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‘고난의 행군’ 이후, 북한소설에 나타난 생태 환경 담론의 특성 연구
오창은 한국언어문화학회 2018 한국언어문화 Vol.0 No.67
북한은 1990년대 중반 식량난과 에너지난으로 ‘고난의 행군’을 겪은 이후 자연 생태환경에 대한 관심이 고조되었다. 북한의 생태환경 변화는 한반도 전체에 영향을 미친다. 인간은 생태계의 일부이다. 그렇기에, 인간에 의한 자연의 변화가 다시 자연에 의한 인간 삶의 변화로 이어지는 순환적 흐름이 존재한다. 북한의 경우도 마찬가지다. 김정은 시대에 이르러, 북한의 중요 당정책은 산림복구와 국토 보호를 중시했다. 생태환경 보호 정책의 실제적 효과를 위해 북한 당국은 계몽주의적 담론을 강화했다. 이 글은 한은희의 <새들이 날아들 때>와 황철현의 <푸른 숲>, 김창림의 <생활의 선율>, 김향순의 <두번째 작별> 등을 분석해 북한 생태담론 작동 양상을 규명할 분석할 목적으로 쓰여졌다. 북한의 생태 환경담론은 주체사상과 깊이 연관되어 있다. 북한은 주체사상의 인간중심주의에 기반해, ‘만리마 시대’, ‘사회주의 강성대국 건설’의 외치고 있다. 북한 주민들은 당정책에 순응하면서도 생태환경 문제에 대한 경각심을 자각하는 양상을 보였다. 이는 북한 민중들이 국가가 주도하는 생태환경 정책에 대한 우회적 반발로 의미화할 수 있다. 산림황폐화로 인한 자연재해, 에너지문제와 연관된 생태 불균형은 인간 삶 자체를 위태롭게 한다. 생태주의적 관점에서 볼 때, 삶의 질을 점진적으로 향상시키면서도 자연과 인간이 충돌하지 않는 방안은 독립적 중소규모 공동체를 유지하는 것이다. 그 가능성을 북한 사회가 간직하고 있다고 할 수 있다. North Korea ever increased its interest in the ecological environment after it experienced march of hardship due to difficulties of food and energy in the mid-1990s. Its ecological changes affected the entire Korean peninsula. Humanity is a part of ecology, and a change to nature caused by humans will change the human life in turn. In the rule of Kim Jong Un, North Korea’s important communist-party policy focused on restoration of forests and the preservation of national lands. To boost the effects of the policy, discourses on enlightenment efforts were emphasized. This article aimed to analyze novels such as 「When Birds Fly In」 by Han Eun-hui, 「Green Forests」 by Hwang Cheol-hyun, 「Melodies of Life」 by Kim Chang-rim, and 「Second Farewell」 by Kim Hyang-sun so as to prove North Korea’s ecological discourses. North Korea’s ecological discourses are deeply related to its Juche ideology. North Korea cries out ‘Era of Mallima’ and ‘the construction of socialist power state’ based on humanitarianism of Juche ideology. North Korean residents complied with the party’s policy, yet were awakened to the seriousness of ecological problems. This suggests that North Korean people indirectly resist the state-led ecological policy. Ecological unbalance associated with natural disasters and energy problems due to deforestation endangers the human life itself. From an ecological viewpoint, measures of gradually improving the quality of life yet preventing conflicts between nature and humanity are to maintain independent small and medium-sized communities. North Korean society, which has distanced itself from global capitalism, has the possibility of forming such ‘independent small and medium-sized communities.’
계급의식과 민족의식, 갈등과 화해의 도정 - 북한에서의 1920년대 후반기부터 1940년대 전반기의 문학사 서술을 중심으로
오창은 민족문학사연구소 2012 민족문학사연구 Vol.50 No.-
The descriptions of North Korean history of literature have been changing with the times. North Korean history of literature has also formed diverse ‘histories of literature.’ Major texts of North Korean history of literature are Joseon History of Literature (the second volume) published by the office of literature in Language and Literature Research Institute in 1959; Joseon History of Literature (1926~1945) by Kim Ha-myeong, Ryu Man, Choi Tak-ho, Kim Yeong-pil published in 1981; An Overview of Joseon Literature II by Park Jong-won, Ryu Man published in 1986; and Joseon History of Literature 9 by Ryu Man in 1995. The historical transition of descriptions of North Korean history of literature can be understood as the process of conflicting and reconciling of class consciousness and national consciousness. Particularly, Joseon History of Literature 9 was written under the influence of Kim Jeong-il’s Juche Literary Theory 1992. The characteristics of Joseon History of Literature 9, are that an active evaluation on the KAPF literature in the Japanese colonial period was made and the existing descriptions of history of literature focusing on characters and literary works changed to the descriptions of history of literature focusing on themes. It also raised the objectivity of the descriptions of history of literature by concretely describing the end of Japanese colonization era. It is possible to make rich interpretation of history of literature when the common points besides the common point of‘national history of nature’ in South and North Korean history of literature are revealed. ‘North Korean history of literature’ needs to be viewed as diverse ‘histories of literature’rather than a single history. In this sense, Joseon History of Literature 9 can be a record of North Korea’s ‘interpretative viewpoint’ on ‘historical facts.’