법률회피

조승현(Cho Sung Hyun) 한국재산법학회 2011 재산법연구 Vol.28 No.1

법률회피란 하나의 행위에 대해 적용할 수 있는 법규가 있음에도 그 행위를 법적용으로부터 부당하게 배제시키려는 시도를 말한다. 일반 사법영역에서 법률회피현상은 원칙적으로 대부분 법률과 법률행위의 해석에 의해서 해결될 수밖에 없을 것이다. 다만, 법률과 법률행위의 해석은 모든 법 영역에서 동일한 방법론으로 일관되게 관철될 수 없다. 왜냐하면 유추해석이 충분히 허용되는 영역에서는 해석에 의하여 만족한 결과를 얻을 수 있겠지만 그렇지 않은 영역에서는 해석의 한계와 동시에 법률의 흠결이라는 문제점에 직면할 수밖에 없기 때문이다. 법률은 시간과 공간의 제약을 받을 수밖에 없으며 이러한 제약을 입법자의 입법의도나 목적을 고려하고 법률회피가 발생한 시점의 객관적 법의 취지를 살려 최대한 현실을 법에 포섭시키더라도 타당한 결론을 얻을 수 없는 상황이 존재하는 것이다. 이러한 문제점들을 반영한 현상이 법률회피에 대한 새로운 인식과 함께 여기서 얻어진 요건들을 입법에 반영하는 흐름이라고 할 것이다. Gesetzesumgehung ist der Versuch, einen Tatbestand von der Anwendung eines auf ihn anwendbaren Rechtssatzes unstatthafterweise auszuschließen. Seit der Erlörterung dieser Frage können drei Ansichten über den Charakter der Gesetzesumgehung, d.ß das Verständnis der Gesetzesumgehung als Scheingeschäft, als ein Problem der Gesetesauslegung, als selfständiges Rechtsinstitut unterschieden werden. Das Reichgericht hatte Rechtsgeschäft, die unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Umgehung hätten geprüft werden müssen, als simulierte Geschäfte behandelt. Aber diese Ansicht hat es auf Kritik aufgegeben, die darauf hinwiesen, daß man das geschäft so, wie man es abschließe, tatsächlich wolle und auch die unbequemen Flogen um des wirtschaftllichen Erfolges in Kauf nehme. Denn nur auf diese Weise könne man den verbotennen Erfolg errechein. Nach der Lösung, Umgehungsgeschäft als Scheingschäft zu behandeln, wurde schlagen die Ansicht, eine Art ausdehnender Anwendung von Vervotsgesetzen auf solche Handlungen vor, die zwar direct dem Verbote nicht widerstreiten, die aber zu dessen Umgehung dienen. Aber die Ansicht dachte nicht an die extensive Interpretation, sondern befürwortete ein slbständiges Rechtsinstitut Gesetzesumgehung, mit dessen Hilfe die beschriebenen Rechtsgeschäfte für nichtig erklärt werden sollten. Bei den Versuchen, die Umgehung des Gesetzes von den zulässigen Rechtsgeschäften ahzugrenzen, stand von Anfang an der sogensnnte Umgehungsvorsatz im Vordergrund der Erörterungen. Wenn dieses Merkmal vorliegt, dann sollen die Rechtsnachfolgen der Umgehung(Nichtigkeit oder Einordnung des Geschäfts unter die gesetzlichen Folgen kraft des Satzes von der Gleichstellung) eintreten, wärend das gleiche Rechtsgeschäft bei unvorsätzlich handelnden Parteien zulässig sein soll. Aber die Begründung für die Ablehung dieses Merkmales ird häufig in den Schwierigkeiten gesehen, den Vorsatz der Parteien nachzuweisen. Ihr Verhältnis zum Rechtsmißbrauch wird stärk erörtert. Der Begriff des Mißbrauchs worden besonders durch die Formulierung des §5 der Reichsabgaben-ordnung(1919) hervorgehoben. Im Steuerrecht lassen sich in drei Merkmal über das Verständnis des Mißbrauches im Zusammenhang mit der Gesetzesumgehung unterschneiden. Das ist Ungewönlichkeit, Umgehungszweck, wirtschaftliche Unzulässigkeit. Jedoch kann die Ungewönlichleit, Umgehungszweck, wirtschaftliche Unzulässigkeit nicht das entscheidende Kriterium für das Verliegen einer Umgehung sein. Denn diese Merkmals sind wenig faßbar und ein Problem der Auslegung des Rechtsgeschäfts und haben die Schwierigkeit des Beweis. Der Schwerpunkt der auseinandersetzung lag auf der Frage, ob Gesetzesumgehung als selbständiges Rechtsinstitut anzusehen sei oder ob es sich lediglich um eine Frage der Auslegung oder Analogie handele. Bis 1960er Jare waren die Meinungen zu dieser Frage geteilt, die wohl noch überwiegende Meinung gig von einem selbständigen Rechtsinstitut der Gestzesumgehung aus. Aber den Anstoß zu einer Wandlung des Meinungsstandes gab die 1962 erschienene Dissertation „ Die Gesetzesumgeung„ von Teichmann. Teichmann legte anhand mehrerer Beispiele dar, wie bisher unter dem Aspekt der Gestzesumgehung diskutierte Fragen mit dem Mittel der Gestzesanalogie gelöst werden könnten. Manche Umgehungsfälle können mit Auslegung oder analoger Anwendung des umgangenen Gestzes werden gelösten. Umgehungsfälle sind Ausnamefälle, die sich weder mit Auslegung noch mit anderen Rechtsinstituten befriegend lösen lassen. In Umgeungsfälle gibt es keine einheitliche Lösung. Dnnoch ist Gesetzesumgehung als Rechtsbegriff nicht überflüssig. Gesetzesumgehung im materiellen Sachreht u

종 분포 모형을 이용한 구상나무림의 지속 및 쇠퇴에 관한 연구 - 전라남도 광양시 백운산을 중심으로 -

조선희 ( Seon Hee Cho ),박종영 ( Jong Young Park ),박정호 ( Jeong Ho Park ),이양근 ( Yang Geun Lee ),문이만 ( Lee Man Mun ),강상호 ( Sang Ho Kang ),김광현 ( Gwang Hyun Kim ),윤종국 ( Jong Guk Yun ) 한국산림과학회 2015 한국산림과학회지 Vol.104 No.3

The present study investigated the habitats of Korean fir trees (Abies koreana E. H. Wilson) on Mt. Baekwun (Baekwun-san), determined the current distribution, quantified the contribution of biological and nonbiological environmental factors affecting the distribution, derived actual and potential habitats, presented a plan for the establishment of protected areas, applied RCP 8.5 climate change scenario to analyze the effects of climate change on the future distribution of Korean fir trees, and predicted future potential habitats. According to the results of the study, 3,325 Korean fir trees (DBH >= 2.5 cm) inhabited Mt. Baekwun, and their distribution area was approximately 150 ha. Populations of Korean fir trees were confirmed to exist at an altitude of 900 m above sea level and were distributed up to 1,200 m. Based on potential distribution, areas appropriate for habitation by Korean fir trees were analyzed to be 450 ha, three times the current distribution area, with a focus on Sang Peak (Sang-bong), Eokbul Peak (Eokbul-bong), Ddari Peak (Ddari-bong), and Dosol Peak (Dosol-bong). The forest stands near Sang Peak, the main peak, were evaluated as those with the most appropriate potential for the habitation of Korean fir trees, and populations of the trees tended to prefer the northern slope rather than the southern slope. When climate change scenario RCP 8.5 was applied and future potential distribution was analyzed, the habitats were expected to decrease in area to 20 ha by 2050, with a focus on Sang Peak, and areas appropriate for habitation were predicted not to exist by 2080. Judging from such results, as global warming accelerates, the habitats of Korean fir trees are clearly expected to move from lowlands to highlands.

녹동균 세포외막 단백질 백신 CFC-1-101의 안정성 및 면역원성 검토 : 임상 제 Ⅰ/Ⅱa상 시험

장인진,김익상,유경상,임동석,김형기,신상구,장우현,박완제,이나경,정상보,안동호,조양제,안보영,이윤하,김영지,남성우,김현수 대한감염학회 1998 감염 Vol.30 No.3

목적 : 제일제당에서는 녹농균의 세포외막 단밸질을 유효성분으로 하는 백신인 CFC-101을 개발하였으며, 동물시험에서 이 백신의 안전성과 유효성을 입증하였다. 본 연구에서는 이 녹농균 백신의 인체에 대한 안전성과 면역원성을 평가하는 동시에 인체 접종시의 최적 투여 용량을 결정하기 위하여 제 I/Ⅱa상 임상시험을 수행하였다. 방법 : 건강한 성인 남자를 피험자로 선별하여 각 용량군에 백신투여자 6명, 위약투여자 2명을 배정하였다. 백신 투여군은 0.25mg, 0.5mg 또는 1.0mg 용량의 녹농균 백신을 7일 간격으로 3회에 걸쳐 근육주사 하였으며, 위약 투여군에게는 세포외막 단백질을 제외한 동일한 성분을 투여하였다. 백신접종 후 국소적 또는 전신적인 반응의 발생여부를 관찰하고, 혈액시료를 체취하여 백신의 역가와 유효성을 검정하였다. 결과 : 녹농균 백신 CFC-101은 모든 접종자에서 양호한 내약성을 보였다. 또한 0.5mg 과 1.0mg 백신 투여군에서는 100%의 항체양전율을 나타내었다. 생성된 항체는 녹농균 세포외막단백질에 특이성을 보였고, 녹농균 감염에 대해 방어효능이 있었다. 결론 : 이와같은 결과로부터 이 녹농균 백신은 인체에 안전하게 투여할 수 있으며, 높은 항체 생성능으로 감염방어 효능을 보이고 0.5mg과 1.0mg이 최적용량인 것으로 판단되었다. Background : We developed a Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane protein(OMP) vaccine CFC-101, and the prophylactic efficacy of which has been demonstrated in animal models. In order to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the P. aeruginosa vaccine, we carried out a phase I/Ⅱa clinical trial in healthy male volunteers. Methods : Groups of eight volunteers, including two placebo subjects, were vaccinated intramuscularly with three doses of 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg of the vaccine at one week intervals. Sings of systemic and local reactions observed after vaccination were recorded for each vaccinee for 5 days. Physical examinations were performed on days 0, 1, 7, 8, 14, 15, 21, and 42, and clinical laboratory tests were done on days 0, 3, and 21. Blood samples for assay of serum antibody levels were obtained up to 42 days after the first vaccination. Results : The vaccine was generally well tolerated by all vaccinees, showing no significant side effects. In the three dosage groups, all vaccinees, except one receiving the 0.25 mg dose, showed significant elevation in serum IgG antibody titers against the vaccine proteins, indicating 100% seroconversion in 0.5 and 1.0 mg groups. The human antibodies induced by the vaccine were specific for P. aeruginosa OMPs, as confirmed by western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation assays. The capacity of the human antisera to enhance opsonophagocytic killing activity by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and to confer protection against P. aeruginosa infections indicates that the antibodies elicited by the vaccine have protective efficacy. Conclusion : We conclude that the P. aeruginosa OMP vaccine is safe and effective for human use and its optimal dose to be 0.5 or 1.0 mg.

2003년 국내 중증급성호흡기증후군 진료 현황 및 문제점 분석

이진수,김은실,정문현,백제중,정선화,안주희,최영화,이선희,고철우,김성범,김민자,박승철,기현균,송재훈,최상호,김양수,이상오,조용균,박영훈,정숙인,김연숙,이흥범,손창희,장성희,정희진,김우주 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.3

목적 : 2002년 말 중국에서 SARS가 발생한 이후 국내에서도 2003년 10월까지 총 3명의 추정환자, 17명의 의심환자가 보고되었다. 향후 추가적인 SARS의 유행이 우려되는 상황에서, 그간의 SARS 환자 진료에 있어서의 실질적인 준비사항, 진료 현황 등에 대한 조사를 통해 문제점을 파악하여, 향후 더 나은 대비가 될 수 있도록 개선점을 제시하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : SARS로 의심되는 환자를 진료 경험이 있는 병원의료진을 대상으로 2003년 10월에 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문에는 SARS 환자 진료 시의 실질적인 조치, 진료 현황, 병실, 응급실 및 외래에서의 격리 시설과 준비사항, 보건당국의 관리와 지원에 관한 사항을 포함하였다. 결과 : 대상이 되는 22개 병원 중 17개(17/22, 77.2%) 병원이 설문에 응하였다. SARS 환자를 위한 격리실은 응급실, 외래, 일반병실 및 중환자실에서 각각 9개(9/17, 52.9%), 5개(5/17, 29.4%), 15개(15/16, 93.7%), 4개(4/16, 25%) 병원에서 음압처리가 되어있지 않은 일인실 혹은 다인실이 사용되었고, 1개(1/16, 6.3%) 병원에서만 일반병실에서 음압격리실이 운영되었다. 입원환자의 진찰 시 개인보호구의 착용은 거의 모든 의료기관에서 이루어졌다. 보건당국에서 SARS지정병원의 시설 등을 사전에 확인한 곳은 1곳(1/12, 8.3%)이였고, 14개 병원(14/15, 93.3%)에서는 보건당국에 의뢰한 검사결과를 통하 받지 못하였다. 결론 : 의료기관에서 SARS 환자용 격리실뿐만 아니라 기존의 격리실 설비 등이 미흡하였으며, 특히 중환자실 및 외래의 준비가 더욱 부족하였다. 보건당국의 의료기관에 대한 종합적인 지원이 부족하였고, 병원과의 원활한 연계가 잘 이루어지지 않았다. SARS 만이 아닌 격리를 필요로 하는 질환의 적절한 진료를 위해 향후 병원 시설의 정비와 정부차원에서의 보다 구체적이고 실질적인 대책마련이 필요하다. Background : There was an worldwide outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) originated from China in late 2002. During that period three cases of suspected SARS and 17 cases of probable SARS were reported in Korea. With the concerns about the reemergence of SARS-coV transmission, it is important to be prepared for any possibility. So, this study is aimed to analysis the past measures in managing SARS and propose the amendatory plans to improve the preparedness. Materials & Methods : Questionnaires were collected among clinicians with any experience in managing the probable or suspected SARS cases in Oct. 2003. 17 out of 22 hospitals responded to the questionnaire. The contents in the questionnaire were practical activities, personal equipments, response plans, isolation facilities in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards and intensive care units, and relationship with the public health department. Results : The dedicated isolation rooms in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards, and intensive care units were prepared in 9 (9/17, 52.9%), 5 (5/17, 29.4%), 15 (15/16, 93.7%), and 4 (4/16, 25.0%) hospitals, respectively. Except for one hospital that newly made negative pressure room for SARS, single or multi-bed rooms without airborne infection control were used in all the other hospitals. The personal precaution principles were kept quite well in general wards. Before the designation of SARS hospital by the public health department prior evalution to see if the hospital was suitable for managing SARS was conducted in only 1 (1/12, 8.3%) hospital. The results of laboratory diagnosis were reported back in 1 (1/15, 6.6%) hospital. Conclusions : The isolation facilities which can control airborne infection were almost deficient not only for SARS but also for other respiratory transmissible diseases. For the infection control of transmissible diseases including SARS, more investment is needed on medical facilities and comprehensive support from the public health department required.

40세 이하 관상동맥 질환자에서 장기적 임상 관찰

이승욱,정명호,박종철,박형욱,조상희,김원,김계훈,이상현,강경태,조장현,김남호,김건형,안영근,조정관,박종춘,강정채 全南大醫大 2001 전남의대학술지 Vol.37 No.2

대명천 유수지의 식생유형 및 생태적 특성에 관한 연구

조현제,오승환 대구산업정보대학 2001 논문집 Vol.15 No.-

The present vegetation established on Daemyongcheon wetland, were studied phytosociologically, with special reference to its ecological conservation and management. Vegetation types of this area were classified into two higher units(community level), six lower units and five lowest units, giving twenty management areas. Phragmites communis occupied the highest ecological niche. The species diversity(H'), the evenness(J') and the maximum of species diversity(H'max) were showed 3.03±0.38, 0.90±0.06 and 3.42±0.52, respectively. According to the constancy diagram of the component species, the lower classes(< I) have 84.5% in the plant species occurring to this area and the higher classes(> III) only 3.6%. The ratio of naturalized plants showed 40%, which was much higher than the nearby wetland(Dalseong wetland 19.4% and Daelim wetland 15.3%).

취성재료의 미소압입시 균열전파의 유한요소해석

조성산,이정현 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 1998 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.9 No.1

Stress around the edge of penny-shaped lateral crack in the residual stress fields in elastic perfectly-plastic half-spaces indented by a rigid cone are analyzed using finite element technique. The stresses are characterized and interpreted to investigate the crack growth behavior with the aid of linear elastic fracture mechanics. The influence of material properties on the crack growth behavior is also examined. Continuing growth of the crack after removal of indentation load is explained based on the variation of crack growth driving force with crack size. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the change in the crack propagation direction with the growth is due to the change in the crack growth mechanism.

면역억제제를 사용치 않은 동소성 간이식 실험견의 조직병리소견

조원현,최순옥,김인호,임태진,김성수,박준희,김우석,김현철,최규택,김진모,권건영 大韓移植學會 1994 Korean Journal of Transplantation Vol.8 No.1

多收性도토리의 遺傳資源과 優良種의 選拔에 관한 硏究

趙顯瑞,李喆浩,安相烈 진주산업대학교 1998 論文集 Vol.37 No.-

상수리나무, 굴참나무, 졸참나무, 갈참나무, 신갈나무 및 떡갈나무를 중심으로 우수한 형질을 나타내는 48개체 중 선발된 수종의 형질 특성을 농촌진흥청 원예시험장 과수조사 기준에 따라 果樹化를 위한 주요 형질인 葉長, 葉幅, 新梢長, 節間數, 新梢莖, 果重, 과종경, 과횡경 및 熱期를 각 지역별로 조사한 결과를 요약한다. 가. 선발 1년차 1. 굴참나무의 개체선발 결과 평균 흉고직경이 21㎝, 수고10m, 수관폭 4m 정도이고 수령은 20-25년생으로 그 중 우량종으로 개체선발된 굴참나무는 흉고직경 23㎝, 수고 12m, 수령 25년생이었으며, 떡갈나무는 평균 흉고직경 20㎝, 수고 8-9m, 수관폭 4m, 수령 20년생으로 그 중 우량종으로 개체선발된 떡갈나무는 흉고직경 20㎝, 수고 8m, 수령 20년생으로 수간이 곧고 수관폭이 4m 정도였다. 2. 졸참나무는 평균 흉고직경 25㎝, 수고 13m, 수관폭 4m, 수령 25년생 정도로 그 중 우량종은 흉고직경 25㎝, 수고 10m, 수령 20년생으로 수간이 곧고 수관의 폭은 5m였다. 3. 농가 탐문조사에 의한 개체선발 결과 우수종의 신초장 생육은 함양선발종Ha-6, 7, 14호가 가장 크게 신장했고, 잎의 형태는 수종별로 다양한 것으로 나타났으며, 종실의 무게는 산청선발종S-2, 9호가 7.2g과 5.7g으로 가장 무거운 것으로 나타났고, 종실의 형태는 난형, 장타원형 등 수종에 따라 다양하였다. 나. 선발 2년차 1. 상수리나무의 과중이 무겁고, 졸참나무류의 과종경이 횡경에 비해 길었으며 다수종의 평균 과중은 3.1g이고 과종경은 평균 20.4㎜인 것으로 나타났다. 2. 평균 과중이 무거운 종은 산청선발종S-2, 9호등이고, 가벼운 종은 함양선발종H-7, 19호등이며, 숙기 조사 결과 함양선발종H-4, 진주금곡면수집종JS-1, 구례종G-1 등이 조생종이고 함양종H-10, 산청종S-7, 합천종Ha-1 등은 중생종, 함양종H-7, 산청종S-3, 산청생비락면종SS-0 등은 만생종이었다. To improve the genetic resources of acorn, we selected some genetically desirable ones among a population of acorn trees. The survey sites for this study were natural forests where mother trees were growing, and where their genetic characteristics were developed through natural selection. According to the standard list of elite tree collection, 6 species(48 individual Fagaceae trees) were selected, among which 21 were in their 1st year and 27 in their 2nd year. The extension of shoot length was longest in Hamyang line(H-6, H-7 and H-14). The weight of acorn was heavier than others in Sancbung line(Sa-2 and Sa-9), and the acorn type was ovate and oblong. The average weight of individual acorn was 3.1g and its average diameter was 20.4㎜. With respect to fruit maturing period, H-4 of Hamyang variety, CK-1 of Kumgok line and G-1 of Gurye line were precocious species; H-10 of Hamyang line, Sa-7 of Sancbung line and WH-1 of Hapcbun line were intermediate ripening species; H-7 of Hamyang line, Sa-3 of Sancbung line and Ss-0 of Sangbirak line were late ripening species.

하악골에 발생된 Low grade 골육종:증례보고

조현이,정종철,김호성,최재욱,성대경,서지훈,김성범,이계혁 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 2000 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.22 No.1

Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant tumor arising most often in the long bone, but rare in jaw bone. Especially osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible is a rare tumor, comprising less than 0.5% of all head and neck tumors. Osteosarcoma occurs cheifly in young persons, and presenting very survival rates. Histopathologically this tumor can be classified three types, osteoblastic, fibroblastic, chondroblastic and classified from low grade to high grade by anaplasia or mitosis of the tumor cells. Sometimes, the exact diagnosis of osteosarcoma is difficult especially in low grade osteosarcoma, even if clinical or radiographical findings suggest to osteosarcoma. So suspcious to malignant bone tumor in clinical or radiological findings, biopsy should be taked from deep portion and multiple area, and sharing the patient history and radiographs with pathologist will assist in the development of the diagnosis. We report a case of low grade osteosarcoma on the mandible initially difficulty in accurate diagnosis. The patient visited our hospital for routine dental treatment but radiographic findings displayed ill-defined radiolucency with osteoid formation on the mandible. Final diagnosis was difficulty in initial biopsy but subsequent biopsy taked from deep portion presented infiltrative growth and mitosis of the tumor cell in some area with small osteoid bone formation, so we could reach final diagnosis as low grade sarcoma. We treated this patient with bloc resection of the mandible and immediate reconstruction with iliac corticocancellous block.