금관가야 토성에 관한 일고찰(一考察)

박미정 ( Park Mi-joung ) 동아문화재단 2021 文物硏究 Vol.- No.39

이제까지 금관가야에 대한 연구는 대성동고분군에 왕묘급 대형 목곽묘가 집중적으로 조성되는 3~4세기 대에 편중되는 경향이 많았다. 2000년대 이전까지는 대성동고분군에서 5세기 대 이후 왕묘급 고분이 조사되지 않았다는 점과, 고구려 남정 이후 대가야와 신라의 성장, 부산 복천동고분군의 급격한 성장 등을 근거로 5세기 대 금관가야 세력이 급격히 쇠퇴하였을 것으로 해석하였다. 400년 광개토대왕 남정 이후 고구려 남진정책에 의한 내륙 교역 발전과 교역 주체의 다원화는 해상교역을 중심으로 중계이익을 독점해오던 금관가야의 정치·경제력에 큰 타격을 주었을 것이다. 또한 고구려와의 전쟁을 통해 변화된 국제 정세를 체감한 금관가야 지배층은 금관가야 사회를 좀 더 집약적인 정치구조로 변화시켜야 할 위기의식을 느꼈을 것이다. 이에 금관가야 지배층은 5세기 대 봉황대 일원에 대한 대규모 간척사업과 토성 축조 등을 통해 중심지를 재정비하였다. 문헌상에서도 5세기 중엽 질지왕대왕실 사찰과 왕후사 건립 등 국가체제 정비 노력이 기록된 점은 기존 고구려 남정 이후 금관가야 세력이 급격히 쇠락한 것으로 보는 견해에 많은 시사점을 준다. 특히 최근 발굴 조사된 적심건물지의 경우 가야지역 내에서 최초로 발견된 목탑지일 가능성도 제기되고 있으며, 이 역시 5세기 대 조성된 것으로 추정되고 있다. 이를 종합할 때 고구려 남정 이후에도 금관가야 세력은 대성동고분군과 봉황동유적 일대를 중심으로 여전히 건재하고 있었으며 치소의 정비를 통해 국가체제를 정비하고자 하는 노력이 있었던 것으로 추정된다. Until now, the researches on Geumgwan Gaya tended to be concentrated in the 3^rd and 4^th centuries which is the period when large-scale wooden royal tombs were built in Daesung-dong ancient tomb cluster. It was interpreted that Geumgwan-Gaya's influence in the 5th century would have declined rapidly based on the fact that no post - 5^th century royal tombs were investigated in Daeseong-dong ancient tomb cluster before 2000s, the growth of Dae-Gaya and Silla after Goguryeo's southern Conquest, and the rapid growth of Bokcheon-dong ancient tomb cluster in Busan. The development of inland trade and the diversification of trading entities by the southward policy of Goguryeo after 400 years of Gwanggaeto the Great’s Southern Conquest would’ve gave a massive damage to the political and economic power of Geumgwan-Gaya who has been monopolizing the relay profits around maritime trade. In addition, the Geumgwan-Gaya’s ruling class must have felt the urgent need to transform the Geumgwan-Gaya’s society into a political-intensive structure after experiencing the changed international situation through the war against Goguryeo. In response, Geumgwan-Gaya's ruling class reorganized Geumgwan Gaya's administrative office area through the reclamation projects at Bongwhangdae area and constructions of earthen fortifications in the 5^th century. In addition, the recorded document of King Jilji's efforts to organize the national system like the construction of royal temple and royal Wanghusa were shown in mid - 5^th century which shows a lot of instigation to the view that Geumgwan-Gaya’s power have fallen rapidly since the Goguryeo’s Southern Conquest. Especially, the Jeoksim Building Site, which was recently excavated, is believed to be the first wooden pagoda to be discovered in the Gaya region, and is also believed to have been built in the 5^th century. Considering this, it is estimated that the Geumgwan Gaya forces were still in place centering the Daeseong-dong ancient tomb cluster and the ruins of Bonghwang-dong after the Goguryeo's Southern Conquest, and that efforts were made to organize the state system through the maintenance of the administrative office and the construction of temples.

금관가야 토기의 표준형식과 연대

박광춘 ( Kwang Choon Park ) 호남고고학회 2011 호남고고학보 Vol.37 No.-

Geumgwan Gaya had been developed based on the lower part of Nakdong River where was very useful for the marine activities. Developed unique culture, Geumgwan Gaya had not only been influenced Ja pan but also other Gayan confederacies. There are new artefacts found from Daeseong Gujiro, Yandongri, Jukgokri, and Hwajeong sites where were all the remains of Geumgwan Gaya. What interests the most here is that those artefacts were all useful to identify the absolute date. So far, the certain pottery date was not standardized for Geumgwan Gaya, so there are more than 100years gaps for dating the Geumgwan Gaya history. In order to solve the problem, general standard types are set here based on the mounted cup types by other scholars. 13 types(8 mounted cups without lids and 5 mounted cups with lids) of mounted cups of Geumgwan Gaya have been examined by timely order, using medium size pottery and mounted body. The oldest mounted cup is brazier-shape cup with no lid and this is the first type of all. It is found from 28th tomb, which is located in Daeseongdong Sites, so called the loyal tomb area. Gujiro is the very standard tomb site which shows transferring case between Gay a and Proto Three Kingdoms. Brazier-shape cup is found with brazier-shape mounted cup, Aja shape pottery and Bronze mirror of Late Han period. Therefore this bomb belongs the 2nd century AD. Yangdong-ri tomb contained Yayoi bronze spear and Daeseongdong site tomb contained old types of mounted cup. They seemed to belong to late 3rd century. Uchisiga (Japan) had been decided to 389 years AD because of the pottery found there. This results then the certain date of Hwajeong 21st tomb belong to the same period of 389 years AD. In case of type changes of pottery with lids, Geumgwan Gaya is definitely different from Silla, so it is certain that Geumgwan Gaya seemed not to be controlled by Silla by all means. It is highly likely that there were pottery exchanges in 5th century at the east-west area of Nakdong River, but we should bear this in mind that Geumgwan Gaya had not been dismantled at all during this period of 5th century.

高句麗의 庚子年(400) 遠征의 실상과 加耶 諸國의 대응

기경량 한국고대사학회 2023 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.- No.109

On the tombstone of King Gwanggaeto, there is a record that Goguryeo sent troops to the ‘Imnagara’ area located in the southernmost tip of the Korean Peninsula in the tenth year of Yeongrak, the year of white rat (AD 400). This was part of the operation to save Silla that fell into crisis by Japanese Navy. However, it seems that the crisis of Silla recorded in the tombstone of King Gwanggaeto has been exaggerated to a considerable extent. It is judged that there were actually the Japanese Navy’s attacks, but it does not seem that they were large forces, and also, it does not seem that they were not a life-or-death concern for Silla. The essence of war in 400 was the confrontation between Silla and Geumgwan Gaya surrounding the lower Nakdonggang River area. Geumgwan Gaya constantly pressed on Silla, making use of the military power of Wae-guk which was in a friendly relationship with it. Silla planned intervention of Goguryeo to break through adverse circumstances. Silla appealed to Goguryeo, exaggerating Wae-guk’s force and threat level while it emphasized that Wae-guk was associated with Baekje that stood against Goguryeo. Silla that made Goguryeo’s expeditionary force go ahead drove out the Japanese troops that invaded their home territory and attacked ‘Imnagara (Geumgwan Gaya),’ tracing them. As a result, Geumgwan Gaya suffered a heavy blow, and east of the Nakdonggang river fell under the influence of Silla. Concerning the way in which many small countries in Gaya responded to Goguryeo’s expedition in 400, many opinions have been presented. Especially, there is a lot of controversy about the position of Anra-guk in Haman concerning the phrase on the epitaph, “Anra-in Subyeong.” However, it is judged that the areas where the real battles took place in the war were limited to the territory of Geumgwan Gaya, and it is assumed that other small countries in Gaya, except for Geumgwan Gaya, waitedand saw the war, without getting involved. Geumgwan Gaya that suffered blows was defeated in its competition with Silla and greatly lost its influence in the Gaya region. Taking advantage of this gap, Anra-guk in Haman and Daegaya in Goryeong could take the initiative in the Gaya region. Goguryeo’s expedition in 400 surely is an incident that is the important point of inflection in the history of Gaya. However, to some extent, it was overrated as compared to the scale and impact of the actual warfare. 광개토왕비문에는 영락 10년 경자년(서기 400)에 고구려가 한반도 최남단에 자리한 ‘임나가라’ 지역에 군대를 보내어 활동한 기록이 남아 있다. 이는 왜군에 의해 위기에 빠진 신라를 구원하기 위한 작전의 일환이었다. 하지만 광개토왕비문에 보이는 신라의 위기 상황은상당 부분 과장된 것으로 여겨진다. 왜군의 공격은 실제로 있었던 것으로 판단되지만, 대규모 병력이었다고 보이지는 않으며, 신라가 존망을 걱정할 수준이었다고 판단하기는 어렵다. 400년에 있었던 전쟁의 본질은 낙동강 하류 지역을 둘러싼 신라와 금관가야의 대결이었다. 금관가야는 우호 관계에 있는 왜의 병력을 활용하여 신라를 지속적으로 압박하고 있었다. 신라는 불리한 상황을 타개하기 위하여 고구려의 개입을 기획하였다. 신라는 고구려에왜의 실력과 위협 수준을 과장하여 호소하는 한편, 왜가 고구려와 대적하고 있는 백제와 연계된 세력임을 강조하였다. 고구려 원정군을 앞세운 신라는 자국 영역을 침범한 왜군을 몰아내는 한편 이들의 뒤를 추격하며, ‘임나가라(금관가야)’를 공격하였다. 그 결과 금관가야는 큰타격을 입어 세력이 위축되었고, 낙동강 동안 일대는 신라의 영향 아래 들어가게 되었다. 고구려의 400년 원정에 가야의 여러 소국이 어떠한 식으로 대응하였는지에 대해서는많은 견해가 제시된 바 있다. 특히 ‘安羅人戍兵’이라는 비문의 문구와 관련해 함안의 안라국이 어떤 입장이었는지에 대해 이견이 많다. 그러나 400년 전쟁에서 실제 전투가 전개된 지역은 금관가야의 영내로 한정되었다고 여겨지며, 금관가야를 제외한 다른 가야의 소국들은전쟁에 참여하지 않고 관망하였던 것으로 생각된다. 금관가야가 신라와의 경쟁에서 패배하고 영향력을 상실하자, 그 공백을 틈타 함안의 안라국과 고령의 대가야가 가야 지역에서 주도권을 잡을 수 있었다. 고구려의 400년 원정은 가야사에서 중요한 변곡점이 되는 사건임에분명하지만, 전쟁의 규모와 실제 영향력에 비해 과도하게 평가되었던 측면도 있다.

금관가야의 복식 연구 - 상의(上衣) 길이를 중심으로 -

권준희(Junhee Kweon) 한국복식학회 2019 服飾(복식) Vol.69 No.4

The purpose of this study is to examine the length of Geumgwan Gayas upper garments. Samgukji (三國志) mentions that people in Geumgwan Gaya wore a po (袍;robe) in the third century. A po is a long-length, Chinese style article of clothing that reaches ones feet. It resulted from the iron trade between Nakrang and Geumgwan Gaya. From Nakrangs visual materials, it is presumed that, if the people of Geumgwan Gaya wore Nakrangs clothing and hats (衣幘), po as well as yu (襦;hip-length jacket) and jangyu (長襦;calf-length long jacket) were also worn. The upper garments of the fourth and fifth centuries were found in the visual materials of Geumgwan Gaya and neighboring countries. Clay figures from Geumgwan Gaya include yu and po. Yet, in three kingdoms (Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla), men solely wore yu, while women wore jangyu as well. According to archeological specimens such as horse harnesses, Geumgwan Gaya is similar in form to Three Yans (前燕, 後燕, 北燕) and Buyeo. Therefore, it is also necessary to consider the historical clothing materials of these regions. We can see yu, jangyu and po from Three Yans visual materials and po from Buyeos historical literature records. The three kingdoms, Three Yans and Buyeo are northern regions where people originally wore yu and pants that were convenient for horse riding. In the case of Three Yans and Buyeo, the Chinese influence also made them wear long, leisurely clothes, which is very similar to the style in Geumgwan Gaya. However, clothing of Geumgwan Gaya is more closely related to Buyeo and Three Yans than that of the three kingdoms because Geumgwan Gaya wore all three lengths of clothing; yu, jangyu and po.

호남지방 철정 유통의 특징과 가야권역과의 교역 양상

이춘선 ( Lee Choonsun ) 호남고고학회 2021 호남고고학보 Vol.67 No.-

This study aims to examine the distribution trend of iron materials in Mahan powers and the meaning of trade with Gaya according to the distribution characteristics of iron ingots, which is iron material, within Honam area. To this end, this study carried out the type classification and chronicle recording for the iron ingots excavated from Honam area. Afterwards, the distribution trend of iron ingots in Honam area was reviewed through the distribution characteristics in the relics where the iron ingots are excavated such as the tombs as well as the residential and ritual sites, the Smith’s tools that were used for processing ironware, and the tomb furnishings such as molding ironware that were simply processed from iron materials for using in a ritual ceremony. Based on such reviews, this study explored the trend changes in distribution of iron ingots for the relics where those iron ingots were excavated in Honam area. In reviewing the distribution trend of iron ingots in Honam area, the iron ingots of tomb furnishings were mainly buried in the wooden coffin tombs and the jar coffin tombs, which were used prior to the dedicated jar tombs, of the higher classes in local regions of Honam area at early times, but were not buried in a phase of the dedicated jar coffin tombs. In addition, it is able to know that fabrication of ironware was possible in each village of Mahan in case of sub-miniature iron ingots through residential sites. Along with this, it can be estimated that there was a self-production phase with iron materials in light of the excavation of ritual ironware or the Smith’s tools in Honam area during this period. However, a distribution by Baekje was not developed after their entry into Mahan. On the other hand, the iron ingots were distributed further in the eastern part of Honam again along the earthenware and stone lined tomb as well as the area where the residence site is expanded, and have started to play a role of the item that represents one’s dignity and prestige in the stone chamber tombs. In addition, the iron ingots were excavated from the ritual relics, which are the main places of coastal area and transportation, demonstrating the ritualistic nature of Mahan community based on the port of call. When examining the relationship between Mahan area and Gaya territory based on the internal transaction characteristics and distribution trend of those iron ingots, it is observed in the phase I that those were mostly buried together with the higher classes who had lived in local regions of coastal area associated with Geumgwan Gaya. Since then, with regard to the powers in Honam area, the local powers of coastal regions in Mahan have grown through the trade of iron ingots with Geumgwan Gaya. In the phase II and III that belong to the mid to late 4th century, Ara Gaya also began to produce the iron ingots on their own as the blacksmiths of Geumgwan Gaya were dispersed to small and medium villages. At that time, two different series of iron ingots were used due to an alliance of Geumgwan Gaya and Ara Gaya, and the trades of iron ingots became also prevalent among the local powers in Mahan mainly based on small and medium villages. However, the internal distribution through iron ingots was not frequent, and after the phase IV, the iron ingots were distributed through trades with SoGaya, which was in charge of transactions in the upper area of Seomjin River and the southern coast, as well as the local marine powers in Mahan area. Therefore, trades between Honam area and Gaya territory was transformed to Geumgwan Gaya -> an alliance of Geumgwan-Ara Gaya -> SoGaya federation.

고고자료로 본 변한과 가야의 구분— 금관가야를 중심으로

이동희 한국고고학회 2019 한국고고학보 Vol.0 No.112

Different perceptions of Byeonhan society prior to the 3rd century and Gayasociety after the 4th are represented by two competing positions, referred torespectively as “Early Period Theory (前期論)” and “Proto-History Theory (前史論).”Most philologists studying Gaya include Byeonhan in the history of Gaya,whereas there is a strong opinion amongst archaeologists that Byeonhan andGaya should be viewed separately. Gyeong-cheol Shin, a proponent of the“Proto-History Theory”, argues that a huge political change occurred in thephase of Daeseong-dong Tomb No. 29 following the migration of northernimmigrants, which is also reflected in a significant change in material culture. However, this study views the transitional period between Byeonhan andGaya as a phase of allied kingdoms (which had developed beyond the phaseof small states) that had experienced autonomous development rather thanas having witnessed revolutionary changes ushered in by immigrants. It isproposed that the establishment of Gaya is associated with entry into a new‘Geumgwan Gaya phase’ (a phase of allied small states, featuring dominantsubordinaterelationships), in which nearby small states were politicallycontrolled, rather than with Guyaguk (a phase of small states, featuring equalrelationships) of Byeonhan. It is likely that Guyaguk and Anyaguk, which werethe large states of Byeonhan, may have developed into allied kingdoms, whichcontrol over their peripheral regions even before the 3rd century. And althoughit is possible that they could have accepted elements of advanced civilizationsor some immigrants, it is unlikely that a shake-up of the existing system wouldhave occurred, this being the problem with the “Proto-history Theory.”Geumgwan Gaya, Ara Gaya, Dae Gaya, and so on were not individual smallstates but collective names representing several small states, closer in nature toregional leagues. In other words, the beginning of Gaya is a phase during whichthe identity as the allied kingdoms was clearly manifested archeologically. The period of transition from small Byeonhan states to the allied kingdoms of Gayavaries depending on each allied body: the late 3rd century for Geumgwan Gaya,early 4th century for Ara Gaya, and early 5th century for Dae Gaya and So Gaya.

신라와 금관가야의 교류-고고자료를 중심으로-

홍보식 한국고대사탐구학회 2018 한국고대사탐구 Vol.30 No.-

The archaeological investigations conducted recently in the regions of Geumgwan Gaya and Silla collected the physical artifacts that show the influences exchanged between the two different civilizations with the respective regional peculiarities. The investigations further identified those physical artifacts that trace back to different origins. Analyzing these physical artifacts can bring light on the exchanges between Geumgwan Gaya and Silla in the different time periods. The exchanges between Geumgwan Gaya and Silla are found, starting in the late 2nd century when the physical artifacts from the two regions are distinguished in terms of item and type. Coming into the latter half of the 3rd century, they became manifest and culminated between the late 4th century and the early 5th century. Between the latter half of the 3rd century and the early half of the 4th century, the cultural elements of Silla including its earthenware and ironware were found in Busan as in the ancient tombs in Nopo-dong, the ancient tombs in Bokcheon-dong, and the shell mounds in Dongnae and in Gimhae as in the ancient tombs in Daeseong-dong, the ancient tombs in Yean-ri, and the ancient tombs in Yangdong-ri, all included in the region of Geumgwan Gaya. The cultural elements of Geumgwan Gaya traced back to between the latter half of the 4th century and the early 5th century have been found in the relics in Gyeongju as around the Weolseong Moat, the ancient tombs on Weolseong-ro, and the ancient tombs in Gueo-ri and the ancient tombs in Yaksa-dong in Ulsan, while the cultural elements of Silla have been discovered in the ancient tombs in Bokcheon-dong, a region that belongs to Geumgwan Gaya. This shows that there unfolded brisk exchange and trade between Geumgwan Gaya and Silla from the late 3rd century to the early 5th century. 금관가야권역과 신라지역에서 최근 이루어진 발굴조사를 통해 각각의 지역적 특색을 지닌 물질문화 요소에서 서로 영향 관계를 보여주는 자료들이 축적되었다. 뿐만 아니라 계통이 다른 물질자료들도 확인되었다. 이 물질자료들을 분석해서 금관가야와 신라와의 교류관계를 시기별로 파악할 수 있었다. 금관가야와 신라의 교류를 나타내는 물질자료는 3세기 후반부터 확연하게 나타나고, 4세기 후반에서 5세기 초 정점에 도달하였다. 3세기 후반에서 4세기 전반에는 신라계 토기와 철기를 포함한 신라의 문화요소들이 금관가야권역인 노포동고분군과 복천동고분군, 동래패총 등의 부산지역과 김해 대성동고분군, 예안리고분군, 양동리고분군 등 고김해만지역에서 확인되었지만, 신라지역에서는 거의 확인되지 않았다. 4세기 후반에서 5세기 초에는 경주 월성해자 주변, 월성로고분군, 구어리고분군 등의 경주지역 유적과 울산 약사동고분군 등의 목곽묘와 출토 유물에서 금관가야권역의 문화요소가 확인되었고, 금관가야권역인 복천동고분군에서는 신라문화 요소가 확인되었다. 위의 내용을 통해 3세기 후반부터 5세기 초까지 금관가야와 신라 사이에는 활발한 교류와 교역이 전개되면서 양 지역의 문화 형성에 서로 영향을 주고받았음을 알 수 있었다.

일본(日本) 초현기(初現期) 수혜기(須惠器)의 시원과 생산 배경

박광춘 ( Kwang Choon Park ) 호남고고학회 2012 호남고고학보 Vol.40 No.-

Greyish-blue hard Sueki which was the representative artefacts of Kohun Period in Japan has been in the middle of dispute of its origin but most of Japanese archaeologists stand for the relation to the Gaya pottery. There are mainly two reasons of this. Firstly the Ohbadera kiln site where was presumed to be the early period of Sueki production was identified not belong to the early stage. Secondly Japanese archaeologists were failed to resume the most recent research works conducted by Korean archeologist about locality and period of Gaya Pottery. The oldest early fifth century Sueki was known to be discovered from Ohbadera kiln site but earlier 4th century Sueki was found from Uchisi (Southern part of Kyoto in Japan). This excavation then gives some novel perspectives on the origin of the Sueki. The Uchisigai site which was discovered in 2004 revealed several types of early Sueki from mounted cups, cup shape pottery, footed pottery, jar, and earthenwares with holes. Unfinished wooden wares with those pottery had been identified to AD 389 with the method of wood ring age determination dating. The Sueki found from the Uchisigai SD302 had shown the most similar shape with the Gaya pottery and it is also possible to detect the absolute date. Therefore it is not too much to believe that this one from SD302 is very crucial object to understand the ealier stage of Sueki. One of the complicated dispute over here is that each scholar has assist different theory of Gaya pottery chronology. In order to solve this problem, same period index had been set by accompanied goods of Gaya and Japan. Accompanied goods could be the period index. Uchisigai pottery such as mounted pottery with lids and footed cups with triangle delicate lines could be accompanied around late 4th century. Then, if the same patters of pottery in Gaya was confirmed, this links Gaya and Japan in the context of period index. 4th century Gaya sites were Hapcheon, Haman and Gimhae, and then 9 samples of mounted pottery with lids and footed cups with triangle delicate lines were found from 5sites around here. The pottery from 21st tomb of Hwajeong (Gimhae) had been identified as the most similar one with early Sueki of Uchisigai. Apart from that, the origin of the cups, small lips pottery, cylinder shape pottery can be defined from this site. From this result, it is definite that the early Sueki of Japan had been originated from the pottery of Geumgwan Gaya. It is highly possible that Yamado political regime of Japan might have political relation with Geumgwan Gaya and then the potters were distributed to Japan then. The white jade found from 13th Daeseongdong site is the dignity emblem of Japanese political power of 4th century and so small amounts were found from there. Nearly same objects were found from Sinyama tomb of Nara Japan, and this proves political links between Gaya and Japan. This white jade artefacts represent ceremony and unrealistic arms but it could be also army alliance between those two nations. Yamado regime of Japan had been focused its agricultural production development alongside with iron secure and this is because the regime needed to restrain the power from the local heads. In case of Geumgwan Gaya, they desperately wanted to have requisite arms and weapons as of the war with Silla. The military alliance between Japan and Gaya finally evoked attack from the Great Gwangaeto of Goguryeo in A.D. 400. However the political relation between those two nations had subsequently dispatched Gaya potters to Japan and this initially developed Sueki in Japan.

금관가야의 복식 연구 -관모(冠帽), 허리띠, 신발을 중심으로-

권준희 ( Jun-hee Kweon ) 한국의류학회 2019 한국의류학회지 Vol.43 No.4

This study examines Geumgwan Gaya's headgear, belt, and footwear. The relics excavated from tombs were examined first, then earthenware and clay figurines, followed by the visual data of related neighboring countries. The results are as follows. The headgear of Geumgwan Gaya, identified in the relics, is daegwan (帶輪式立飾冠) and lip (笠). Daegwan is a diadem with branch-shaped ornaments. It has an organic cap with fabric and leather as well as ties the strings to both ends of the diadem. Lip can be seen in the mounted figure of the earthenware. In neighboring countries, the top of lip is round or straight, but Geumgwan Gaya's lip is pointed and curved slightly backward. In addition, from neighboring countries' data, it is considered that the conical hat and gun (巾) are worn in Geumgwan Gaya. The belt is made of cloth or leather. Geumgwan Gaya also uses a belt with an animal-shaped hook and Jin style belt. Jin style belt shows the association with three-Yan culture of the Seonbi people in patterns and forms. Footwear of Geumgwan Gaya is li (履) and boots. Li included leather shoes, lacquer shoes, straw shoes and wooden shoes. In addition, there are leather boots decorated with round ornaments.

금관가야 구슬 목걸이의 유형과 특징

권준희,이주영 한복문화학회 2024 韓服文化 Vol.27 No.1

본 연구는 금관가야 구슬목걸이의 유형과 특징에 관한 연구로 김해지역 분묘 154기에서 출토된 159점의 유물을 조사하였다. 금관가야의 구슬은 유리, 수정, 마노 등의 소재를 사용하여, 환옥(둥근 모양), 관옥(파이프 모양), 다면옥(다면체 모양), 산반옥(주판 구슬 모양), 곡옥과 조옥(대추 모양)의 형태로 만들어졌다. 구슬 목걸이는 가장 기본적인 환옥만으로 구성된 경우를 1유형, 환옥에 몇 종류의 구슬이 추가되었는냐에 따라 2, 3, 4유형으로 분류하였다. 환옥이 아닌 다른 구슬을 주된 구슬로 사용한 경우는 기타 유형으로 분류하였다. 1기(1-2C)에는 1유형과 2유형만 존재한다. 총 23점 중 12점[52%]은 1유형, 11점[48%]은 2유형이다. 2기(3-4C)에는 총 105기의 무덤에서 111점의 유물이 출토되었다. 1유형은 29점[26%], 2유형은 31점[28%], 3유형은 35점[32%], 4유형은 10점[9%]이고, 나머지 5%는 기타 유물 6점이다. 유형 3, 4 및 기타 유형은 1기에는 존재하지 않았던 유형으로, 금관가야가 발달하면서 목걸이도 점점 화려해진 것으로 보인다. 3기(5-6C)에는 총 25점의 유물이 출토되었다. 1유형은 4점[16%], 2유형은 17점[68%], 3유형은 3점[12%], 4유형은 1점[4%]이다. 이전 시기에 비해 3, 4유형이 감소하였고, 2유형이 68%로 대다수를 차지한다. 금관가야는 3세기 후반-4세기에 가장 강력하였고 5세기 이후 고구려의 남정으로 약화되었다. 금관가야 목걸이는 정치의 흥망성쇠와 비슷한 경향을 보인다. 본 연구는 유물이 거의 남아있지 않은 고대 복식 분야에서 출토 유물을 토대로 금관가야 구슬 목걸이의 실체에 접근하고자 했고, 당시 장신구의 일단을 규명했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. This study meticulously examines the types and characteristics of Geumgwan Gaya’s bead necklaces. It thoroughly researched 159 relics excavated from 154 tombs to provide a comprehensive understanding of these artifacts. Geumgwan Gaya's beads were made using various materials such as glass, crystal, and agate, in the form of hwan-ok(round shape), gwan-ok(pipe shape), damyoun-ok(polyhedral shape), sanban-ok(abacus bead shape), gog-ok(magatama shape) and jo-ok(jujube shape). The bead necklaces were classified as type 1 when they consisted of only the most basic hwan-ok. It was classified into types 2, 3, and 4 depending on how many different bead types were added to the hwan-ok. Cases in which a bead other than hwan-ok was used as the main bead were classified as another type. In the first period (1-2C), only types 1 and 2 exist. Among a total of 23 relics, 12[52%] are type 1 and 11[48%] are type 2. In the second period (3-4C), 111 relics were excavated from 105 tombs. Type 1 has 29 relics [26%], Type 2 has 31 relics [28%], Type 3 has 35 relics [32%], and Type 4 has ten relics [9%]. The remaining 5% are six relics of other types. Types 3, 4, and others were types that did not exist in the first period, and it appears that with the development of Geumgwan Gaya, necklaces became increasingly more ornate. A total of 25 relics were excavated in the third period (5-6C), including 4 [16%] of type 1, 17 [68%] of type 2, 3 [12%] of type 3, and 1[4%] of type 4. Compared to the previous period, types 3 and 4 have decreased significantly, and type 2 accounts for the majority at 68%. Geumgwan Gaya was the most powerful political entity in the late 3rd to 4th centuries. However, its power weakened after the 5th century due to Goguryeo's southward expansion. The production of Geumgwan Gaya necklaces mirrors this political entity's rise and fall. This study is significant because it attempts to understand the reality of Geumgwan Gaya bead necklaces by analyzing excavated relics and identifying specific characteristics.