Flavonoid Detection in Hydroethanolic Extract of Pouteria torta (Sapotaceae) Leaves by HPLC-DAD and the Determination of Its Mutagenic Activity

Daryne L.M.G. Costa,Daniel Rinaldo,Eliana A. Varanda,Juliana F. de Sousa,Ana L.M. Nasser,Ana C.Z. Silva,Debora C. Baldoqui,Wagner Vilegas,Lourdes Campaner dos Santos 한국식품영양과학회 2014 Journal of medicinal food Vol.17 No.10

It is well known that phytotherapy has grown in popularity in recent years. Because a drug cannot be administered without ensuring its effectiveness and safety, the standardization and regulation of phytotherapeutic drugs are required by the global market and governmental authorities. This article describes a simple and reliable high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection analysis method for the simultaneous detection of myricetin-3-O-b-Dgalactopyranoside, myricetin-3-O-a-L-arabinopyranoside, and myricetin-3-O-a-L-rhaminopyranoside present in the hydroethanolic extract (ethanol/H2O, 7:3, v/v) of Pouteria torta. The mutagenic activity of the extract was evaluated on Salmonella typhimurium and by an in vivo micronucleus test on the peripheral blood cells of Swiss mice. The linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, accuracy, and precision of the assay were evaluated. The analytical curves were linear and exhibited good repeatability (with a deviation of less than 5%) and demonstrated good recovery (within the 83–107% range). The results demonstrate that the hydroethanolic extract exhibited a mutagenic activity in both assays, suggesting caution in the use of this plant in folk medicine.

Cytotoxic, Trypanocidal, and Antifungal Activities of Eugenia jambolana L.

Karla K.A. dos Santos,Edinardo F.F. Matias,Saulo R. Tintino,Celestina E.S. Souza,Maria F.B.M. Braga,Gla´ucia M.M. Guedes,Miriam Rolo´n,Celeste Vega,Antonieta Rojas de Arias,Jose´ G.M. Costa,Irwin A. M 한국식품영양과학회 2012 Journal of medicinal food Vol.15 No.1

Chagas’ disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is considered a public health problem. Nowadays, chemotherapy is the only available treatment for this disease, and the drugs currently used, nifurtimox and benzonidazole, present high toxicity levels. Alternatives for replacing these drugs are natural extracts from Eugenia jambolana, a plant used in traditional medicine because of its antimicrobial and biological activities. An ethanol extract from E. jambolana was prepared. To research in vitro anti-epimastigote activity, T. cruzi CL-B5 clone was used. Epimastigotes were inoculated at a concentration of 1 · 105/mL in 200 lL of tryptose-liver infusion. For the cytotoxicity assay J774 macrophages were used. To examine antifungal activity, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei were used. This is the first record of trypanocide activity for E. jambolana. The effective concentration capable of killing 50% of the parasites was 56.42 lg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration was £ 1,024 lg/mL. Metronidazole showed a potentiation of its antifungal effect when combined with the ethanol extract of E. jambolana. Thus our results indicate that E. jambolana could be a source of plantderived natural products with anti-epimastigote and antifungal modifying activity with moderate toxicity.

Anti-Inflammatory and Cicatrizing Activities of a Carbohydrate Fraction Isolated from Sugary Kefir

M.E.C. Moreira,M.H. Dos Santos,G.P.P. Zolini,A.T.B. Wouters,J.C.T. Carvalho,J.M. Schneedorf 한국식품영양과학회 2008 Journal of medicinal food Vol.11 No.2

Kefir is an association of microrganisms generally grown in milk, with known probiotic activities identifiedfrom its soured suspensions. Aqueous media are also able to grow kefir, but little is known about the probiotic properties ofits fermented products. This work aimed to evaluate some probiotic properties of a carbohydrate fraction isolated from sug-ary kefir (sugary kefir carbohydrate [SKC]). Anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated fraction of carbohydrate was testedboth in vitro(cellular respirometry and macrophage culture) and in vivo (50% effective dose, rat paw edema, vascular per-meability, and cicatrizing test). The results indicated no significant difference for oxygen uptake or macrophage culture be-tween control and test groups. Rat paw edema, however, showed a significant inhibitory activity by 30. 4% and 54 . 8%(P. .001) for carrageenan and dextran, respectively. In the cicatrizing test, animals treated with SKC cream also presentedless trauma after treatments as compared to the negative control group (P. .05). The overall data suggested the SKC as anatural product that could be used as a constituent of an anti-inflammatory compound.

Impacts of Human Induced Activities on Species Composition and Diversity in Miombo Woodlands of Bagamoyo District, Tanzania

Dos Santos A Silayo,M.C.T. Tarimo,Amini R.E. Kweka,Muganda A. Michael 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2006 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.20 No.-

The Miombo woodlands in Bagamoyo district are among the richestplant community stands in Eastern Tanzania that is subjected to a serious human induced activities like of charcoal production, farming and grazing. We investigated on the ecological impacts of these activities on species diversity and composition. The study was conducted in Mbwewe general land forest and Uzigua forest reserve in Bagamoyo District, Coastal Region, Tanzania. These forests differ in both management and utilization regimes. We adopted a systematic sampling design for which, 48 sample plots; 30 plots in the public forest and 18 plots in the reserved forest were laid out for data collection. The number of plots for the general land forest was higher due its bigger size, vegetation heterogeneity and diverse human activities. About 81% tree and 19% shrubs of 59 different species were recorded. Acacia polyacantha sub species campylacantha and Brachystegia boehmiiwere dominant species in the general land and reserved forest respectively. Stand parameters; number of stems, basal area and wood volume per ha were higher in the reserved forest. Distribution of stem numbers by size class show reversed J-shape trend in both forest types, indicating active growth of the woodland while, wood volume and basal area per ha showed normal distribution. The Shannon - winner indexes of diversity were 2.86 and 2.5 while the indices of dominance were 0.08 and 0.11 indicating higher species diversity in the forest reserve. The loss of woodland species especially on the general land will continue with associated consequences if appropriate plant utilization and land use management practices are not carried out. We therefore recommend intensive law enforcement and community education. The government should also consider subsidizing electricity costs to make it 'affordable' so as to reduce high level of charcoal demand at the national level which was observed to be the main reason for tree cuts.

From the Synthesis of Functional RAFT Agents to the Design of Functional Latex Particles

M. Bathfield,F. D Agosto,R. Spitz,M.T. Charreyre,T. Delair,A. M. Dos Santos 한국고분자학회 2006 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2006 No.10

Type three secretion system in Salmonella Typhimurium: the key to infection

Anamaria M. P. dos Santos,Rafaela G. Ferrari,Carlos A. Conte‑Junior 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.5

Background Type Three Secretion Systems (T3SS) are nanomachine complexes, which display the ability to inject effector proteins directly into host cells. This skill allows for gram-negative bacteria to modulate several host cell responses, such as cytoskeleton rearrangement, signal transduction, and cytokine production, which in turn increase the pathogenicity of these bacteria. The Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) T3SS has been the most characterized so far. Among gram-negative bacterium, ST is one of enterica groups predicted to have two T3SSs activated during different phases of infection. Objective To comprise current information about ST T3SS structure and function as well as an overview of its assembly and hierarchical regulation. Methods With a brief and straightforward reading, this review summarized aspects of both ST T3SS, such as its structure and function. That was possible due to the development of novel techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, cryoelectron microscopy, and nano-gold labelling, which also elucidated the mechanisms behind T3SS assembly and regulation, which was addressed in this review. Conclusion This paper provided fundamental overview of ST T3SS assembly and regulation, besides summarized the structure and function of this complex. Due to T3SS relevance in ST pathogenicity, this complex could become a potential target in therapeutic studies as this nanomachine modulates the infection process.

충격 신호 분석에 기반한 우적의 운동 에너지율

마르시아 모라에스(M. C. da S. Moraes),히까르도 테노리오(R. S. Tenó,rio),엘사 삼파이오(E. Sampaio),움베르또 바르보사(H. A. Barbosa),까를로스 산또스(C. A. C. dos Santos),윤홍주(Hong-Joo Yoon),권병혁(Byung-Hyuk Kwon) 한국전자통신학회 2019 한국전자통신학회 논문지 Vol.14 No.4

지표면 침식 잠재력은 비가 내린 영향으로 토양에 전달 된 운동 에너지로 평가할 수 있다. 대륙 강수의 97%와 해양 강수의 95%가 강우량과 강우율의 관계로 이루어진 지수 방정식으로 설명되었다. 이 방정식의 지수는 강우 유형에 의존하지 않는다. 그러나 계수는 강우 사건에 따라 조정될 수 있는 변동을 나타냈다. 이 방정식은 결정 계수, 평균 절대 오차 및 신뢰 오차에 의해 검증되었다. 특정 유형의 토양과 관련된 강수의 운동 에너지는 강우로 인한 침식의 가능성을 결정할 수 있다. The erosive potential of precipitation can be evaluated by the kinetic energy transferred to the soil by the impact of the rain drop. A kinetic energy rate of the rain drops was estimated by the disdrometer classifying impact signals. This equation in the form of power presented an adjustment measure between the rain rate and rainfall quantity of 97% and 95% for continental and maritime rains, respectively. The exponent of the power equation, initially, shows no dependence on the type of rainfall. However, the multiplicative factor presented variation, which can be adjusted according to rainfall events. This equation was validated by the coefficient of determination, the average absolute error and the confidence error. The kinetic energy of precipitation, associated to certain types of soil, will allow the determination of the potential of the erosion caused by the rains.

Antimicrobial Activity of Benzophenones and Extracts from the Fruits of Garcinia brasiliensis

F.J. Naldoni,A.L.R. Claudino,J.W. Cruz Jr.,J.K. Chavasco,P.M. Faria e Silva,M.P. Veloso,M.H. Dos Santos 한국식품영양과학회 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.2

The pericarp and seeds from fruits of Garcinia brasiliensis were subjected to extraction with hexane and ethanol. The pericarp hexane extract (PHE) and seed ethanol extract (SEE) were purified by silica gel column chromatography, which permitted isolation of the prenylated benzophenones 7-epiclusianone (1) and guttiferone-A (2), respectively. The antimicrobial activity of PHE, SEE, and compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus cultures. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were established. The substances presented activity against S. aureus and B. cereus as follows: PHE, 4.0 μg/mL and 2.4 μg/mL; SEE, 10.0 μg/mL and 12.6 μg/mL; 7-epiclusianone, 1.2 μg/mL and 0.6 μg/mL; and guttiferone-A, 2.4 μg/mL and 2.4 μg/mL, respectively. The direct relationship between the lipophilic character of the structure and activity in Gram-positive bacteria was specifically observed. Therefore these extracts and prenylated benzophenones represent an interesting topic for further studies and open possibilities for an alternative control of diseases associated with Gram-positive bacteria.

Antimicrobial Activity of Benzophenones and Extracts from the Fruits of Garcinia brasiliensis

Naldoni, F.J.,Claudino, A.L.R.,Cruz, J.W. Jr,Chavasco, J.K.,Silva, P.M. Faria e,Veloso, M.P.,Santos, M.H. Dos The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2009 Journal of medicinal food Vol.12 No.2

The pericarp and seeds from fruits of Garcinia brasiliensis were subjected to extraction with hexane and ethanol. The pericarp hexane extract (PHE) and seed ethanol extract (SEE) were purified by silica gel column chromatography, which permitted isolation of the prenylated benzophenones 7-epiclusianone (1) and guttiferone-A (2), respectively. The antimicrobial activity of PHE, SEE, and compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus cultures. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were established. The substances presented activity against S. aureus and B. cereus as follows: PHE, $4.0\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $2.4\;{\mu}g/mL$; SEE, $10.0\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $12.6\;{\mu}g/mL$; 7-epiclusianone, $1.2\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.6\;{\mu}g/mL$; and guttiferone-A, $2.4\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $2.4\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The direct relationship between the lipophilic character of the structure and activity in Gram-positive bacteria was specifically observed. Therefore these extracts and prenylated benzophenones represent an interesting topic for further studies and open possibilities for an alternative control of diseases associated with Gram-positive bacteria.

Natural Products from Garcinia brasiliensis as Leishmania Protease Inhibitors

Ivan O. Pereira,Diego M. Assis,Maria A. Juliano,Rodrigo L.O.R. Cunha,Clara L. Barbieri,Luis V.S. do Sacramento,Marcos J. Marques,Marcelo H. dos Santos 한국식품영양과학회 2011 Journal of medicinal food Vol.14 No.6

The infections by protozoans of the genus Leishmania are a major worldwide health problem, with high endemicity in developing countries. The drugs of choice for the treatment of leishmaniasis are the pentavalent antimonials, which cause renal and cardiac toxicity. As part of a search for new drugs against leishmaniasis, we evaluated the in vitro Leishmania protease inhibition activity of extracts (hexanic, ethyl-acetate, and ethanolic) and fukugetin, a bioflavonoid purified from the ethyl-acetate extract of the pericarp of the fruit of Garcinia brasiliensis, a tree native to Brazilian forests. The isolated compound was characterized by using spectral analyses with nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, ultraviolet, and infrared techniques. The ethyl-acetate extract and the compound fukugetin showed significant activity as inhibitors of Leishmania's proteases, with mean (±SD) IC50 (50% inhibition concentration of protease activity) values of 15.0±1.3 μg/mL and 3.2±0.5 μM/mL, respectively, characterizing a bioguided assay. In addition, this isolated compound showed no activity against promastigote and amastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis and mammalian cells. These results suggest that fukugetin is a potent protease inhibitor of L. (L.) amazonensis and does not cause toxicity in mammalian or Leishmania cells in vitro. This study provides new perspectives on the development of novel drugs that have leishmanicidal activity obtained from natural products and that target the parasite's proteases.