Design and Analysis of CMOS-Compatible III-V Compound Electron-Hole Bilayer Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor for Ultra-Low-Power Applications

Kim, Sung Yoon,Seo, Jae Hwa,Yoon, Young Jun,Lee, Ho-Young,Lee, Seong Min,Cho, Seongjae,Kang, In Man American Scientific Publishers 2015 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.15 No.10

<P>In this work, we design and analyze complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible III-V compound electron hole bilayer (EHB) tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) by using two-dimensional (2D) technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations. A recently proposed EHB TFET exploits a bias-induced band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) across the electron hole bilayer by an electric field from the top and bottom gates. This is in contrast to conventional planar p(+)-p(-)-n TFETs, which utilize BTBT across the source-to-channel junction. We applied III-V compound semiconductor materials to the EHB TFETs in order to enhance the current drivability and switching performance. Devices based on various compound semiconductor materials have been designed and analyzed in terms of their primary DC characteristics. In addition, the operational principles were validated by close examination of the electron concentrations and energy-band diagrams under various operation conditions. The simulation results of the optimally designed In0.53Ga0.47As EHB TFET show outstanding performance, with an on-state current (I-on) of 249.5 mu A/mu m, subthreshold swing (S) of 11.4 mV/dec, and threshold voltage (V-th) of 50 mV at V-DS = 0.5 V. Based on the DC-optimized InGaAs EHB TFET, the CMOS inverter circuit was simulated in views of static and dynamic behaviors of the p-channel device with exchanges between top and bottom gates or between source and drain electrodes maintaining the device structure.</P>

The Clinical Profile of Patients with Psoriasis in Korea: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study (EPI-PSODE)

( Hae Jun Song ),( Chul Jong Park ),( Tae Yoon Kim ),( Yong Beom Choe ),( Seok-Jong Lee ),( Nack In Kim ),( Jae We Cho ),( Jie Hyun Jeon ),( Min Soo Jang ),( Jai Il Youn ),( Myung Hwa Kim ),( Joonsoo 대한피부과학회 2017 Annals of Dermatology Vol.29 No.4

Background: Psoriasis is an immune-mediated, chronic in-flammatory disease affecting multiple aspects of patients` lives. Its epidemiology varies regionally; however, nation-wide epidemiologic data on psoriasis depicting profile of Korean patients has not been available to date. Objective: To understand nationwide epidemiologic characteristics and clinical features of adult patients with psoriasis visited uni-versity hospitals in Korea. Methods: This multicenter, non-in-terventional, cross-sectional study recruited 1,278 adult pa-tients with psoriasis across 25 centers in Korea in 2013. Various clinical data including PASI, BSA, DLQI, SF-36 and PASE were collected. Results: A total of 1,260 patients com-pleted the study (male:female=1.47:1). The mean age was 47.0 years with a distribution mostly in the 50s (24.9%). Early onset (<40 years) of psoriasis accounted for 53.9% of patients. The mean disease duration was 109.2 months; mean body mass index was 23.9 kg/m2; and 12.7% of patients had a family history of psoriasis. Plaque and guttate types of psoriasis accounted for 85.8% and 8.4%, respectively. Patients with PASI ≥10 accounted for 24.9%; patients with body surface area ≥10 were 45.9%. Patients with DLQI ≥6 accounted for 78.8%. Between PASI <10 and PASI ≥10 groups, significant difference was noted in age at diagnosis, disease duration, blood pressure, waist cir-cumference of female, and treatment experiences with pho-totherapy, systemic agents, and biologics. Conclusion: This was the first nationwide epidemiologic study of patients with psoriasis in Korea and provides an overview of the epidemio-logic characteristics and clinical profiles of this patient population. (Ann Dermatol 29(4) 462∼470, 2017)

파골세포 활성에 있어 gp130과 PTH의 연관성

김영준,류현모,김신윤,신홍인 경북대학교 병원 2002 경북대학교병원의학연구소논문집 Vol.6 No.1

gp130,a subunit for serveral cytokine signal transducing receptors, mediates diverse activities including osteoclastogenesis. In vitro obaervations suggest that PTH also triggers the gp130-mediated signal for bone resorption by stimulating secretion of IL-6,IL-11 and LIF from osteoblast/stromal cells. Though this gp130 signaling is required for full activation of bone resporption by PTH in vitro, the relationship between PTH and gp130 signaling pathway in vitro is not yet clanified. To address the importance of gp130 as a mediator of PTH action in osteoclast activation, the blood ionized calium and blood serum PTH level was investigated in gp130-/- and wild type mice at E18.5 using a CIBA/Coming 634 Ca^+2/pH analyzer and rat intact PTH Kit, respectively.In addition, calium transport efficiency was assessed from gp130 mice at E17.5. The resorptive activity of osteoclasts from intact calvariae by a ^45Ca release assay and the osteoclastic developmental condition in tibiae were also analyzed, respectively.The gp130-/- micerevealed significantly lower ionized calcium level(1.44±0.03 vs1.77±0.03 mmol/ℓ, p<0.001)and significantly higher blood serum PTH(251.8±5.3 VS 20.5±5.3 pg/㎖,p<0.001) compared to wild type littermates.There was no remarkable pathologic change of placenta in gp130-/- and the ^45Ca transport though placenta was accelerated in gp130-/- compared to wild type littermates(%to Het 83%in -/- vs 148% in +/+).The gp130-/- embryos had small skeletons with bones containing little primary spongiosa, and large multinucleated TRAP+ cells along the lower border of the growth plate. Release of ^45Ca from prelableled calvarial bone(E18.5)in response to either 10^-7 M hpTH(1-34)or 20 ng/㎖ sRANKL was lower in gp130-/-calvarial bone compared to gp130+/+ calvarial bone (PTH 1.83±0.6 fold over basal in-/- vs 2.79±0.6 in +/+and sRANKL1.3±0.4 in -/- vs 2.79±0.6 in +/+ and sRANKL1.3±0.4 in -/- vs 2.0±0.4 in +/+,p<0.5). These result strongly support the hypothesis that PTH activates bone resortion,in part, by stimulating ostedtrophic cytokine secretiom from osteoblast/stromal cells, which tirggers gp130-mediated signaling for osteoclastic activation.

개 시상하부의 Neuropeptides에 대한 면역조직화학적 연구

장인엽,정윤영,김종중,문정석,김준수,모근석,임용,유호진 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1996 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.21 No.1

The distribution and localization of somatostatin(SOM), neuropeptide Y(NPY), vasopressin(VP), and oxytocin(OT) were studied with a immunohistochemical technique in the canine hypothalamus. The SOM-immunoreactive perikarya were concentrated in the anterior periventricular and the arcuate nuclei. Immunoreactive terminals were observed in the arcuate, the ventromedial hypothalamic, the suprachismatic nuclei and the external layer of the median emmence. A great number of NPY-immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the arcuate nucleus and NPY fibers were located throughout the hypothalamus with the highest concentration especially in the paraventricular (PVN) and the acuate nuclei. Moderately or densely stained fibers were also observed in the median eminence, the suprachiasmatic. the periventricular, the ventromedial hypothalamic, the dorsomedial hypothalamic and the medial preoptic nuclei, and the stria terminalis. Both VP-and OT-containing perikarya were found mainly in the PVN and supraoptic nucleus(SON). but a few were seen in the perifornical area, the lateral hypothalamus, the dorsal hypothalamic and the periventricular nucleus. The fibers originated from the PVN were projected to the SON via ventral or dorsal area of the fornix.

C형간염 진단을 위한 중합효소연쇄반응의 임상적 유용성 검토

이창훈,윤갑준,임인경 아주대학교 의과학연구소 1996 아주의학 Vol.1 No.1

Current serologic tests for the detection of antibody lo hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) produce occasional false positive reactions and do not provide useful data about the previous status of antibody formation. So, supplementary tests are necessary. Recently, the application of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the detection of HCV RNA has been reported for this confirmatory purpose. The authors evaluated the clinical usefulness of this PCR assay as a routine laboratory diagnostic test for the detection of HCV infection. In this study, HCV-PCR assays were performed for 80 samples of liver disease, 27 samples of hemodialysis, and 40 samples of healthy blood donor. These assays utilized nested reverse transcriplase-PCR(RT-PCR) with two pairs of oligonucleotide primers (40S, NTA1, 80S, 300A) based on the 5'-UTR regions. The results were compared to those of tests for anti-HCV by EIA and another two primer pairs (#32, #36, #33, #48). Clinical data including ALT level were also compared. The results are as follows: HCV RNA was detected by PCR in 44/80(55%) cases. The comparison of results between PCR and EIA showed concordance in 48/72(67%) cases. Discordance that is negative by PCR but positive by EIA or positive by PCR but negative by EIA, occurred in 18/72(25%) cases and 6/72(8%) cases, respectively. In 6/72(8%) cases of positive by PCR but negative by EIA, the mean value of ALT was 145.3 IU/L, whereas the mean value of ALT was 70 IU/L in 16/72(23%) cases in which both tests were negative. The 40 healthy normal blood donors were all PCR negative. 12/27(44%) cases of hemodialysis patients were positive by PCR, but 9/12(75%) cases were negative by EIA. The comparison between two different primer pair sets showed concordance in 34/40 (85%) and discordance in 6/40 (15%) cases, respectively. In conclusion, PCR assay by simplified nested RT-PCR for the detection of HCV RNA can be a valuable diagnostic tool for the early detection of HCV infection and viremia. But further studies involving more clinical cases, in-depth analysis of possible factors causing false negative or positive reactions, and investigation of the technical aspects of specimen handling should be performed.

Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Health Care Workers in South Korea: A Multicenter Study

( Kyung Wook Jo ),( Yoon Ki Hong ),( Jae Seuk Park ),( In Gyu Bae ),( Joong Sik Eom ),( Sang Rok Lee ),( Oh Hyun Cho ),( Eun Ju Choo ),( Jung Yeon Heo ),( Jun Hee Woo ),( Tae Sun Shim ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2013 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.75 No.1

Background: We investigated the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among the health care workers (HCWs) and analyzed its risk factors in South Korea. Methods: A standard questionnaire regarding the baseline demographics and risk factors for LTBI was given to each participant and tuberculin skin test (TST), QuantiFERON-TB GOLD In-Tube (QFT-GIT) assay, and chest radiography were performed. Results: A total of 493 participants, 152 (30.8%) doctors and 341 (69.2%) nurses were enrolled in eight tertiary referral hospitals. The mean age of the subjects was 30.6 years old, and 383 (77.7%) were female. Of the 152 doctors, 63 (41.4%) and 36 (23.7%) were positive by TST and by QTF-GIT, respectively, and among the 341 nurses, 119 (34.9%) and 49 (14.4%) had positive TST and QFT-GIT results, respectively. Overall, the agreement between the two tests was 0.22 by the chance corrected proportional agreement rate (kappa coefficient) in 493 subjects. Experience of working in tuberculosis (TB)-related departments was significantly associated with positive LTBI test results by QFT-GIT assay, not by TST. In multivariate analysis, only age was independently associated with increased risk of a positive TST result, while age and experience of working in TB-related departments (odds ratio, 2.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-5.12) were independently associated with increased risk of a positive QFT-GIT result. Conclusion: A high prevalence of LTBI was found among South Korean HCWs. Considering the association between the experience of working in TB-related departments and high risk of LTBI, QFT-GIT may be a better diagnostic test for LTBI than TST in HCWs.

학술연구 : 소기업 정보시스템의 성공적 도입에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 관한 실증 연구

이정우 ( Jung Woo Lee ),윤정인 ( Jung In Yoon ),박준기 ( Jun Gi Park ) 한국중소기업학회 2011 기업가정신과 벤처연구 Vol.14 No.2

정보통산 기술 발달로 다양한 서비스와 솔루션들이 저렴한 가격에 공급되면서 소기업들도 경쟁우위의 한 방법으로 IT솔루션 도입을 적극적으로 검토하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 중소기업 중에서 60% 이상을 차지하고 있는 소기업의 효율적인 정보 시스템 도입과 성공적인 활용을 위한 주요 영향요인을 실증하였다. 태생적으로 내부 적인 자원 한계를 가진 소기업들이 정보시스템을 도입하는 데 있어서는 시간적, 재무적, 전문성의 제약이 영향요인으로 작용한다. 아울러 내적 자원의 부족을 극복하기 위해 외부 자원의 활용을 통해 제약 상황을 극복할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 중소기업을 대상으로 한 정보시스템 사용에 관한 대표적인 연구인 Thong(2001)의 연구모형을 기반으로 한국의 소기업들을 대상으로 정보시스템 도입 및 성공을 위한 요소들을 실증하였다. 자원제약 이론을 기반으로 한Thong(2001)의 연구 모형은 한국의 소기업 정보시스템 도입 및 활용에도 유용한 모형으로 밝혀졌다. 다만 기업규모와 업종 차이로 인해 요인들의 개별 영향도는 상이하게 나타났다. 주요 요인 들로 기업 내부의 기술 전문성 제약을 극복하기 위해서 "외부 전문지식의 활용"과 시간적 제약을 극복하기 위한 "정보시스템의 도입과 활용에 관한 계획"이 유의한 것으로 파악되었다. 그러나 시간적 제약요인인 "대표자의 적극적인 참여와 지원"과 "사용자참여" 그리고 재무적 제약인 "투자수준"과 사용자의 "IS 지식수준"은 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. Small businesses are under increasing pressure to use information systems(IS) to maintain their competitive positions or simply to survive. But small businesses suf-fer from relative scarcity of resources compared to large corporations. Due to in-herent differences between small and large businesses, research findings from large businesses cannot be generalized towards small businesses. This paper adopts Thong (2001)`s resource-based model of IS implementation for small businesses. Thong has conceptualized three types of resource constraints: time constraints, financial constraints, and expertise constraints in setting up IS implementation success model in small businesses. This model was replicated and tested on a sample of 118 small size retail and service firms in Korea. Research results revealed that Thong`s model is also applicable to small businesses in Korea. However, the relative im-portance of each factor for IS implementation success in Korea came out differently, Key factors of IS implementation success in Korean small businesses are external technological expertise, and IS planning. while adequate CEO support, user in-volvement, IS investment and users` IS knowledge are found to be not so significant.

류마티스 관절염 환자의 T세포 수용체 Vβ 유전자 레퍼토리 분석

정성수 ( Sung Soo Jung ),황관표 ( Kwan Pyo Hong ),김동욱 ( Dong Yook Kim ),김태환 ( Tae Hwan Kim ),이인홍 ( In Hong Lee ),전재범 ( Jae Bum Jun ),배상철 ( Sang Cheol Bae ),유대현 ( Dae Hyun Yoo ),김성윤 ( Seong Yoon Kim ),이은영 ( 대한류마티스학회 1996 대한류마티스학회지 Vol.3 No.1

목적: 류마티스 관절염(rheumatoid arthritis; RA)의 병인에 있어 중추적인 역할을 하는 것으로 알려진 T세포에 관한 연구가 최근에 관심의 초점이 되고 있으나, 현재까지 한국인을 대항으로 시행된 보고는 없다. 한국인 류마티스 관절염 환자의 관절병변부위에서 T세포 수용체(TCR)의 Vβ유전자 사용의 빈도를 검색하여 한국인 류마티스 관절염 환자에서 사용되는 빈도가 높은 유전자계를 찾는데 목적을 두었다. 방법: 이에 저자는 T세포에 관한 연구의 일환으로 류마티스 관절염 환자 3명과 정상인 4명을 대상으로 말초 혈액과 활액 T세포로부터 추출한 RNA를 이용하여 cDNA를 합성한뒤 cDNA를 주형을 Vβ family specific oligonucleotide를 시발체(primer)로하여 반정량적 역전사 연쇄중합반응(semiquantative RT-PCR)을 시행하여 T세포 수용체(T cell receptor; TCR) Vβ 레퍼토리를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 결과: 1. 정상인 4명의 말초혈액에서 T세포 수용체 Vβ유전자 평균사용빈도는 Vβ7(8.68±3.20%), Vβ3(7.83±2.03%), Vβ(6.74±1.43%)의 순서로 빈도가 높았으며, HLA-DR4 양성군(3명)에서는 Vβ8(7.39±1.71%), Vβ2(7.31±2.30%), Vβ1(7.22±1.54%)의 순서로 빈도가 높았고, HLA-DR4 음성(1명)에서는 Vβ3(17.79%), Vβ4(11.41%), Vβ24(9.8%)의 순서로 사용빈도가 높았다. 2. 류마티스 관절염환자 3명의 말초 혈액에서는 Vβ16(6.90±1.81%), Vβ18(6.89±0.80%), Vβ14(6.58±0.65%)의 순서로 빈도가 높았다. HLA-DR4 양성 환자군에서는 Vβ16(7.52±2.06%), Vβ14(6.96±0.04%), Vβ22(6.78±0.18%)의 순서로 빈도가 높았다. 각각 환자의 결과를 보면 첫번째 환자(HLA-DR4 양성)는 Vβ16(8.98%), Vβ14(6.99%), Vβ22(6.91%)의 순서로 빈도가 높았고, 두번째 환자(HLA-DR13 양성)는 Vβ18(7.79%), Vβ20(5.98%), Vβ24(5.90%)의 순서로 빈도가 높았다. 이를 종합해 보면 류마티스 관절염 환자의 말초혈액에서 Vβ16, Vβ20, Vβ14, Vβ18유전자계가 제한되어 사용되었다. 3. 류마티스 관절염환자의 활액의 T세포에서 Vβ유전자 평균발현빈도는 Vβ20(7.39±1.77%), Vβ18(5.60±1.31%), Vβ12(5.56±1.77%)순으로 높았으며, HLA-DR4양성인 환자군에서는 Vβ12(6.56±0.58%), Vβ20(6.44±0.94%), Vβ4(5.30±0.49%)순으로 빈도가 높았으며, HLA-DR4음성 환자에서는 Vβ20(9.29%), Vβ19(7.57%), Vβ18(7.07%)의 순서로 빈도가 높았다. 각각 환자의 결과를 보면 첫번째 환자(HLA-DR4 양성)는 Vβ12(6.15%), Vβ20(5.77%), Vβ7(5.74%)의 순서로 빈도가 높았고, 두번째 환자(HLA-DR4 양성)는 Vβ20(7.10%), Vβ12(6.98%), Vβ24(5.83%)의 순서이었고, 세번째 환자(HLA-DR13 양성)는 Vβ20(9.29%), Vβ19(7.57%), Vβ18(7.06%)의 순서로 빈도가 높았다. 활액 T세포에서는 Vβ20, Vβ12유전자계가 제한되어 사용되었다. 4. 말초 혈액에 비해 활액 T세포에서 TCR Vβ유전자 사용빈도가 1.5배 이상인 경우는 Vβ5.2, Vβ9, Vβ23 이었으나, 이들 유전자계가 활액 T세포 전체에서 차지하는 사용빈도에 있어서는 각각 Vβ5.2는 1.07±1.26%, Vβ9는 2.17±1.42%, Vβ23는 3.84+1.97%로 낮은 수치를 나타내었다. 각각 환자에서 비교했을때에 첫번째 환자(HLA-DR4 양성)는 Vβ23(3.69%:1.12%), Vβ5.1(3.51%:1.40%), Vβ12(6.15%:3.29%), Vβ6(3.35%:2.10%), Vβ2(5.74%:3.73%)의 유전자계에서, 두번째 환자(HLA-DR4 양성)는 Vβ9(3.58%:0.74%), Vβ19(4.67%:1.52%), Vβ5.2(2.52%:0.87%), Vβ10(4.25%:1.75%), Vβ1(5.74%:2.35%)의 유전자계에세, 세번째 환자(HLA-DR13 양성)는 Vβ6(2.68%:0.15%) Vβ9(2.17%:0.73%), Vβ11(2.30%:1.10%), Vβ20(9.29%:5.98%)의 유전자계에서 활액에서 말초혈액보다 1.5배이상 증가되어 사용됨을 볼수 있었다. 즉 활액에서 말초혈액보다 의미 있게 편향되어 사용되는 Vβ 유전자계는 각각 환자마다 다른 결과를 나타내었다. 5. 류마티스 관절염환자의 말초 혈액과 정상인의 말초 혈액의 T세포의 Vβ 유전자 사용빈도를 비교했을때 류마티스 관절염 환자의 말초혈액 T세포에서 Vβ16(6.90±1.81%:3.23±1.21%), Vβ18(6.89±0.80%:2.72±0.70%) 유전자계가 2배 이상으로 빈도가 높았고, HLA-DR4양성군만 비교하였을때도 Vβ16(7.52±2.06%:3.69±1.46%), Vβ18(6.45±0.28%:2.61±0.86%) 유전자계가 2배 이상 사용이 많았다. 결론: 이상의 성적으로 미루어 보아 류마티스 관절염 각각 환자마다 다른 Vβ 유전자계의 제한적 사용과 편향됨을 볼 수 있었으나, 공통된 유전자계의 증식은 볼 수 없었다. 이러한 결과는 다른 연구보고와는 다른 결과를 보였고, 이것은 대상 환자의 질병의 유병기간이 다르고, 또 유전적인 배경, 생존 환경, 적용된 방법의 차이로 기인한다고 하는 기존의 보고와 부합된다고 사료되는데 질병의 진행단계에 따라 주로 면역반응을 일으키는 항원의 에피토프가 달라짐에 따라 여기에 대항하는 T세포들의 수용체도 이들 에피토프에 반응할 수 있는 수용체를 가진 코론들이 증식하게 된다는 epitope spreading theory에 부합되며, 이는 아주 초기에 질병을 시작하게 유도하는 항원의 특성을 규명하기 위해서는 환자선택이 연구결과에 결정적인 역할을 할 것으로 사료된다. 또 다른 가능성은 각각 환자마다 다른 Vβ유전자계의 증식된 클론들의 CDR3 연기 서열을 규명하여 비록 유전자 서열이 다를 지라도 항원과 결합하는 같은 성상을 갖는 아미노산 motif를 가질 가능성에 대해서도 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다. Objectives: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology was eamine synovial fluid and peripheral T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to determine the preferential usage of the T cell receptor(TCR) variable region (V) gene. Methods: Oligonucleotide primers specific for individual TCR Vβ gene families were used to amplify the TCR gene products in a semiquantitative assay of their relative utilization in unselected T cell populations. Results: The result of Vβ utilization was generally heterogenous, similar with previous reports. However, the mean expression of Vβ16 and Vβ18 in RA was more preferentially utilized compared to normal donors. The usage of Vβ in peripheral blood from 3 patients with RA demonstrated restrictions in Vβ16, Vβ20 and Vβ18 genes, respectively. Analyses of synovial fluid resulted in restriction in β12, Vβ20 and Vβ20, respectively. Although there was no significant pattern of skewed Vβ gene mean usage when comparing the synovial fluids with the peripheral blood T cells from RA patients, there were significant biased Vβ genes, Vβ12, Vβl and Vβ20, each 3 patients. As the HLA type is a determining factor in shaping TCR repertoire of peripheral T cells, we compared the Vβ utilization in HLA-DR4 expressing groups that have susceptibility and gene dosage effect in disease progression. It was a little different that comparing the pattern of Vβ usage in peripheral blood and synovial fluid from RA patients between HLA-DR4 positive and negative group. Conclusion: The results were consistent with the conclusion that the increased Vβ family T cells infiltrate synovium and are dependent on each patient and may be involved in inducing and maintaining the synovitis that characterizes RA The different outcome of each patient may be due to the difference in disease duration, genetic background and geographic region. A more important factor may be the stage of disease, because epitope induced immune reaction may change over time. Therefore, selecting patients early in the course of disease may be important and may facilitate the need for more in-depth TCR analysis in the future.

거주 형태에 따른 에너지 섭취량과 소비량의 균형도 조사

박순목,고성경,남인수,윤재만,임승현,전중기,이종삼 대구대학교 인문과학연구소 2008 人文科學硏究 Vol.31 No.-

We investigated that the effects of residential type on energy balance in college students. Total sixteen college students were participated in this study, all subjects were assigned one of three groups: either school attendee students group, self-governed living students group, dormitory students group. Routine physical activity level (for 5 days including three weekday and two weekend) and food intake were surveyed. For investigation of degree of physical activity, all subjects were requested to record on their physical movements as possible as detail should be obtained. To all subjects, five-day dietary log form was given, and used for examining of calorie intake from their routine diet. There was no statistical difference in energy intake and consumption in each. However energy consumption was significantly higher than energy uptake in school attendee students group. All other groups were shown a similar energy values between energy uptake and consumption. There were no significant differences in energy intake and consumption in any of experimental groups when comparisons were made between weekdays and weekend. As far as energy uptake was concerned it was no statistical difference in any of major nutrients among groups. In conclusion, partial imbalance was found between energy intake and uptake in school attendee groups. This may be due to their more active life style than other groups'. In future studies, better controlled study should be performed not only more subjects are recruited but also minor nutrients are included for examining of energy balance.

The Effect of Parental Imprinting on the INS - IGF2 Locus of Korean Type I Diabetic Patients

(Heung Sik Kim),(Dong Wook Lee),(Sang Jun Lee),(Bo Hwa Choi),(Sung Ik Chang),(Hyun Dae Yoon),(In Kyu Lee) 대한내과학회 2001 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.16 No.4

N/A Background: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Susceptibility to IDDM appears to depend on more than one genetic locus. Evidence of a genetic linkage for IDDM2 was found in male meioses from French and North American populations. It is linked to maternal imprinting (i.e. monoalleleic expression of the insulin gene) that is considered the most likely cause of these gender-related differences. IGF2 is expressed only in the paternal allele and therefore, is considered a candidate gene for IDDM2 transmission because of its important autocrine/paracrine effects on the thymus, lymphocytes and pancreas. Nevertheless, it remains controversial whether the parental origin of IDDM2 influences IDDM susceptibility. Methods: Using PCR and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, we analyzed the INS/PstI+1127 and IGF2/ApaIpolymorphisms and RNA expression level between PstI (+/-) and PstI (+/+) to determine genotype and allele-specific expression of the INS and IGF2 genes. Results : INS/PstI(+/+) and IGF2/ApaI(+/-) were observed in 36 (97.3%) of 37 IDDM patients and in 29 (72.5%) of 40 IDDM patients, respectively. The presence of both IGF2 alleles in RNA was observed in 21 (91.6%) of 24 IDDM patients. Our results show a 3-fold increase in RNA expression from PstI (+/-) allele over PstI (+/+) allele. Conclusion: Our conclusion does not entirely exclude IGF2 as the gene involved in IDDM2, even though the parental effect of IDDM2 transmission is not related to IGF2 maternal imprinting. The INS genotype appeared mostly in the PstI (+/+) homozygote and, therefore, we could not explain the INS imprinting pattern in Korean type 1 diabetic patients. Genetic differences between populations may account for the discrepancy between Korean type I diabetic patients and American or French type I diabetic patients.