북한 어문규범의 변천을 통해 본 어두 ㄴ, ㄹ의 표기와 발음에 대한 고찰

송미영 영주어문학회 2024 영주어문 Vol.58 No.-

분단 이전까지 하나의 어문규범을 가졌던 한반도는 광복 이후 북측의 「조선어 신철자법」(1948)이 제정되면서 달라지기 시작한다. 어두 ㄴ, ㄹ 규정은 남북이 아직까지 합의하지 못한 향후 과제라고 할 수 있다. 이에 본고에서는 북한 어두 ㄴ, ㄹ 관련 규정 개정의 배경과 어문규범의 변천, 현재 남북한 어두 ㄴ, ㄹ 관련 쟁점과 해당 규정 등에 대해 살펴보고자 하였다. 분단 이전 한반도는 「諺文綴字法」(1930)부터 두음법칙이 적용되기 시작하여 「한글 마춤법 통일안」(1933)에서 한자어 어두 ㄴ, ㄹ의 발음에 따라 표기하게 된다. 조선어학회의 「한글 마춤법 통일안」(1933) 어두 ㄴ, ㄹ 관련 규정을 이어받은 남측과 달리 북측의 조선 어문 연구회는 형태주의를 원칙으로 개정을 시도하게 된다. 개정의 배경으로 북한의 학자들은 「한글 마춤법 통일안」의 한계를 지적하였는데 동일한 한자를 어두에서 달리 발음하고 적는다는 점, 한자어와 달리 외래어에서 어두 ㄴ, ㄹ의 인정으로 인한 모순, 언중들이 어두에서 ㄴ, ㄹ을 발음할 수 있다는 점 등을 들었다. 북측의 「조선어 신철자법」(1948)에는 한자어 두음 ㄴ, ㄹ은 본음을 밝혀 적는다는 원칙이 있었다. 그러나 「조선어 철자법」(1954)에서 두 모음 사이의 ‘ㄴ, ㄹ’은 발음에 따라 적었으며 「조선어 철자법」에서는 때에 따라 달리 발음되는 한자를 발음대로 적는다는 예외를 두었다. 또한 조선말규범집 (1966)에는 변화된 한자음을 현대 소리에 따라 표기에 적용하였다. 마지막으로 조선말규범집 (2010)에서 본음과 속음이 있는 한자어의 경우 발음을 표기에 반영했고, 한자어 ‘렬, 률’의 발음에 대한 규정이 추가되었다. 형태주의를 원칙으로 삼았던 북측의 어두 ㄴ, ㄹ 관련 규정은 언중들의 발음을 반영하게 되면서 남측의 규정과 일치하는 부분이 많아졌다. 다섯 차례에 걸쳐 다듬어진 어두 ㄴ, ㄹ 규정은 추후 한반도의 통일된 어문규범 마련 시 숙고해야 할 부분이다. The Korean Peninsula, which had a single language norm before the division, began to change after the liberation when the North enacted the “Joseoneo Sincheoljabeop” (1948). The word-initial ㄴ and ㄹ regulations can be considered a future task that the South and the North have not yet agreed on. Accordingly, this study examined the background of the revision of the North Korean initial consonants ‘ㄴ’ and ‘ㄹ’-related norms, the changes in the language norms, and the current issues and relevant regulations concerning initial consonants ‘ㄴ’ and ‘ㄹ’ in South and North Korea. Before the division, the Korean Peninsula began applying the initial consonant rule starting with “Eonmun Cheoljabeob for Primary School” (1930), and in “Hangeul Machumbeob Tong-il-an” (1933), the pronunciation of word-initial ㄴ and ㄹ in Sino-Korean words were indicated. Unlike the South, which inherited the word-initial ㄴ and ㄹ regulations of the Korean Language Society’s “Hangeul Machumbeob Tong-il-an”(1933), the North Korean Language Research Association attempted to revise it based on the morphophemic principle. As the background for the revision, North Korean scholars pointed out the limitations of “Hangeul Machumbeob Tong-il-an,” including the fact that the same Sino-Korean words are pronounced and written differently in word-initial position, the contradiction caused by the recognition of word-initial ㄴ and ㄹ in foreign words unlike Sino-Korean words, and the fact that the public can pronounce ㄴ and ㄹ in word-initial position. In the North’s “Joseoneo Sincheoljabeop”(1948), there was a principle that the initial consonants ㄴ and ㄹ of Sino-Korean words should be transcribed according to their original sounds. However, ‘ㄴ, ㄹ’ between two vowels was transcribed according to pronunciation in “Joseoneo Sincheoljabeop”(1948), and an exception was made in “Joseoneo Cheoljabeop”(1954) that Sino-Korean words that are pronounced differently at times are transcribed according to pronunciation. In addition, the changed Sino-Korean sounds in Joseonmal Gyubeomjip (1966) were applied to the notation according to modern sounds. Finally, in Joseonmal Gyubeomjip(2010), the pronunciation of Sino-Korean words with primary and secondary sounds was reflected in the notation, and the rules for the pronunciation of the Sino-Korean words ‘Yeol, Yul’ were added. The North’s word-initial ㄴ and ㄹ rules, which were based on the morphophemic principle, came to reflect the pronunciation of the public, and many parts of them coincided with the South’s rules. The word-initial ㄴ and ㄹ, which were refined five times, are an area that should be considered in the unified Korean language norms of the Korean Peninsula in the future.

해방기 염상섭과 『신민일보』

이종호 영주어문학회 2025 영주어문 Vol.60 No.-

논문에서는 염상섭의 생애에 있어 마지막으로 신문기자 활동을 했던 『신민일보』의 창간과 폐간, 주요한 주장과 논조, 문학과 문화 기사, 『조선말큰사전』 간행 기념 축하회 기획 등을 검토하면서, 이러한 염상섭의 활동에 잠재해 있었던 가능성과 그 정치적 지향을 살펴보았다. 『신민일보』는 미국과 소련의 대립이라는 냉전적 자장을 바탕으로 가시화되고 있었던 분단을 막고자 자주적인 통일국가와 민주국가를 지향했다. 이 신문이 생성하고자 했던 주체성은 문자 그대로 새로운 인민[新民]이었는데, 그것은 노동자, 농민, 인텔리, 소시민 등 계급연합적인 존재들로 상정되었다. 당시 삼팔선 이남에서 좌익의 활동이 불법화되면서, 전반적인 사상적 대립구도는 중간파 대(對) 우익으로 재편되었다. 단독 정부 수립을 추진했던 우익에 맞서 『신민일보』는 남북협상을 지지하는 정론을 전개하고 관련 특집 기사를 기획하였다. 염상섭은 『신민일보』에서 주필 겸 편집국장으로 일하면서 남북통일과 자주독립을 주장하는 <108문화인 성명>에 참여하였다. 그리고 그는 『조선말큰사전』 간행 기념 축하회의 개회사를 담당하였고, 관련 기사를 『신민일보』에 편성하였다. 이 축하회는 조선어학회, 조선문학가동맹, 『신민일보』 등이 공동으로 성사시킨 행사였고, 이 세 주체의 교차점에 염상섭이 자리하고 있었다. 당시 간행 기념 축하회를 통해 『조선말큰사전』은 탈식민, 남북협상, 자주독립, 통일정부 수립이라는 당면한 과제를 미리 선취하고 있었던 상징물로서 의미화되었다. This paper examines the founding and closure of the Synmin Ilbo(新民日報), the last newspaper where Yom Sang-seop worked as a journalist during the final years of his life, as well as its major arguments and editorial stance, literary and cultural articles, and the planning of the commemorative celebration for the publication of the Joeseneokeunsajeon(Korean Grand Dictionary). Through this analysis, the paper explores the potential and political orientation underlying Yom Sang-seop’s activities during this period. The Synmin Ilbo sought to prevent the division that was becoming visible against the backdrop of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, aiming for an independent unified nation and a democratic state. The subjectivity that this newspaper sought to create was literally a new people[新民], which was conceived as a class-based alliance of workers, farmers, intellectuals, and petty bourgeoisie. At the time, leftist activities were outlawed south of the 38th parallel, and the overall ideological divide was reorganized into a middle faction versus the right wing. Opposing the right wing, which sought to establish a unilateral government, the Synmin Ilbo promoted a policy of supporting negotiations between North and South Korea and published special articles on the issue. Yom Sang-seop worked as the chief editor and editor-in-chief of the Synmin Ilbo and participated in the “Declaration of 108 Cultural Figures” advocating for reunification and independence. He also delivered the opening address at the commemorative celebration for the publication of the Joeseneokeunsajeon and arranged related articles for the Synmin Ilbo. This celebration was jointly organized by the Korean Language Society(朝鮮語學會), the Korean Writers’ Alliance(朝鮮文學家同盟), and the Synmin Ilbo, among others. Yom Sang-seop was positioned at the intersection of these three entities. At the time, the Joeseneokeunsajeon was symbolically imbued with the meaning of having preemptively addressed the pressing issues of decolonization, inter-Korean negotiations, national independence, and the establishment of a unified government through the commemorative celebration.

매계(梅溪) 이한우(李漢雨)의 시문학 일고

김새미오 ( Sae Mi O Kim ) 영주어문학회 2006 영주어문 Vol.11 No.-

농은(農隱) 김문주(金汶株)의 삶과 문학에 대한 소고

김새미오 ( Kim Sae-mi-o ) 영주어문학회 2018 영주어문 Vol.40 No.-

This paper studied the life and works of Nong Eun Kim Mun-Joo (here after Kim). Kim went through several governmental posts after he passed the military service exam. However, as the time became troubled, he gave up his governmental post and decided to lead the life a recluse. Kim referred Doh Yeun-Myoung for making such decisions. His companionship was organized through the figures recited in poems. It was identified that Kim had a close relationship with Boohae Ahn Byung-Taek, which indicates his fighting spirit against Japan’s colonial power. Such spirit was clearly described in the works that discussed Myun Ahm Choi Ik-Hyun, Admiral Yee Sun-Shin However, Kim could not act himself against Japan’s power as he became already older. Kim’s fighting spirit could not come along with those days in dark, hopeless situations. Real actions were made by his offspring. His two sons Myung-Shik and Hyung-Shik and his grandson Yun-Whan practiced in diverse ways the fighting spirit against Japan. However, Japan’s colonial power persecuted them severely and Kim’s sons and grandson could not help but giving the anti-Japan movement. Kim expressed his bitter emotional pains about his powerless self. This might represent symbolically the powerlessness of intellectuals at those days. It is also worthwhile to pay attention to his descriptions of Jeju Island’s landscape. Kim recreated Jeju’s landscape by focusing up Youngjushipgyung (The Ten Great Landscapes of Jeju). However, he did not follow simply the previous styes. He interpreted on his own styles with more freedom the landscapes of Jeju. Of particular, he created Halla Mt and Yongyeonyabum (also known as youngyeon pedestrian overpass) by giving special meanings to them. Kim creation styles with full of free spirit can be said meaningful in that they suggest new perspectives on Jeju’s landscape at those days.

루마니아어 모어 화자 한국어 학습자를 위한 한국어 교재 개발 방안-일반인과 초급단계의 학생들을 대상으로

김훈태 영주어문학회 2018 영주어문 Vol.38 No.-

This Korean language textbook is aimed at Romanian students and ordinary people who are studying Korean at the Korean Language Department established by the University of Babes-Bolyai. This Korean language textbook targets people of all ages from teenagers to adults and is meant to be used in a one and a half hour course per week by students who want to learn useful, but sophisticated Korean expressions in the course of liberal arts. One of the main purposes of this Korean language textbook is to not only to acquire basic language knowledge, but also to broaden the understanding of Korean culture. I hope that the students will have a role in spreading Korean culture in Romania. This text contains the creation of Hangul and its structure, where the learners come to acquire the basic knowledge of the Korean alphabet. This textbook is meant to also help people understand Korean language easily because many grammatical structures and expressions are compared to Romanian language. This textbook contains a wide range of vocabulary, grammatical structures and expressions which are used in everyday spoken Korean and strictly not to be considered about a stage level of the Korean language. 본고는 루마니아 바베쉬-보여이대학 한국어문학과에서 일반인 및 학생들을 위 해 개설한 한국어 교육과정에 사용될 교재 개발에 대해 구체적으로 논의한 것이다. 본 교재는 한국어 학습자들이 10대부터 60대에 이르는 다양한 계층이라는 점과 수 업은 일주일에 1회 1시간 30분 정도가 배정되어 1년 단위로 이루어지는 교양 수준 의 한국어 학습이라는 점이 충분히 고려되었다. 본 교재의 주된 목적 중의 하나는 학습자들에게 기본적인 한국어 지식을 교육시키는 것은 물론이고 학습자들의 한국 문화 및 한국어에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히는 것이다. 이를 토대로 루마니아 내에서의 한국에 대한 관심을 지속시키고 확장시키는 데에 일정 역할을 수행할 수 있도록 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 한글의 창제 및 구조 등에 대한 내용도 교육시켜 한글의 우 수성에 대한 기본적인 지식을 습득하도록 하였다. 한편, 한국어가 가진 언어학적인 특징은 물론이고 한국어 발음 학습에 있어서 학습자의 이해력을 높이고 효율적인 교육을 위해 학습자가 가진 루마니아어의 지식을 적극적으로 활용하고자 하였다. 즉, 한국어와 루마니아어를 비교 검토하여 그 유사점과 차이점을 교재 내용에 적극 적으로 반영하고자 하였다. 아울러 본 교재에서 다룬 어휘나 문법 및 표현 등은 한 국어 단계별 수준을 엄격히 고려하기보다는 한국의 일상생활에서 쉽게 접할 수 있 는 것들을 중심으로 구성하고자 하였다.

한국어교육적 관점에서 본 국내 대학 한국어문학과의 교육과정

박나리 ( Na Ree Park ) 영주어문학회 2016 영주어문 Vol.32 No.-

Korean language and literature department, basically, sees Korean language in an objective way. However, curriculum of many Korean language and literature department shows no big difference from that of National language and literature departments. The purpose of this study is to examine the curriculum of Korean language and literature department especially in view of Korean language education for foreign learners which has been highly increasing for the last several years. As a result of this research, strong necessity for standardization in curriculum is insisted since the differences between curriculum in each college are so great that its graduates, namely, potential Korean language teachers are not likely to meet educatee`s general needs for Korean language and literature, Korean culture, etc. Therefore, this study tries to suggest desirable directions in designing curriculum of Korean language and literature department based on its own identity and the needs of both Korean language teachers and foreign Korean language learners which are expected to dedicate the standardization.

식민지 시기 한국 작가의 하이쿠 창작 양상과 과제

허경진 ( Kyoung Jin Hur ),박혜민 ( Hea Min Park ) 영주어문학회 2009 영주어문 Vol.18 No.-

This paper aims to examine the aspects of Haiku which was written by Korean during the colonial era and present the possibility of future study. To date, there has been minimal research regarding Japanese literature by Korean because of the colonial experience. However, Japanese literature by Korean is widely researched from the postcolonial angle, Even though much has been said about Japanese poetry and fiction, Haiku is still vastly unexplored. According to <The List of Japanese Books related to Joseon Literature> which is edited by Omura masuo·Hotei tosihiro, there are 780 Haiku works among about 5000 Japanese literature works by Korean. This paper will focus on the characteristic of the journal which contains 780 Haiku works, the classification based on the period and topic. Haiku works were recorded on 13 kinds of journal and the first one written by Lee Mikil was on press <Kyoungsung>in 1916. Haiku works had been actively created from 1929 to 1933 and then gradually disappeared. Based on the topic, there are noticeable characteristics. 1) life style in those days and Korean spelling 2) from 1930s to 1940s: China-Japan War and the Pacific War. Korean people created Haiku spontaneously while fiction and poetry were created by Japanese fascism. Not only a study on Haiku, but the view point to Korean literature should be diversified.

전북 지역 근대 잡지의 사적 고찰

최명표 ( Myoung Pyo Choi ) 영주어문학회 2015 영주어문 Vol.30 No.-

This thesis is a result of diachronic research on literary magazines in Jeollabuk-do. Modern literature has been developed with the great influence of modern media, especially the publication of magazines. What this researcher strived to reveal intensively here in this study regards the publication of magazines and the names of writers who participated in editing. Thanks to their dedicative efforts, it was possible to publish modern magazines in the provincial areas, too. The literary magazines of Jeollabuk-do published from the Patriotic Enlightenment Period up to the Emancipation can be categorized into four kinds. The first ones are many different societies’ journals representing the Enlightenment Period decorated the beginning of Korean modern magazine history. The second ones include 『Hakjigwang『, the organ of the in-Tokyo Chosun students’ union which laid the foundation of Korean modern literature, and the union organs published by all different students residing in the province. The third ones are the ideological magazines published mainly by socialist activists or youth groups. Lastly, the fourth ones are the literary magazines claiming to support literature though it was rather plain. Examining carefully the steps of publishing those provincial magazines, you will find it corresponds to the process of establishing modern literature. It, in fact, corresponds to the process that it got gradually reduced with the justification that the extension of ‘literature’ was becoming more specialized and the span of authors grew narrower. In other words, modern magazines were open space where discourses intended to fix the range of literature collided and conflicted and provided opportunities to separate authors by their specialized areas and generate more writers.

중국 조선어 어문규범의 변천 연구 - 85년판, 96년판, 07년판의 비교를 중심으로 -

이림,이래호 영주어문학회 2023 영주어문 Vol.54 No.-

This paper aims to examine the changes in Chinese Koreanlanguage norms in China’s “Joseon Language Norms”. To theseaims, the system of China’s “Joseon Language Norms” wasintroduced, and the contents of the “Joseon Language Norms”,which was revised several times, were compared with theprevious edition. In addition, by comparing the revised contentswith the language norms of South Korea and North Korea,changes in the Chinese Korean language norms wereconsidered. Based on the 85 year’s edition of China’s “JoseonLanguage Norms”, the contents changed in the 96 year’sedition are related to consonant pronunciation, phonemes, andabbreviations, and the contents changed in the 07 year’sedition are spacing and punctuation marks. Since the 96 year’sedition, most of China’s “Joseon Language Norms” has beenrevised by referring to South Korean norms, but it alsoincludes independent revisions to reflect the characteristics ofthe daily language of Chinese Korean. 본고는 중국 『조선말규범집』에 나타난 중국 조선어 규범의 변화 양상을 고찰하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위해 중국 『조선말규범집』의 체재를 소개하고 여러 차례의 개판 수정한 『조선말규범집』의 내용을 그 전 판본과 비교하여 수정한 부분을확인하고 남한과 북한의 어문규범과 비교함으로써 중국 조선어 어문규범의 변화를고찰하였다. 중국 『조선말규범집』 85년판을 기준으로 96년판에 변화된 내용은 자음 발음, 음운, 준말 등과 관련된 내용이고 07년판에 변화된 내용은 띄어쓰기와 문장부호이다. 96년판 이후 중국 『조선말규범집』은 대부분 남한의 규범을 참조하여수정되었지만 중국 조선어의 일상언어의 특징을 반영하여 독자적으로 개정한 내용도 포함되어 있다.

어문 규정 교육 실태 연구

황경수,정진수 영주어문학회 2024 영주어문 Vol.57 No.-

어문 규정에 관한 20개 문항을 구성하여 대학 1학년 교양 글쓰기 수강생 664명을 대상으로 실태조사를 진행하였다. 낱말을 정확하게 사용하는 것을 묻는 문항에 높은 정답률을 보였으며, 띄어쓰기는 의존형태소에서 많은 혼란을 보인다. 조사, 어미, 의존명사, 접사 등의 사용에 대해서도 낮은 정답률을 보인다. 어문 규정 항목 자체를 묻는 문항들에서는 가장 낮은 정답률이 나타났다. 어문 규정 자체를 묻는 문항들은 다른 유형의 문항에 비해 매우 낮은 정답률을 보이고 있으며, 한글 맞춤법, 표준어 규정, 외래어 표기법, 문장부호의 순으로 정답률이 높다. 이것은 국어과 교육과정에 ‘한글 맞춤법’만 반영되었기 때문으로 보인다. 바른 언어 사용에 대한 인식을 높이기 위해서 국어과 교육과정을 통해 어문 규정에 대한 교육을 필수적으로 강화하고 문법 교육과 연계하여 바른 언어 사용에 대한 기본적인 소양을 갖추도록 해야 할 것이다. A survey was conducted targeting 664 freshmen students taking a general writing course in college, consisting of 20 questions regarding language regulations. High accuracy was observed in questions concerning precise word usage, while spacing showed significant confusion, especially with dependent morphemes. Lower accuracy was noted in the usage of particles, verb endings, dependent nouns, and suffixes. Questions directly addressing language regulations themselves exhibited the lowest accuracy rates. Questions related to language regulations had notably lower accuracy compared to other types of questions, with correct responses ranking highest in Korean spelling, standard language regulations, foreign word notation rules, and sentence punctuation, respectively. This seems to stem from the fact that only “Korean orthography” is reflected in the Korean language curriculum. To raise awareness about proper language usage, it is imperative to strengthen education on language regulations through the Korean language curriculum and integrate it with grammar education to cultivate fundamental skills in using correct language.