峿堂 李象秀의 散文批評論 硏究

이향배(Hyang-Bae Lee) 어문연구학회 2008 어문연구 Vol.56 No.-

  This study examines the prose criticism by Sangsoo Lee. He was concerned about the deterioration of customs that respect scholars and letters caused by the unfair practice of the Goageo (State Examination). He criticized scholars who bribed sons of influential families to buy their governmental positions, and emphasized the attitude of scholars who depend on heaven"s will to enter into governmental positions after making themselves proficient.<BR>  Sangsoo Lee considered close and analytic reading important to write well. In those times, most scholars devoted themselves to studying poetry and prose to pass the Goageo so they memorized some phrases without closely reading the entire work. Thus, he presented a reading method to understand the deeper meaning of the passages because he thought it was an urgent goal to raise the level of reading. For good reading, readers must find the main purport first and then the conclusion. To find the conclusion is possible by analyses of arrangement, order, contextual connection, and organization into paragraphs. He believed that these analyses help readers to understand what meanings the authors wanted to deliver. He also thought that analytical reading was prerequisite to become a good writer.<BR>  Songsoo Lee was interested in the ancient texts as well. He classified the existing letters by "mun" and "pil" of Gogonggi, He considered Sigi of Samacheon and the ancient text of Hanyu as "pil". He argued that the scope of the ancient texts must be expanded to Byunryomun because "mun" means Daewomun. He thought he could acheive the truth through "mun." For bimun, he laid stress on "ganum" but he did not follow the old law unconditionally and pursued "bimun" that could fit to the time.<BR>  He found out the main purport, the conclusion, and descriptive techniques through the analytical examination of Hokrijon and Hoasikjon. He mostly analyzed the style and structure of the writing rather than its content to grasp what Samacheon"s intention was and what style he was using. This task needs critical perspectives towards writing and insights as a writer.

전통시대(傳統時代) 조석(潮汐)에 대한 변증 연구

이향배 ( Lee Hyang Bae ) 한국동양예술학회 2020 동양예술 Vol.49 No.-

In this paper, I analyzed the logic of the theory of tide by categories after compiling dialectical data which were raised in the traditional era. In this process, I looked into the discussion method of natural phenomenon in traditional times and into how scientific thoughts have been formed. This results in three categories of the traditional theory of tide in general. First, I reviewed the theory of tide by several virtuous scholars in our country focused on the theory of earth-breath. Discussion of the theory of tide was begun by Lee Gyu-bo in the middle period of Gyoryeo dynasty. He compared 'the theory in which tide is caused by the moon and the sun' by Nho Heup-ju with 《Juyeok周易》or the principle of < Honcheoneo 渾天儀 > after reviewing previous theories in 《Sugyeong水經》, < Haehobu海潮賦 > and 《Bulgeong佛經》etc. On the other hand, the intellectuals in the Joseon Dynasty like Kim Deuk-sin, Han Won-jin, and Wi Baek-gyu including Kim An-ro explained that the principles of the ebb and flood are based on the theory of earth-breath by So-ong, on the logic of working of yin-yang and Ghi氣 by Jeongja, and on the theory by Chu Hsi which related it to the moon, not to the sun. Second, there is a dialectics about the theory in which Dong-Hae, the East Sea is not affected by the tide. Scholars have raised lots of theories to explain the reasons for this phenomenon. Lee Hang-bok explained that Ghi氣 would be exhausted when the seawater reached to the east. Han Baek-gyeom suggested the theory that Ghi氣 passing through south and north cannot affect the right and left sides. Jang Yu suggested the theory of the North Sea 北海說 which explained that it was because the East Sea was close to the North Sea. Jo ik argued that there was no tide because the East Sea belonged to the part of the open sea while asserting the ocean had the inland sea and the open sea. Song Gyu-ryeom and Guoen Heon interpreted that it was due to the earthen energy地勢 and Song Byeon-seon agreed with the theory of North Sea. In this way, the reasons why there was no tide in the East Sea were logically inferred based on a variety of imagination. These discussions let us be confirmed that there was none of scientific system of information at all for most of traditional intellectuals until the end of the Joseon Dynasty. Third, there is an explanation according to scientific dialectics. This theory can be found mainly in the theory of tide by Seongho Lee Ik and Hyegang Choi Han-gi. They had extensive knowledge of Western science and accurate understanding of the relationship between the Earth, and the moon and the sun based upon heliocentric theory. In this way, they described the ebb and flood phenomenon in terms of scientific knowledge system in the organized and detailed manner. This seems to be the first case of interpreting natural phenomenon of the sea in a modern scientific way.

愼懼堂 李侙의 國權回復을 위한 義兵活動

이향배(Lee HyangBae) 한국인물사연구소 2011 한국인물사연구 Vol.15 No.-

「Sin Gu Dang, Lee Sik」, was a high-spirited scholar and an activist in loyal troops for the national rights in the latter era of Choson Dynasty. He was born in Cheong Yang and started studying at home at the beginning. Then he began to act on 'Wee Jung Cheok Sa' in earnest after making a relationship with 「Myeon Am, Choi Ik Hyeon」. And Lee Sik developed his own point of view on studying based on the Neo-Confucianism by Joo Ja. At that time, there were many movements and protests to recover the national rights after 'Eul Sa Neuk Yak'. So, Lee Sik built '13 Yoo Yak So' around Cheong Yang and denounced Japan's brutality to foreign diplomatic offices systematically. Also, he sent letters to 37 villages in the province and announced the real state of the government to the people to rouse them to action. After that he was arrested for his plan but he kept his chin up in front of the Japanese investigator and never broke his spirit. Later, Lee Sik joined Hong Joo loyal troop as a staff again and was banished to Dae Ma Do after being arrested. when he finished his banishment, he came back home and did many things to recover the national rights constantly such as organizing volunteer troops and delivering Ko Jong's secret letter to Lim Byong Chan for establishing 'Dok Lib Eui Goon Boo'. These are all his strong will to put his theory into practice and to fulfill his social responsibility as a descendant of a patriotic family.

소설 되짚어 읽기의 묘미 - 존 스타인벡의 『에덴의 동쪽』과 영화

이향만(Hyang Mann Lee) 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2006 영미연구 Vol.15 No.-

  The situation of family is an important theme in the American East of Eden, though it has been criticized as a weak novel on account of its diffuse structure, contains one of Steinbeck"s important themes concerning ethics and human nature. And its adapted movie of Elia Kazan, as a superb film of auteurism, offers the cinematic vision to contrast the different worlds from the novel to the movie, and to reevaluate the author"s main theme, especially concentrating on the omission and traces of an oriental philosopher Lee.<BR>  It is not overstating to say that the hero of the novel is Lee who integrates all the conflicted worlds of the characters in the novel. With the philosophical Chinese servant missing, the director Kazan risks omitting the discussion of timshel . Lee may be regarded as a secondary character as an onlooker, but he represents the voice of wisdom and reason at the crucial time of the events of the story, and often articulates some of the novel’s most important themes.<BR>  The oriental philosopher has disappeared physically in the process of transference from one medium to another, but the traces of his philosophical idea and attitude toward life can be found in the transformed characters. So it can be said that the concept of Lee"s timshel in the movie is revealed not through his direct speeches but in the transformed acts of characters, especially through the changed images of Abra and Kate.

모바일 사용자의 대용량 GPS 데이터로부터 시맨틱 관심지점 발견

이향진(Hyang-Jin Lee),최정화(Jung-Hwa Choi),박영택(Young-Tack Park) 한국정보과학회 2012 정보과학회논문지 : 소프트웨어 및 응용 Vol.39 No.3

모바일 환경에서의 위치정보는 새로운 정보 자원으로써 다양한 서비스로 확장이 가능하다. 좀 더 의미 있는 확장을 위해서는 위치정보를 단순히 지도와 연결하는 것뿐만 아니라 사용자가 존재한 위치가 내포하는 의미까지도 알 수 있어야 한다. 하지만 GPS 수신의 오차로 정확한 GPS 좌표를 수집할 수 없고, 이로 인해 사용자가 머물거나 이동한 장소에 대한 존재 이유를 정확하게 판별하기 어렵다. 본 연구는 모바일 사용자의 대량의 이동궤적 정보를 기반으로 시맨틱(semantic) POI(Point Of Interest) 발견 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 두 가지 단계로 구성된다. 첫째로, WiFi 맵(map)을 사용한 GPS 클러스터링(clustering) 알고리즘을 이용하여 GPS 수집 시 발생하는 오차를 보정하여 사용자 이동궤적을 정제한다. 다음으로 세가지 노드로 축약한 그래프 표현 방법을 이용하여 정제된 사용자의 이동궤적에서 시맨틱 POI를 발견한다. 세 가지 노드는 시맨틱 노드, 휴게 노드, 중간 노드이다. 시맨틱 노드는 특수한 목적을 가지고 머문 장소이고, 휴게 노드는 잠시 머문 장소, 그리고 중간 노드는 시맨틱(휴게) 노드로 가는 선호 지점을 표현한다. 제안하는 방법은 위성 GPS 데이터의 오류를 73% 개선하며, 약 2달간의 테스트 데이터로 발견한 시맨틱 POI 결과를 기존의 연구와 비교 평가하여 42% 더 정확한 결과를 보였다. Location information in mobile environments can be extended for a variety of services as a new information resource. To make it more meaningful expansion, you are simply connecting with information, but also should be able to find the implications of user's existence. However, Due to error in GPS receiver it can not collect the exact GPS coordinates, and it is difficult to distinguish exactly the existence reason for a place where the user stayed or moved. This study proposes a semantic POI detection technique based on the large-scale moving trajectory information of mobile users. The proposed method consists of two steps. First, Using the GPS clustering algorithm with WiFi map, it corrects errors that occurred when collecting GPS data and refines the user trajectory. And then it can find the semantic POI from the user's refined trajectory using the shorthand graph representation by three kinds of nodes. Three different nodes are the semantic node, the stop-over nodes, and intermediate node. Semantic nodes are a stayed place with a special purpose, and stop-over nodes is a temporary stayed place, and intermediate nodes express the favorite point going to semantic(stop-over) nodes. As a result, the proposed method improved 73% to errors of satellite GPS and produced 42% more accurate results compared with the previous research evaluation of semantic POI results detecting from test data over period of approximately two months.

거리환경미화원의 근골격계 증상의 특징 및 인간공학적 평가

이향기(Hyang Ki Lee),명준표(Jun Pyo Myong),정은희(Eun Hee Jeong),정혜선(Hye Sun Jeong),구정완(Jung?Wan Koo) 대한인간공학회 2007 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.26 No.4

The aim of this study was to evaluate the musculo-skeletal symptomatic features of municipal sanitation workers and to compare differences of the musculo-skeletal symptoms by work types. We conducted descriptive cross-sectional survey concerning the musculo-skeletal symptomatic features of 315 street cleaners in Seoul and GyeongGi Province, Korea, during 2 weeks of September 2006. Questionnaires were consisted of general characteristics, occupational characteristics and musculo-skeletal symptoms. And we observed their works and evaluated their movement and posture by REBA. For work types, tools and subjective physical work loading, there were statistical difference whether or not NIOSH symptom positive on upper limb. Musculo-skeletal symptoms on upper limb were claimed from 43.2% of street cleaners, more than in 32.4% of cleaners. Musculo-skeletal symptoms on upper limb were reported higher in the group who felt their subjective physical work loading severe than in the otherwise group. The REBA results were over 'high risk stage' in street cleaners. Street cleaners had more repetitive motions than solid waste collectors on upper limbs. Works according to the criteria of musculoskeletal burdened work by the Ministry of Labor results were over 'high risk stage' of No. 2 and No. 4 in street cleaners. We found that street cleaners complained musculo-skeletal symptoms on upper limb more than solid waste collectors. This study suggests that it is necessary for street cleaners to carry out the prevention program of musculo-skeletal diseases. For street cleaner, the measure plans such as job rotation, automatic street sweepers, reducing work hours are helpful in preventing musculoskeletal symptoms on the upper limb.

한국철학의 새로운 지평

이향만 ( Hyang Man Lee ) 한국철학사연구회 2018 한국 철학논집 Vol.0 No.58

이 논문은 지금까지의 한국철학을 성찰하고 새롭게 그 위상을 정립하는데 목적으로 두고 있다. 방법론적으로 몇 가지 관점을 제시하였다. 첫째, 언어와 사유의 관점에서 철학적 언어와 사유의 자기 동일성을 추구하였다. 둘째, 종교철학적 관점에서 유교 종교성의 문제를 성찰하였다. 셋째, 과학기술의 관점에서 동양적 과학정신의 필요성을 성찰하였다. 넷째, 사회생태적 관점에서 동아시아 생태철학의 의미를 고전을 통해 되새겨보았다. 다섯째, 생명윤리의 관점에서 생명성이 갖는 가치와 지향성을 살펴보았다. 여섯째, 미학적 관점에서 전통적인 한국철학의 미학적 방법론을 추론하였다. 결론부분에서 철학함의 구체적인 방법으로 사유실험과 행위실험 그리고 존재실험의 철학적 방법론을 제시하였다. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the Korean philosophy so far and establish its new status. Several methodological points of view were presented. First, I pursued self - identity in terms of language and thought. Second, I investigate the phenomenon of Confucian religiosity from a religious philosophical point of view. Third, from the perspective of science and technology, the need for oriental scientific mind was examined. Fourth, I looked at the meaning of East Asian ecological philosophy from a social ecological point of view through Classics. Fifth, I examined the value and directionality of life - style in terms of bioethics. Sixth, the aesthetic methodology of traditional Korean philosophy was deduced from aesthetic point of view. In the conclusion section, the philosophical methodology of thought-experiment, act-experiment, and existence-experiment is presented as concrete method of philosophy.

경구 항바이러스제의 장기적 효과와 안전성

이향이 ( Hyang Ie Lee ) 대한간학회 2008 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.14 No.3

사랑의 병리와 비움의 미학 -이언 맥큐언의『견디어가는 사랑』을 중심으로-

이향만 ( Hyang Mann Lee ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2010 현대영어영문학 Vol.54 No.1

One of the main themes of Ian McEwan`s Enduring Love is the problem of pathological love, focused on the conflicts of science and religion in the contemporary world. The differing attitudes toward human nature and love put the protagonist into the crisis of mid-life identity and marriage. Reading this novel requires the readers to find an alternative to the controversial ways of both the rational and religious understanding of the nature of love. Ian McEwan has commented that the protagonist needed something in Clarissa`s view of things. That may be defined as her sensitive, caring world view which comes from her study of Keats` letters about being in love. The aggregative content of objective knowledge represented by the protagonist is contrasted with the lived oneness of knowing and being which is represented by Clarissa. Clarissa`s receptive intuition is evident in her acceptance of love enduring all the agonies of marriage which can be described as the result of her receiving Keat`s "ability to be without any irritable reaching after fact & reason". This is a virtue of emptiness with which man can accept the irrational reality. (Hoseo University)

旅庵 申景濬의 詩理論 體系

이향배(Lee, Hyang-bae) 어문연구학회 2018 어문연구 Vol.96 No.-

본고는 詩則 을 중심으로 여암 신경준의 시론의 체계성에 대해 분석하였다. 신경준은 조선후기 호남 3대 실학자로 평가받는 인물로 성운학, 지리, 과학기술 등 다방면에 저술을 남기고 있다. 시칙 은 그의 시론을 알 수 있는 대표적 비평서이다.「시칙」은 이전의 비평가들의 이론을 자신의 견해대로 집약하여 재정리한 저술이지만 그 과정에서 여타의 시론에서 찾아볼 수 없는 시론의 체계성을 갖추고 있다. 특히 도해의 활용은 독자에게 시론의 체계를 쉽게 설명해주고 있을 뿐만 아니라 시론의 체계성을 잘 보여주고 있다. 첫째로 신경준은 시의 綱領으로 體ㆍ意ㆍ聲을 설정하였다. 이는 한시에 갖추고 있어야 할 요소이다. 체는 詩體를 말하며, 의는 意境의 설정 문제로 주의와 운의로 나누어 구성하였다. 성은 시구를 이루고 있는 글자의 음운조화이다. 이 세 가지는 한시에 갖추어야 할 강령이었다. 둘째로 신경준은 체의성을 구현하는 방식으로 10조목을 제시하였다. 物ㆍ情ㆍ事는 시의 소재이며, 포진은 상황을 直敍하는 방법이고 영묘는 대상을 묘사하는 기법이다. 포진과 영묘는 시의 작법에 해당하며, 이를 구현 방식으로 체시된 체용, 주빈, 동정은 의경을 시구로 표현하는 방법이며, 上下前後左右와 長短廣狹重輕은 立語할 때 의경을 안배하는 방식이다. 興比賦는 표현기교이며, 起ㆍ承ㆍ敍ㆍ轉ㆍ息ㆍ宿ㆍ結ㆍ卒은 작품의 내용 구성하고 전개하는 방식이다. 또한 그는 詩格에 해당하는 것으로 48격을 제시하였다. 셋째로 신경준은 시 작법의 요체로 여섯 가지를 들고 있다. ① 의경설정의 범위 ② 문장서술의 간결함 ③ 법도 있는 서술 ④ 신묘한 문장의 변화 ⑤ 시어와 뜻의 저속함이 없음 ⑥ 자연스러운 결론 등이다. 이로 볼 때 신경준은 학시자에게 시론을 이해시키려는 목적으로 제가의 시론을 삼강령 10조목의 체계로 「시칙」을 저술하고 작법의 요체를 보완하여 제시했음을 알 수 있다. This study analyzed the systemicity of Yeoam Shin, Gyeongjun’s poetics with focus on Poetic Rules(詩則) . Shin, Gyeong-jun is a person who is rated as one of the Honam three great Silhak(Realist School of Confucianism) scholars in late Joseon Dynasty. Yeoam wrote lots of books in many quarters like Chinese phonology, geography and scientific techniques, etc., and among others, his Poetic Rules is a representative critical book, through which his poetic theory could be traced. Poetic Rules is a re-arranged book by integrating the theories of the former critics in line with his views, but the book is equipped with the systemicity of poetics which can never be found in the other poetic theories. Particularly, his use of diagrams not only explains the system of poetics to readers with ease, but it also explicitly shows the systemicity of poetics. First, Shin, Gyeong-jun set up Style. Significance. Sound(體ㆍ意ㆍ聲) as the Code of poetry. These are the very elements, with which Chinese poetry should be equipped. Style refers to a poetic style; Shin composed Significance, as an issue of significance boundary setting, by dividing it into a central message and a message of classical dignity. Sound is an issue of harmonious phonemes of letters forming poetic lines. Actually, these three sorts were the Code, which Chinese poetry should fulfill. Second, the ways to embody Style, Significance and Sound(體ㆍ意ㆍ聲) are pojin(鋪陳)and yeongmyo(影描). Pojin(鋪陳) refers to the way of direct description of a situation while yeongmyo(影描) is the way to describe an object. pojin(鋪陳)and yeongmyo(影描) belong to a writing technique of a poem, and the substantiality and function of a thing, subject and object(主賓), and movements, which are penetrated as the way to embody pojin(鋪陳)and yeongmyo(影描), are the methods of expressing the significance boundary as poetic lines; in addition, the top & bottom, the front & rear, and the left & right, and the length, breadth & narrowness, and heaviness & lightness are the ways of evenly distributing the significance boundary when using words for poetry. Heungbibu is the way for technical skills in expression, while introduction. development. description, turn. pause, continuance, conclusion and ending are the ways of organizing and developing the literary work contents. These belong to poetic formality and dignity, and Shin, Gyeong-jun presented 48 sorts of poetic formality and dignity in all. Third, Shin, Gyeong-jun put forth 6 sorts as key factors in writing techniques of poetry such as ① the scope of significance boundary setting, ② brevity in sentence description③ description with customs ④ variations of wondrous sentences ⑤ Non-existence of vulgarity in poetic words and significance ⑥ natural conclusion, etc. To sum it up, it might be true that Shin, Gyeong-jun wrote Poetic Rules by systematically arranging the poetic theories maintained by various scholars with the intent of making learners of poetry easily understand poetics.