to have a good understanding of their own emotions as well as those of others, and are able to regulate their own emotions when interacting with others. Literature review gives us some definition of social capital within the team, and implies the moderating role of transactional leadership in the relationship between the social capital and the team leadership effectiveness. This study examines empirically the relationship of social capital configuration and organizational effectiveness among sales teams in insurance companies in Korea. Also, it attempts to identify any moderating effect of transactional leadership in the relationship. Research data were collected through questionnaire survey and used for empirical analysis. Along with reliability and validity test, correlation and multiple regression analysis were done for the data to verify the hypotheses proposed in the study. Conclusions of this study are as follows. First, trust in team leader and other’s emotional appraisal(OEA) were shown as affecting positive (+) influence to the organizational commitment. However, task interdependence, self-emotional appraisal(SEA), and use of emotions(UOE) appeared as not affecting to the organizational commitment from the result of verifying a hypothesis that social capital would affect positive (+) influence to the organizational commitment. Second, team member’s superior confidence in team leader and self-emotional appraisal, use of emotions, and regulation of emotions(ROE) were shown as affecting positive (+) influence to the job satisfaction from verifying a hypothesis that social capital would affect positive (+) influence on the job satisfaction. Third, for the moderating role of transactional leadership, conditional compensation appeared as not working as one of moderators in the relations of independent variables and dependent variables. Instead, conditional compensation was shown as affecting directly both the organizational commitment and job satisfaction as an independent variable. Exceptional management was indicated as having some moderating role in the relations between independent variables and dependent variables. That is, exceptional management was moderating in the relations between trust in team leader and organizational commitment, in the relations between self-emotional appraisal and organizational commitment, in the relations between use of emotions and organizational commitment, and in the relations between self-emotional appraisal and job satisfaction. One of the theoretical contribution of the study could be an empirical application of the three component construct of the social capital. Though there were many theories on the construct of social capital, this study used three component version of social capital: structural aspects, relational aspects, and cognitive aspects. as proposed by Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998). So far in other preceding researches “trust in superior” has been used mostly for its cognitive components. In this study, we attempt to apply emotional intelligence as a proxy for the cognitive component of human network relations in social capital. This implies that cognitive level of information can be converted into knowledge by personal cognitive ability in the social situations. Thus, by understanding the social situations and meaningful relationships among the members, an emotionally intelligent group can create some degree of value to the group with different cognitive characteristics within the organization by enhancing the group process for achieving the group goals. Consequently, this study used emot... 본 연구는 사회적 자본과 거래적 리더십에 대한 중요성을 보험영업팀에 대한 실증 조사를 통하여 파악하고자 하였다. 사회적 자본의 구성요소인 과업상호의존성과 상사신뢰 및 감성지능이 팀 유효성의 대리변수인 직무만족과 팀몰입에 미치는 영향을 파악하고 아울러 조절 변수로서 팀장의 거래적 리더십에 따라서 사회적 자본이 팀원의 팀 유효성에 미치는 영향에 어떠한 차이가 있는가를 검증하였다. 연구결과를 보면 상사신뢰가 높을수록 팀몰입과 직무만족이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 감성조절이 높을수록 팀몰입과 직무만족이 높은 것으로 나타났으며 감성이해와 감성 활용이 높을수록 직무만족이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 상사신뢰와 감성이해, 감성조절이 높을 때 예외적 관리를 하면 팀몰입이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 감성이해가 높을 때 예외적 관리가 직무만족을 높이는 것으로 나타났다.

균형적 관점에서 본 사회자본의 재검토 및 개발방향

박태정 ( Tae Jeong Park ) 한국사회보장학회 2010 사회보장연구 Vol.26 No.4

This paper examines how social capital has to be developed. I wish to provide critical discussion of key issues related to function of social capital. With this perspective, I did in-depth theoretical analysis about social capital so that found out its main capability and meaning. Second, as I intended to figure out the sense of social capital in social welfare, I compared the proper side with the reverse side about social capital. The existence of negative social capital that can delay or cancel out the positive effects of social programs. Third, based on trilogy of social capital, to understand multi-dimensional character of social capital, this paper concludes by offering the ``micro-mezzo-macro levels`` framework in developing social capital. And it is suggested that we should include applied social services focusing on the possibilities of developing new social capital.

청소년 성소수자(LGB)의 긴장이 자살사고에 미치는 영향: 사회적 자본의 조절효과

이규연,한영경,배성만 한국청소년정책연구원 2025 한국청소년연구 Vol.36 No.2

청소년 성소수자는 자아 정체감 형성이라는 이 시기의 발달과업에 더하여 사회적 소수자로서 사회적 가치와 압력에 직면하게 된다. 본 연구는 이런 청소년 성소수자(LGB)의 심리적 어려움에 주목하여 이들의 ‘긴장(Strain)’과 자살사고의 관계에 대해 고찰해 보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 최근 자주 인용되고 있는 Zhang(2016)의 ‘자살의 긴장이론(STS)’을 바탕으로, 한 개인이 집단이나 사회에 의해 연결되거나 받아들여진다고 느끼는 사회적 통합 수준의 개념이 확대된 ‘사회적 자본’이 조절효과를 가지는지 검증해 보았다. 또한 사회적 자본은 연속형/결속형, 온/오프라인으로 유형을 나누어 각 유형별로 차이를 보이는지 분석하였다. 연구는 전국의 만 15세에서 23세의 청소년 성소수자 320명을 대상으로 한 온라인 설문조사 결과를 바탕으로 진행되었다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년 성소수자의 긴장은 자살사고와 통계적으로 유의한 정적상관을 보였다. 즉 긴장이 자살사고를 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 사회적 자본(오프라인 결속형 사회적 자본, 오프라인 연결형 사회적 자본)은 청소년 성소수자의 자살사고와 부적상관을 보였다. 이는 사회적 자본이 자살사고를 완화하는 것을 의미한다. 셋째, 청소년 성소수자의 긴장(상충되는 가치 긴장, 현실과 이상의 차이 긴장, 상대적 박탈감, 대처능력 부족 긴장)이 자살사고에 미치는 영향에서 사회적 자본(오프라인 결속형 사회적 자본, 오프라인 연결형 사회적 자본)의 조절효과가 나타났다. 이는 청소년 성소수자의 긴장이 자살사고에 미치는 영향력을 완화하기 위해서는 사회적 자본이 필요함을 시사한다. 그러나 연결형 사회적 자본과 결속형 사회적 자본 모두에서, 온라인 형태의 경우는 유의한 영향을 보이지 않았고 오프라인 형태의 경우에만 유의한 결과를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과들을 종합해 볼 때, 사회적 자본의 관점에서 청소년 성소수자들의 심리적 긴장이 자살사고에 미치는 부정적 영향에 긍정적인 변화를 가져오기 위해서는 온라인보다는 오프라인 형태의 자원이 제공될 필요가 있으며, 특히 오프라인 결속형 자본이 다양한 유형의 긴장 요인들에 대해서 고르게 긍정적인 영향을 제공할 수 있는 것으로 나타난 점에 주목할 필요가 있다. 이상의 결과와 함께 연구의 의의와 한계점, 그리고 후속 연구를 위한 제언을 기술하였다. As adolescent sexual minorities develop their self-identity, they face social values ​​and pressures as a social minority. This study focused on the psychological difficulties of these LGBT youth and examined the relationship between their ‘strain’ and suicidal ideation. To this end, based on Zhang’s (2016) ‘The Strain Theory of Suicide(STS)’, we verified whether ‘social capital’, which is an expanded concept of the level of social integration in which an individual feels connected or accepted by a group or society, has a moderating effect. In addition, social capital was divided into bonding/bridging and online/offline types and analyzed to see if there were differences between each type. The study was conducted based on the results of an online survey of 320 sexual minority youth aged 15 to 23 across the country. The main results of this study are: the strain experienced by sexual minority youth was positively related to suicidal ideation; social capital (offline bonding social capital, offline bridging social capital) was negatively associated with suicidal ideation; and a moderating effect of social capital was found on the association between strains (value strain, aspiration strain, deprivation strain, and coping strain) and suicidal ideation. These results suggest that social capital is necessary to mitigate the effects of tensions among sexual minorities on youth suicidal ideation, However, in both linking social capital and bonding social capital, the online form did not show a significant effect, and only the offline form showed a significant result. In summary, from a social capital perspective, offline social capital rather than online social capital are needed to alleviate the negative effects of psychological strain on suicidal ideation in youth sexual minorities. In particular, it is necessary to note that offline bonding social capital can have a positive effect on various strain factors. Along with the above results, the significance and limitations of this study and suggestions for follow-up research are described.

사회적 자본으로서 복음의 공공성 연구 : 21세기형 프로테스탄티즘 연구

김미영 한국실천신학회 2022 신학과 실천 Vol.- No.79

This paper attempts to prove that social capital as social virtues can be interpreted as the value of the kingdom of God, that is, the publicity of the Gospel, which is formed in the process of socialization and culturalization of the Gospel with transformative power at the social level beyond the personal level through work ethics and labor ethics. Therefore, it can be said still insufficient knowledge of human understanding to rely only on the realm of humanities and social science to establish humanity for the restoration of humanness and to identify social capital for social development and integration. Until now, in the study of social capital, the spiritual realm and the role of Christianity, which occupies the most important part in this realm, have been neglected. Therefore, Christian theology can contribute to promoting interest in and research on social capital by meeting the need to bridge the gap between general studies and theology through interdisciplinary research along with the fields of social science. In the meantime, research on social capital has mostly focused on the concept and measurement of social capital and the impact of social capital on society and economy. However, although the concept of social capital itself is multifaceted and related studies are relatively diverse, relatively little is known about the factors that form social capital. Beginning with Robert D. Putnam's research on social networks and Francis Fukuyama's research on trust, research on the factors that form social capital has only been conducted relatively recently. This study also tried to investigate how the spiritual culture of Protestantism has formed the social capital of trust and cooperation through the publicity of the Gospel in these insufficient areas. Moral trust, especially emphasized as social capital, can only be explained as a universal perspective on humanity regarding the image of God. It can be said that this is different from the strategic trust and individual trust often discussed in social capital. According to Francis Fukuyama, the social capital of trust is created when a community shares an systemic moral value structure that pursues a life of normal fairness and common sense. Since this is shared with the Protestant ethics emphasized by Max Weber, it can be asserted that this social capital of trust is based on the ethos of Protestantism as a Christian spiritual culture, that is, the norms of the kingdom of God. In order to understand the social capital formed by Christian humanness, we must understand the biblical truths that constitute humanity. Therefore, in order for the modern society to properly understand the 21st century Protestantism, it is necessary to recognize that the knowledge of God is urgent for modern people. This paper emphasizes the argument that the mission for this is given to the church and the theological community. 본 논문은 사회적 덕성으로서 사회적 자본을 복음이 직업윤리와 노동윤리를 통해 개인적 차원을 넘어서 사회적 차원에서 변혁적 능력으로 사회화되고 문화화되는 과정에서 형성되는 하나님 나라의 가치, 즉 복음의 공공성이라고 해석할 수 있음을 변증하고자 한다. 그러기에 인간성의 회복을 위한 인간다움의 정립과 사회 발전과 통합을 위한 사회적 자본의 규명은 인문사회과학의 영역에만 의존하기에는 인간 이해에 대한 본질적인 지식이 여전히 부족하다고 말할 수 있다. 그동안 사회적 자본에 관한 연구에서 정신적 영역과 이러한 영역에서 가장 중요한 부분을 차지하는 기독교의 역할은 소홀히 다루어져 왔다. 따라서 기독교 신학은 인문사회과학 분야와 더불어 다학제간 연구를 통해 일반 학문과 신학 간의 간극을 메울 필요성을 충족하여 사회적 자본에 대한 관심과 연구를 촉진하는 데 기여할 수 있다. 그동안 사회적 자본에 관한 연구는 대부분 사회적 자본의 개념과 측정뿐만 아니라 사회적 자본이 사회와 경제에 미치는 영향에 집중되었다. 하지만 사회적 자본이라는 개념 자체가 다면적이고 관련 연구도 비교적 다양하게 많지만 사회적 자본의 형성 요인에 대해서는 상대적으로 알려진 바가 별로 없다. 로버트 퍼트넘의 사회적 네트워크에 대한 연구와 프랜시스 후쿠야마의 신뢰에 대한 연구를 시작으로 비교적 최근에 들어서야 사회적 자본의 형성 요인에 관한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구도 이러한 미진한 영역에서 프로테스탄티즘의 정신문화가 신뢰와 협력의 규범과 네트워크라는 사회적 자본을 복음의 공공성을 통해 어떻게 형성하여 왔는지를 규명하고자 하였다. 특히 사회적 자본으로서 강조되는 도덕적 신뢰는 하나님의 형상에 관한 인간다움에 대한 보편적인 관점으로서만 설명되어질 수 있다. 이는 종종 사회적 자본에서 거론되는 전략적 신뢰와 개별적 신뢰와는 차원이 다르다고 말할 수 있다. 후쿠야마에 의하면 신뢰의 사회적 자본은 공동체가 정상적인 공정과 상식의 삶을 추구하는 유기적인 도덕적 가치체계를 공유할 때 조성된다고 강조한다. 이는 막스 베버가 강조하는 프로테스탄트 윤리와 공유하기에 기독교 정신문화로서 프로테스탄티즘의 에토스, 즉 하나님 나라의 규범에 근거한다고 주장할 수 있다. 기독교의 인간성이 형성하는 사회적 자본을 이해하기 위해서는 인간다움을 구성하는 성경적 진리를 이해해야 한다. 따라서 현대사회가 21세기형 프로테스탄티즘을 올바로 이해하기 위해서는 하나님을 아는 지식이 현대인들에게 절실함을 인식시켜야 한다. 이를 위한 사명이 교회와 신학 공동체에 주어져 있다는 주장을 본 논문은 강조하고자 한다.

학술세션Ⅰ : 지식경영과 소셜미디어 ; 사회적 자본이 소셜 네트워킹 서비스의 지속사용의도에 미치는 영향: 조직시민행동의 매개적 역할

정남호,송효근,구철모 한국지식경영학회 2014 지식경영 학술심포지움 Vol.2014 No.-

This study examined the effect of social capital and organization citizenship behavior for continuous intention to use on social networking service (SNS). The authors divided a dimension of social capital into bridging and bonding social capital, and a dimension of organization citizenship behavior (OCB) into OCB-Individual (OCBI) and OCB-Organization (OCBO). In addition to, this study suggested social capital would influence on OCB, and a part of OCB would result in continuous intention to use on SNS. The authors surveyed Facebook users and conducted structural equation model analysis based on the result from the survey by using PLS program. Then, the results revealed that both bridging social capital and bonding social capital influence on OCB, however, bridging social capital have a stronger impact on OCB than bonding social capital. Also, the result verified that OCBO had an association with continuous intention to use SNS, while OCBI had a no association with continuous intention to use SNS. This result expanded the scope of social capital and OCB in literature academically in SNS. Furthermore, practical implication for social networking service practitioners were followed.

사회자본과 건강한 노후 - 다층모형(Multilevel Modeling)을 활용한 사회자본의 영향 분석 -

어유경 ( Yugyeong Eo ),김인태 ( Intae Kim ),홍석호 ( Seokho Hong ),김순은 ( Soon Eun Kim ) 한국정책학회 2017 한국정책학회보 Vol.26 No.1

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of social capital on the healthy aging of the elderly. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze social capital at individual and regional levels. Also, we applied the concepts of `bonding social capital` and `bridging social capital` to explain the theoretical impact of local social capital on the health of elderly individuals. Individual social capital was measured by the elderly person`s perception of trust, networks, and participation. For this purpose, a survey conducted on 1,060 persons over 65 years old in 32 provincial governments was used. Local-level social capital was measured by the average level of trust among local residents, number of various associations, local election turnout and so on. The results showed that higher levels of individual social capital were linked to a higher subjective health status for the elderly. However, results were mixed regarding the impact of local social capital. Higher generalized levels of trust, greater numbers of religious, volunteer, political, industry and professional organizations, and higher information disclosure application rates were linked to a higher subjective health status for the elderly. On the other hand, higher levels of trust among local residents and greater numbers of civil movement organizations and labor unions were linked to a lower subjective health level for the elderly. These results imply that social capital can promote healthy aging if it is based on a positive relationship with the elderly, but that it may have insignificant or adverse effects if it is not related to the elderly. Based on this analysis, policy measures were proposed to improve the health of the elderly through social capital.