김치의 숙성 및 발효중 오염지표미생물과 유산균의 변화-제1보

김종규,윤준식,Kim, Jong-Gyu,Yoon, Joon-Sik 한국환경보건학회 2005 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.31 No.1

This study was undertaken to investigate the changes of index microorganisms and lactic acid bacteria of traditional Korean fermented vegetables (kimchi) during the ripening and fermentation period. A type of kimchi, baechoo-kimchi, was prepared and stored at $10^{\circ}C$ for 8 days. The numbers of the total aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophilic bacteria, coliform bacteria, and Escherichia coli in the kimchi and also in raw materials of the kimchi (Chinese cabbage, green onion, ginger, garlic, and red pepper) were counted using appropriate media. The highest number of aerobic bacteria was detected from ginger, then red pepper, then garlic, then Chinese cabbage, and lowest number from green onion. The highest number of psychrotrophilic bacteria was detected from red pepper, then Chinese cabbage, then garlic, then ginger, and the lowest number from green onion. Coliforms and E. coli were not detected from all of the raw materials of kimchi. Total aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria of the kimchi showed gradually increasing during ripening and fermentation. The number of psychrotrophilic bacteria showed a similar level in the kimchi. Coliform bacteria were detected at the 3rd, 4th, and 5th day of the kimchi fermentation period, although they were not detected from the raw materials of the kimchi. However, the bacteria were not detected in the kimchi after 6 days. E. coli was not detected in all kimchi samples. The pH value of the kimchi gradually decreased, and acidity increased over fermentation period. This study indicates that there was contamination of coliform bacteria during the process of kimchi preparation, and lactic acid bacteria proliferated in the kimchi during fermentation inhibited the growth of coliforms. More research is needed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of each raw materials of kimchi.

김억의 번역론 연구 : 근대문학의 장(場)과 번역자의 과제

김진희(Kim Jin-hee) 한국시학회 2010 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.28

In the beginning of the Korean modern literature since 1910's, Kim Eok played a crucial role as a translator for foreign literature and theory. During the acceptance of foreign literature, Kim realized the importance of translation and he is considered an intellectual who, as opposed to other contemporary translators, performed a bulk of translations from various countries. He was in the lead of balancing content and form, reforming he literary circles of translation in which there was abundance of arbitrary interpretations and content-concentrated translations. However, Kim Eok's translated works have been devalued by reason of erroneous and liberal translation of original works and inapt understanding. Researchers generally examine original and translated texts in tandem, after which they point out problems of the translations and attribute them to the translators' lack of capacity. The study of this paper presupposes that in-depth understanding of translated texts can be carried out only when the theory and practice of translation go in parallel. It argues that the negative evaluation for Kim's translations can be reconsidered through the study of theory. Kim argued for 'creative liberal translation,' and this paper investigates the formation and characteristics of this standpoint. This paper particularly looks into how symbolism, which Kim embraced, influenced Kim's view on translation. The acceptance of symbolism and the theory of translation are discussed in regard to the theory of translation maintained by Bejamin, a German literary critic who lived around the same time, in his book The Task of the Translator. The paper also examines Kim Eok's theory of translation in the sense that the act of translating foreign languages expands and deepens a mother tongue, which provides an opportunity to form and develop the self-identity. Kim's viewpoint on translation, which searches for the nature of poems, found modern poetic language for the Korean poetry, which was possible due to his exploration into language that represents this nature. Translating the western poems in the initial stage of modern literature implies admission and conveyance of heterogeneous culture, beyond simple written text, and creation of new culture. Kim Eok's translated works shows the creativity of cultural translation that is generated at the intersection of internal and external cultures. The literary world after 1920's, via translations, could realize the identity of modern literature by means of dialogue with others, i.e. dialogue between tradition and the West. Furthermore, it could have a foundation in creation of new culture. Along these lines of modern literature, Kim Eok's theory of translation presented ‘creative liberal translation’ and ‘creative translation’ as the task and direction for those who do the translation, including himself. It was an aspect of cultural action that Kim's theory evidently showed through translation.

Antiobesity Effect of Baek - Kimchi (Whitish Baechu Kimchi) in Rats Fed High Fat Diet

Ji-Young Yoon,Keun-Ok Jung,So-Hee Kim,Kun-Young Park 한국식품영양과학회 2004 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.9 No.3

Baek-kimchi (whitish baechu kimchi) was evaluated for anti-obesity properties and effects on triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol in blood and adipose tissues in rats fed a high fat (20%) diet, and compared to the similar effects of baechu kimchi. Baek-kimchi does not use red pepper powder but contains higher levels of sliced radish and pear than baechu kimchi. SD rats were raised for four weeks on either a normal diet (ND, based on the AIN-93M diet), high fat diet (HFD, supplemented with 16% lard oil in the ND), or HFD containing 5% baek-kimchi or 5% baechu kimchi. Feed consumption was not different among the groups, but weight gains were significantly lower in the groups fed either the normal diet or HFD with baek-kimchi or baechu kimchi diets than the group fed HFD alone. The weights of liver and epididymal and perirenal fat pads in baek-kimchi and baechu kimchi diet groups were lower than those of the HFD groups, but the baek-kimchi diet group had lower epididymal and perirenal fat pad weights than the baechu kimchi diet group (p<0.05). The baechu kimchi dietary group also had significantly lower triglyceride and cholesterol contents in liver and epididymal and perirenal fat, reversing the higher levels seen in HFD. Baek-kimchi and baechu kimchi diets were also effective in lowering serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels (p<0.05). These results suggest that baek-kimchi and baechu kimchi consumption can reverse the effects of HFD on weight gain and blood and tissue lipids, and that baek-kimchi is more effective than baechu kimchi. The greater effect is probably due to the higher content of radish and pear used in baek-kimchi.

김치 종류에 따른 유산균의 생물학적 및 기능적 특성

고강희(Kang Hee Ko),유문려(Wenli Liu),이현희(Hyun Hee Lee),은걸(Jie Yin),김인철(In Cheol Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 2013 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.42 No.1

갓김치, 배추김치, 열무김치, 깍두기로부터 348종의 유산균을 분리하여 각 김치 종류에 따른 유산균의 특징을 확인하였다. 열무김치의 유산균은 다른 3종의 김치에 비해 간균+단간균:구균의 비가 5.6:1로 구균의 함량이 적었다. Leuconostoc속으로 추정되는 구균의 함량은 4종의 김치가 모두 유사하였으나 Lactobacillus 속으로 추정되는 간균과 단간균의 함량은 깍두기에서 60.7%로 높게 나타났다. 다른 김치에 비해 배추김치 유래 유산균 중 18.7%가 plasmid가 없었으나 plasmid를 지닌 유산균 중에는 열무김치 유래 유산균에 평균 4.1±0.5개의 plasmid bands가 나타났다. 세포 외 다당(EPS)을 5 mg/mL 이상 생산하는 유산균은 무를 주재료로 한 깍두기와 열무김치에 각각 11.1%, 10.9%로 갓김치와 배추김치보다 많았지만 배추김치 유래 유산균이 8.4±2.0 mg/mL의 EPS를 생산해 다른 김치 유래 유산균들보다 1 mg 이상 높았다. 갓김치에는 V. parahaemolyticus에 대한 항균력을 지닌 유산균이 많은 반면 열무김치, 배추김치, 깍두기에서 Bacillus 속, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium에 대해 항균력을 지닌 유산균이 갓김치보다 2배 이상으로 나타났다. 열무김치와 깍두기 유래 유산균 중 43.3%,45.5%가 내산성을 지녔으며, 특히 깍두기의 유산균 중 36.3%가 내담즙성을 나타내 다른 김치보다 많았다. Caco-2 세포에 대한 장내부착능을 지닌 유산균은 18.6%의 비율로 갓김치에 가장 많았다. 이러한 결과에서 볼 때, 김치에 함유된 유산균은 종이 한정적임에도 불구하고 김치 종류에 따라 각 김치에 함유된 유산균의 생물학적 특징에 차이가 있었으며, 특히 내산성, 내담즙성, 장내부착능을 지닌 유산균이 김치에 따라 차이가 나타남으로써 본 연구의 결과가 프로바이오틱 기능성을 지닌 유산균을 선별하는데 유용한 자료가 될 것으로 기대된다. Biological and functional characteristics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were investigated in mustard stem/leaf kimchi (MK), cabbage kimchi (CK), young radish kimchi (YRK), and cubed radish kimchi (CRK). LAB of young radish kimchi were mainly composed of bacilli in contrast to the other kimchi. 89.2% LAB isolated from all kimchi harbored plasmids. However, LAB had an average of 4.1±0.5 plasmid bands in YRK, more than MK, CK, and CRK. Exopolysaccharides were produced by 10.9~11.1% of LAB, and were especially by LAB isolated from radish kimchi. A significant percentage of LAB (69.5%) had antibacterial activity against one sensitive strain or more. LAB from CK, YRK and CRK had antimicrobial activities against Bacillus sp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella Typhimurium, while the LAB from MK had activities against Vibrio parahaemolyticus higher than those from the other kimchi. In YRK and CRK, acid-tolerant LAB were twice as prevalent as those in MK and CK. Bile-tolerant LAB isolated from CRK were more prevalent than other kimchi. When 10<SUP>8</SUP> CFU of LAB were added to Caco-2 cells, 12.1% of LAB isolated from all kimchi showed similar adherent activity to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. LAB of MK particularly adhered to Caco-2 cells, 2.0~4.1 fold higher than LAB in the other kimchi. From these results, biological and functional characteristics of LAB varied according to the type of kimchi and LAB existing in kimchi were limited to their respective species.

Considering Kim’s Dual Identity in the Post-colonial Discourse

Kim Hoyeol 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2015 영미연구 Vol.34 No.-

It is becoming significant for individuals to find their own individual identities, as the today’s ongoing globalization has become much more complicated. A similar situation occurred when the British Empire influenced the world politically, economically, and culturally in the nineteenth century. In order to grasp human intrinsic identities, my thesis aims to use postcolonial theories to examine characters’ identities in a nineteenth-century British novel, Kipling’s Kim (1901). In Kipling’s Kim, I examine Kim, an Irish boy who experiences racial identity confusion by living in British India. Kim’s identity is ambiguous as his background is complicated: his parents are Irish, Kim was born in India, he was educated in a British school, and he participated in the Great Game. It would prove inadequate to try to see Kim’s identity based on binary oppositions, as Kim’s identity is neither British nor native Indian. Aside from simply being a person named Kim, Kim’s identity consists of being someone who has cultural hybridity. Through the main character of Kim, Kipling suggests that a Brit who understands the local Indian culture and society, as Kim does, would govern India with ease. Overall, Kipling’s Kim elaborates on why or how India should be governed by Britain and also seems to justify the British rule of India. In Kim, Kipling creates the main character of Kim, who has cultural hybridity and whose process of personal growth throughout the novel depicts Kipling’s ideas on how to govern India easily. In order to justify British rule in India, Kipling also depicts how British-Indian society was developed by Britain, also through the character of Kim. Looking into characters’ identities throughout nineteenth-century British novels helps modern readers who live in this complicated world to grasp human intrinsic identities.

감균된 부재료를 사용한 김치의 숙성

박인경,구연수,김순동 대구효성가톨릭대학교 식품과학연구소 1997 식품과학지 Vol.9 No.-

김치 부재료에는 각종 미생물이 오염되어 있어 김치의 보존성에 많은 영향을 미치므로 본 실험에서는 90℃에서 10분간 끓여식힌 10%의 소금물에 절인 배추, pH 8.2로 조정한 물로 10분간 증자한 후 열풍건조한 고춧가루, 끓인 후 염도를 보정한 젓갈, 70% 알코올로 세척한 마늘과 생강을 사용하여 담근김치(감균처리 김치)의 보존성을 조사하였다. 김치는 10℃에서 20일간 숙성시키면서 이화학적 변화와 미생물수의 변화, 기계적 조직감 및 관능검사, 색상의 변화를 관찰하였다. 그 결과 pH와 산도를 볼때 대조구가 숙성 15일에 최적숙기였으며 감균처리김치는 숙성 20일에도 최적숙기의 pH와 산도를 유지하여 김치의 가식기간이 5일 이상 연장되었고 미생물수는 전 숙성기간을 통해 총균수와 젖산균이 다소 낮게 나타났으며 기계적 조직감 역시 대조구보다 높으면서 질긴정도가 낮았다. 대조구는 발효 15일째에 비교적 높은 신맛을 보였으나 처리구는 숙성 20일째에도 보통정도의 신맛을 보였으며 아삭거리는 조직감도 다소 완만한 감소를 나타내었다. 종합적인 맛은 대조구는 숙성 15일에 평가점수 3.67로 최고치를 보인 후 감소하였으나 처리구는 숙성 20일에 평가점수 4.15로 최고치를 보였다. 김치의 색상은 무처리 고춧가루가 처리한 고춧가루보다 다소 밝은 적색이었으나 숙성말기에는 오히려 대조구보다는 L값이 다소 높아져 밝은 색상을 띠었고 a값 역시 높았다. The effect of decontaminated sub-ingredients(DSI) on the shelf-life of kimchi were investigated by measuring of pH, acidity, color, number of microorganisms, sensory taste and instrumental texture during fermentation at 10℃. Ingredients involved in kimchi preparation such as red pepper, fermented anchovy juice, garlic and ginger. As the fermentation proceeded, the changes of pH and acidity of kimchi stored at 10℃ indicated that the shelf-life of kimchi with DSI were retarded by 5 days compared with kimchi with general ingredients(control). Growth of total cell numbers and lactic acid bacteria in kimchi showed low by DSI throughout the fermentation periods. Sensory evaluation of kimchi with DSI was higher score than control kimchi in sour taste and overall taste. Hardness of kimchi measured instrumentally was higher for kimchi with DSI than for control kimchi. The Hunter “L” and “a” values of kimchi with microorganism reduced red pepper powders was highly maintained at the later fermentation. Considering all results obtained throughout this experiments, it can be concluded that kimchi with DSI can be sucessfully used for the extension of shelf-life of kimchi.

제(除)간수 천일염 및 구운소금 절임 배추김치의 품질 및 in Vitro 항암 기능성 증진 효과

한귀정(Gwi-Jung Han),손아름(A-Reum Son),이선미(Sun-Mi Lee),정지강(Ji-Kang Jung),김소희(So-Hee Kim),박건영(Kun-Young Park) 한국식품영양과학회 2009 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.38 No.8

배추김치 제조 시 소금 종류별 품질 차이 및 항암 기능성 증진 효과를 알아보기 위해 정제염, 일반 천일염, 제간수 천일염, 구운소금을 사용하여 비교 연구하였다. pH 변화 및 산도에서 발효가 진행됨에 따라 정제염과 구운소금으로 제조한 김치가 일반 천일염과 제간수 천일염으로 제조한 김치에 비해 발효 속도가 지연되는 경향을 보였다. 젖산균의 변화에서는 제간수 천일염과 구운소금으로 제조한 김치에서 김치의 맛과 향을 증진시킬 수 있는 Leuconostoc sp.의 성장이 촉진되고 Lactobacillus sp.의 성장은 억제됨을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 제간수 천일염과 구운소금으로 제조한 김치에서 텍스쳐가 좋았고 관능검사에서도 높은 점수를 나타내었다(p<0.05). AGS 인체 위암세포와 HT-29 인체 결장암세포를 이용한 항암 효과 실험에서도 제간수 천일염과 구운소금으로 제조한 김치의 항암 기능성이 증가되었다. 따라서 총 4가지 종류의 소금 중 제간수 천일염과 구운소금으로 제조한 김치가 우수한 품질을 나타내었고 항암 기능성도 증진시켜 김치 발효에 적합한 것으로 확인되었다. 그러나 품질 및 건강 기능면과 경제적인 면을 고려해 본다면 전통적으로 사용되었던 제간수 천일염이 김치 제조 시 가장 적합한 소금으로 생각된다. This study was carried out to improve quality and increase anticancer effect of baechu kimchi by changing various kinds of salt. The baechu cabbages were brined with purified salt (P), natural sea salt (NS), natural sea salt without bittern (NS-B) or baked (Guwun) salt (G) and mixed with other ingredients. Thereafter, the kimchis were fermented for 7 days at 15℃. The changes in pH and acidity of the P and G kimchis were slower than those of NS and NS-B kimchis. NS-B and G kimchis promoted the growth of Leuconostoc sp.; however, it inhibited the growth of Lactobacillus sp. when compared with P and NS brined kimchis. The sensory evaluation results indicated that NS-B and G kimchis were better than P and NS kimchi in taste, color and overall acceptability. Rheological property of texture (cutting strength) of NS-B and G brined kimchis was also much better. Anticancer effects of the kimchi juices and methanol extracts were investigated on AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells and HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells by MTT assay. NS-B and G kimchis significantly retarded the growth of both cancer cells compared to P and NS kimchis. From these results, kind of salt is very important when kimchi is prepared. It proved that removing bittern from natural sea salt is good ancient tradition when brining the cabbage. Using the baked salt is also a better method to improve the quality and anticancer effect of kimchi.

1930년대 김광주의 상해 체험과 아나키즘 인식

김명섭 ( Myung Seob Kim ) 단국사학회 2016 史學志 Vol.52 No.-

본 논문은 소설가 김광주의 회고를 통해 1930년대의 상해 한인사회에 대해 살펴보았다. 김광주는 1929년 상해로 이주한 이래 중일전쟁이 일어난 1937년 피신까지 약 10년 동안 상해 한인사회의 다양한 인물들을 만나고 항일운동과 함께 문화 활동을 펼쳤다. 이를 통해 1930년대 상해에서의 김광주는 영화계의 젊은 신진 감독을 비롯해 연극계의 다양한 문화예술가들과 교유하였음을 알 수 있다. ``일제의 지배가 싫은 젊은 세대``인 자유로운 문화예술가들과의 교류와 ``보헤미안극사`` 활동을 통해 그는 시, 꽁트, 연극, 영화 등에서 다양한 체험을 하게 되었다. 물론 그 바탕에는 1930년대 상해 한인 민족운동을 이끌고 있던 김구·안창호·김두봉 등 지도자들 후원이 컸다. 더욱이 남화연맹에서 활동한 아나키스트들과의 교류는 그의 항일 민족정서와 함께 자유정신을 키우는데 큰 영향을 끼쳤다. 특히 해방이후 상해체험을 회상하는 그의 작품의 대부분이 나라를 위해 싸우다 죽거나 방랑생활을 하다 귀국하지 못한 동지들에 대한 그리움이 한 축을 이루고 있다는 점에서, 상해체험이 그의 작품 활동에 미친 영향은 매우 컸다. This paper discussed the Korean community in China Shanghai in the 1930s by the novelist Kim Gwang-ju`s recalls. Kim Gwang-ju is a refuge for about 10 years until the 1937 war took place while since moved to Shanghai in 1929 to meet the various figures of the Korean community in Shanghai unfolded cultural activities with the anti-Japanese movement. Even though his shanghai settlement and time of refuge records are seem to inaccurate, but it is a relatively considered as a objective and analytic memoir of his experience. Through this we can know that Kim Gwang-ju associated with the young director of movies, including the various cultural artists of theatrical world in 1930s Shanghai. Through the interchange with "the young generation of unconstrained cultural artists who do not want the Japanese domination" and the activity of "Bohemian Theater Company", he had various experience in poem, conte, play and movie. Of course, theses are based on the great support of leaders such as Kim-Gu, Ahn-Changho and Kim Du-bong who led the Korean Independent Movement in Shanghai. Furthermore, the interchange with anarchists who were active in the ``Namhwa-Federation`` has had a big impact to raise his nationalistic emotion and the spirit of freedom. From the perspective of the Korean modern national movement, the research of Kim Gwang-ju`s life first, additional research materials for his family, especially elder brother Kim Dong-joo is very necessary. Kim Dong-joo is a secret help sponsor of activities of the Anti-Japanese independence fighters in Manchuria, as well as a important person who connected with an agents of a Provisional Government. His life was believed to be the future of course, also we need to study in depth the role and position of the personal hospital. Secondly, it is necessary to examine the local shelter, etc. Activity of Kim Gwang-ju activities in Shanghai. In other words, while Kim Gwang-ju live a long time is needed for local excavations and historical research, such as the Activity where many literary works written by the school and toughness. This is expected to find signs of shanghai, including Kim Gwang-ju Korean culture, artists in the 1930s who exchanges with him.

농은(農隱) 김문주(金汶株)의 삶과 문학에 대한 소고

김새미오 ( Kim Sae-mi-o ) 영주어문학회 2018 영주어문 Vol.40 No.-

본고는 農隱 金汶株(1859~1935)의 삶과 문학에 대해 살펴보았다. 김문주는 구한말 제주문인으로, 무과에 합격하여 40대까지 여러 관직을 거쳤다. 하지만 시대가 어지러워지면서 관직을 버리고 은둔의 삶을 선택하였다. 그는 陶淵明을 처신의 기준으로 삼았다. 그의 교유관계는 화갑시에 차운한 인물을 중심으로 정리하였다. 교유관계의 이면에 浮海 安秉宅과의 밀접한 관계를 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 간접적으로 일본에 대해 비판적이었던 그의 마음을 읽을 수 있었다. 이런 그의 인식은 勉庵 崔益鉉ㆍ忠武公 李舜臣등을 제재로 한 작품에서 보다 분명하게 표현되었다. 하지만 김문주는 많은 나이로 인해 실제 항일투쟁을 옮길 수 없었다. 김문주의 의식과 암담한 현실은 분명히 달랐기 때문이다. 실질적인 행동은 다음세대에서 이루어 졌다. 아들인 金明植ㆍ金瀅植, 손자인 金允煥 등은 여러 방식으로 항일의지를 실천했다. 하지만 일제는 이들을 철저히 탄압했고, 결국 좌절되고 말았다. 김문주는 이 지점에서 무력한 자아에 대해 비통한 감정을 토로하였다. 이것은 어쩌면 당대 지식인의 무력감을 상징적으로 보여주는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 제주풍광의 기술 역시 주목할 만한 사항이었다. 김문주는 기존에 있던 『瀛州十景』을 중심으로 재창작하였다. 하지만 이를 그대로 따른 것은 아니었다. 그는 예전의 영주십경을 기준으로 보다 자유롭게 제주풍광을 해석하였다. 그 중에서 「漢拏山」·「龍淵夜帆」 등에 대해서는 특별한 의미를 담고 창작하였다. 김문주의 이런 창작방식은 당시에 제주풍광에 대한 새로운 관점을 제시했다는 점에서 그 의미를 찾을 수 있을 것이다. This paper studied the life and works of Nong Eun Kim Mun-Joo (here after Kim). Kim went through several governmental posts after he passed the military service exam. However, as the time became troubled, he gave up his governmental post and decided to lead the life a recluse. Kim referred Doh Yeun-Myoung for making such decisions. His companionship was organized through the figures recited in poems. It was identified that Kim had a close relationship with Boohae Ahn Byung-Taek, which indicates his fighting spirit against Japan’s colonial power. Such spirit was clearly described in the works that discussed Myun Ahm Choi Ik-Hyun, Admiral Yee Sun-Shin However, Kim could not act himself against Japan’s power as he became already older. Kim’s fighting spirit could not come along with those days in dark, hopeless situations. Real actions were made by his offspring. His two sons Myung-Shik and Hyung-Shik and his grandson Yun-Whan practiced in diverse ways the fighting spirit against Japan. However, Japan’s colonial power persecuted them severely and Kim’s sons and grandson could not help but giving the anti-Japan movement. Kim expressed his bitter emotional pains about his powerless self. This might represent symbolically the powerlessness of intellectuals at those days. It is also worthwhile to pay attention to his descriptions of Jeju Island’s landscape. Kim recreated Jeju’s landscape by focusing up Youngjushipgyung (The Ten Great Landscapes of Jeju). However, he did not follow simply the previous styes. He interpreted on his own styles with more freedom the landscapes of Jeju. Of particular, he created Halla Mt and Yongyeonyabum (also known as youngyeon pedestrian overpass) by giving special meanings to them. Kim creation styles with full of free spirit can be said meaningful in that they suggest new perspectives on Jeju’s landscape at those days.

김기림 시론에서의 모더니티와 역사성의 문제

김예리(Kim Ye-rhee) 한국현대문학회 2010 한국현대문학연구 Vol.0 No.31

이 글은 김기림 시학에서 ‘시의 회화성’이라는 말로 표현되는 이미지의 강조가 정태적인 이미지가 아닌 시대의 현실을 포착하고 이를 통해 문명 비판의 계기를 마련하는 단초였다는 점을 밝히고자 했다. 개별적인 정서로서의 리듬이 아니라 상징적 주체의 눈을 통해 그려지는 대상-세계의 이미지로의 전환은 상상적인 시에서 구상적인 시로의 전환이라고 할 수 있다. 김기림은 보편적 언어로 구성되는 시만이 비판되고 감상될 수 있다고 여겼으며, 이러한 예술의 보편성 속에서 비로소 현실 비판의 가능성이 열리게 된다. 따라서 김기림이 현대시의 특질로 들고 있는 ‘시의 회화성’으로 구현되는 이미지가 문자 그대로 단순히 그림 같은 아름다운 이미지로 간주하거나, 활자의 배열이나 글자의 크기와 같은 인쇄 미학적인 시각으로만 ‘시의 회화성’의 문제에 접근해서는 안 되며, 시인주체의 현실의 인식문제와 함께 고려되어야 하는 것이다. 김기림에게 이미지란 시간성이 내포된 동력적이고 움직이는 이미지라고 할 수 있다. 미래파적 감수성으로 설명되곤 했던 이러한 이미지는 오히려 에즈라파운드 등의 ‘소용돌이파’의 이미지와 유사하다. 에즈라 파운드는 미래파처럼 직선으로 뻗어나가는 시간 이미지 대신 복합적이고 다층적인 이미지를 중첩함으로써 동적인 에너지가 풍부한 이미지를 생산하고자 했다. 김기림 역시 이미지의 역동성을 시어의 배열이나 결합이라는 언어구조 속에서 포착하려고 한다. 이러한 병치의 기법은 수사학에서 알레고리 기법과 유사하다. 이러한 병치로서의 알레고리 이미지는 ‘시공간의 동존성’이라는 말로 설명되는 초현실주의 기법이 생산하는 이미지와도 연관성을 갖는다. 시공간의 동존성이나 비약과 같은 방식으로 현실 시간의 문법적 질서를 비웃는 초현실주의적 방법론은 현실이지만 근대적 이성의 문법에 익숙한 이들에게는 보이지 않는 현실의 무의식을 이미지화할 수 있다고 김기림은 생각했다. 이렇게 평범한 눈으로는 볼 수 없는 세계를 이미지로 드러내는 것이 새로운 가치 창조자로서의 시인의 임무로 여겼다. 즉, 의식과 무의식, 주관과 객관, 과거와 현재와 미래, 현실과 꿈의 모든 경계를 와해하는 초현실주의적 이미지는 김기림에게 세계의 고정된 질서를 파괴하고 억압된 의식의 빈곤한 상상력을 자극시켜 세계의 역사적 흐름의 방향을 뒤흔들어 놓는 혁명적인 이미지로 간주되었던 것이다. 그런데 이런 역사적 혁명성을 상실할 때, 초현실주의는 센티멘탈리즘과 구분되지 않는다. 즉, 김기림의 센티멘탈리즘의 비판은 단순히 애상적인 정조에 있지 않았다. 그의 센티멘탈리즘 비판의 핵심은 현재를 보지 못하는 과거 회귀적인 태도에 있었다. 현재 시간의 상실감을 퇴행적 시간으로 채우려는 소극적이고 부정적인 노스탤지어야말로 김기림이 비판하는 핵심이었다. 현재의 상실의 체험을 서늘하게 인지하고 있는 멜랑콜리적 태도와는 구별해야할 필요성이 있다. 김기림에게 미래라는 시간은 언제나 현재를 ‘통해서만’ 인식될 수 있는 것이며, 현재를 무시한 미래 진보적 태도는 아니었다는 점을 놓쳐서는 안 된다. 김기림에게 미래로 진보한다는 것은 현재의 시대를 예각적인 각도를 통해서 객관적이고 과학적인 태도에 의한 정확한 판단을 통해서만 가능한 것이었기 때문이다. When Kim Kirim emphasizes the workings of image or painterliness of poem in his poetics, his focus is not on the statics of images. This paper argues that Kim's concept of image provides him with the base for his own apprehension of the reality and critiques of civilization. His concept of image epitomizes the transition from the rhythm as the expression of individual emotions to the image of objective world which is essentially visualized through the symbolic subject. This transition can be interpreted as the transition from imaginary poem to figurative poem Kim thinks that the only poem that we can appreciate is the poem that is written in the universal language and the universality realized in this kind of poem opens the possibility to critique the reality. The image realized through the painterliness of poem, which Kim defines as characteristic of modem poem, cannot be regarded as the pictorial beautiful image. It also cannot be limited to typographic techniques, such as unusual arrays of types or irregular size of letters. It has to be considered with the issue of poet-subject's perception of reality. For Kim, image is the dynamic and moving image which implies temporality. This image, that has been explained in tandem with the futuristic sensitivity, is rather related to the concept of image in vorticism, whose primary figure was Ezra Pound. Instead of futurists' linear temporal images, Pound attempted to produce the image charged with the dynamic energy through reiteration of complex and multi-layered images. Kim also tries to grasp the dynamics of images in structure of language, which is expressed through arrangement and combination of poetic words. This technique of arrangement is similar to allegory in rhetoric. This allegoric image as arrangement is related to surrealistic image characterized as the simultaneity of time-space. From Kim's point of view, the surrealist methods of the simultaneity of time-space or jump of logic, with which one can ridicule the grammar of temporality in the reality, are strategies to imagine the unconscious of the reality that is blocked from the eyes of modem form of reason. It is poet's calling to reveal the world that is blocked from these ordinary eyes. The surrealist image, that blurs the borderlines between the conscious and the unconscious, subject and object, past, present, and future, reality and dream, is the image of revolution. This revolution implies the turnabout of the world history through destructing the fixed order of the given world and giving an impetus to poor imagination of the repressed consciousness. If surrealism loses this revolutionary character, it will not be distinguished from sentimentalism When Kim critiques sentimentalism, his focus was on rather regressive attitude than elegiac tone of poem. In other words, Kim criticizes the attitude to fill in the sense of loss in the present with the regressive time. He defines this attitude as the passive and negative nostalgia. This needs to be discerned from the melancholic attitude with which one can face the reality of loss. To appreciate the significance of Kim's poetics, it is necessary to conceive the time of future can be perceived only through the present. His futuristic attitude always accompanies with the precise conception of the present. For Kim, the task to progress to the future can be achieved only through the precise judgement of the present world with objective and scientific attitude.