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다르덴 형제 영화의 객관적 시점에 의한 시선 연출 연구 : <로제타>와 <자전거를 탄 소년> 분석
최주연 한국국회학회 2024 한국과 세계 Vol.6 No.3
이 연구는 카메라의 시선, 즉 시점에 관한 정의와 분석을 통해 다르덴 형제의 작품 <로제타>와 <자전거를 탄 소년>에서 나타나는 객관적인 시점 샷을 다룬다. 카메라의 시점 샷은 주관적인 시점과 객관적인 시점으로 구분 지을 수 있다. 주관적인 시점은 관객에게 공감을 불러일으켜 이야기의 집중도를 높인다. 반면에 객관적인 시점은 관객이 등장인물을 관망하게 하여 관객의 편안한 시청을 유도할 수 있지만, 극 중 인물에 대한 감정이입을 끌어내지 못하는 한계가 있다. 그래서 일반적인 극영화가 주관적인 시점 샷을 적극적으로 활용하는 것에 비해 객관적인 시점 샷의 사용 빈도는 상대적으로 낮다. 하지만 다르덴 형제의 극영화에서는 객관적인 시점 샷을 중심으로 화면이 구성된다. 이런 배경을 토대로 연구를 진행한 결과 연구의 중심에 있는 영화 <로제타>와 <자전거를 탄 소년>에서 역시 이 다큐멘터리 기법과 객관적인 시점 샷으로 구성된 연출을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 다르덴 형제가 구성한 객관적인 시점 샷은 사회적 약자, 소외된 계층에 있는 사람들의 현실을 전달하고자 하는 그들의 의도를 반영하는 데 효율적인 샷이란 사실 역시 확인하게 되었다. 또한, 다르덴 형제는 객관적인 시점 샷을 통해 관객을 관찰자로 만들어 영화에서 일어나는 상황을 관망하게 만들고, 그로 인해 극 중 인물의 가혹한 현실을 관객들에게 전달하고자 한 것이라는 사실 역시 파악되었다. This study is mainly to find out objective viewpoint shots seen in Dardenne Brothers' works by defining and analyzing the the camera gaze, which is gaze directing. The subjective viewpoint shot helps the audience arouse sympathy and get more absorbed in the story. On the other hand, the objective viewpoint shot can induce the audience to comfortable viewing since they can freely observe each character, but it has a limitation in drawing feelings of empathy with each drama character. In ordinary drama films, therefore, the objective viewpoint shot is actively adopted, but the subjective viewpoint shot is used relatively low in frequency. In Dardenne Brothers' drama films, however, most of the scenes are mainly composed of objective viewpoint shots. Based on such a background, this study confirmed that their gaze directing was composed of documentary techniques and objective viewpoint shots in their films <Rosetta> and <The Kid with a Bike> as research subjects. It was also confirmed that such objective viewpoint shots were effective in reflecting their intention to convey the reality of socially underprivileged people and economically disadvantaged classes.
Nanoparticle-based combination drug delivery systems for synergistic cancer treatment
최주연,Raj Kumar Thapa,용철순,김종오 한국약제학회 2016 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.46 No.4
Despite being a leading cause of death worldwide, cancer remains difficult to treat due to the development of drug resistance and severe adverse effects associated with conventional chemotherapy. Hence, combination chemotherapy is theoretically advantageous owing to the synergistic effects of drugs and suppression of drug resistance. Nanoparticle-mediated chemotherapeutic delivery is a promising approach for the effective treatment of various cancers because it may simultaneously enhance therapeutic effects and reduce side effects. The loading of multiple chemotherapeutic agents to these systems could additionally improve the antineoplastic efficacy. This review highlights recent advances in combination chemotherapy using small-molecule chemotherapeutic agents via nanocarrier systems, e.g., liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, polymer-drug conjugates, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Specifically, it emphasizes the unique properties of these systems that make them amenable to optimized treatments with respect to efficacy and safety and clarifies areas in which current therapeutic strategies can be improved.
The changes of the sternomental distance under general anesthesia and with increasing age
최주연,강효석,박혜진,박소진 대한마취통증의학회 2009 Anesthesia and pain medicine Vol.4 No.2
Background: Because the sternomental distance (SMD) is evaluated in conscience patients and in the sitting position, this could change under general anesthesia, which is a state that the patient is unconscious and fully relaxed in the supine position. Increasing age also affects the SMD. We investigated the change in the SMD with the patients under general anesthesia and we also investigated the effect of age on the SMD. Methods: A total of 108 patients were allocated to Group Y (20 −30 yr), Group M (31−50 yr) and Group O (51−70 yr). The SMD, as measured when the patients were awake and sitting, was defined as baseline. The SMD was measured in the supine position, the shoulder-suppressed supine position, at the time of loss of consciousness (LOC), 4 min after vecuronium administration and in the sniffing position. The percent change of the SMD (%) was defined as (the baseline SMD - the measured SMD)/the baseline SMD × 100. Results: Compared with the baseline, the SMD decreased significantly in the supine position, the shoulder-suppressed supine position, at the time of LOC, during neuromuscular blockade and in the sniffing position in all the groups. Group O showed a shorter SMD than did Groups Y and M for all the measurements. There was no significant difference in the percent change of the SMD between the groups. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the SMD was significantly reduced by the supine position, the sniffing position, at the time of loss of consciousness and during neuromuscular blockade with the patient under general anesthesia and also with the increasing age of the patient.
무릎관절치환술 후 경막외통증조절시 0.15 Ropivacaine과 0.1 Levobupivacaine의 효과 비교
최주연,김윤진,백희정,김종학 대한마취통증의학회 2006 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.50 No.1
Background: In this study we compared the analgesic effects and the incidences of motor weakness and other side effects of postoperative continuous epidural infusion of 0.15% ropivacaine/fentanyl or 0.1% levobupivacaine/fentanyl. Methods: Sixty seven patients scheduled for elective knee arthroplasty or revision surgery under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia were randomized to receive either 0.15% ropivacaine with 2μg/ml fentanyl (the ropivacaine group) or 0.1% levobupivacaine with 2μg/ml fentanyl (the levobupivacaine group) for postoperative epidural analgesia using a PCA pump at a rate of 5 ml/h during the 48 hour period following surgery. Verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) scores on rest and movement, Bromage scores, additional analgesic requirements and side effects were assessed. Results: In the ropivacaine group, rest VNRS scores were lower than in the levobupivacaine group on the second postoperative day, and movement VNRS scores were also lower in the ropivacaine group during the first and second postoperative days. Bromage scores, additional analgesic requirements and side effects were similar in the two groups. Conclusions: Both 0.15% ropivacaine with 2μg/ml fentanyl and 0.1% levobupivacaine with 2μg/ml fentanyl provided effective postoperative epidural analgesia, but ropivacaine group members were able to exercise more effectively. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2006; 50: 77~83)
최주연,박혜진,강효석,박소진,이재우,백승권 대한마취통증의학회 2011 Anesthesia and pain medicine Vol.6 No.2
Background: In pre-school aged children, the occurrence of emergence delirium (ED) is increased after sevoflurane anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if intravenous inducting agents such as propofol, ketamine or thiopental sodium affected the development of ED. Methods: A total of 62 children between 3 and 6 years of age scheduled for elective tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were divided into 3 groups in a double-blinded manner. Anesthesia was induced using one of the three drugs intravenously: 5 mg/kg of sodium thiopental, 1 mg/kg of ketamine or 2 mg/kg of propofol. Anesthesia was then maintained with sevoflurane. The development of ED was assessed in the post-anesthetic care unit. Results: The propofol and ketamine group showed a significantly lower pediatric anesthesia emergence agitation (PAEA) score and a lower incidence of ED compared with the thiopental group. Conclusions: Propofol and ketamine decreased the development of emergence delirium when used as an induction agent. (Anesth Pain Med 2011; 6: 191∼194)