‘-子’계열 한자어에서 기원한 만주어 ‘-se’계열 단어에 대한 연구 - HMB(『御製淸文鑑』)에 등재된 어휘를 중심으로 -

여채려 ( Yu¸ Cai-li·kim ),김양진 ( Ryang-jin ) 경희대학교 인문학연구원 2020 인문학연구 Vol.0 No.45

본고는 ‘-se’ 로 끝나는 만주어 가운데 ‘X子’ 계열 한자어에서 기원 한 단어를 찾아 정리해 보고 그 단어의 제 양상 및 특징을 살펴보고 자 하였다. 이를 위하여, 먼저 만주어를 만주어로 풀이한 만주어 사전 HMB(1708, 『御製淸文鑑』)로부터 ‘-se’로 끝나는 만주어 ‘Xse’ 중 ‘X子’ 계열 한자어와 대응 관계가 있을 만 한 단어를 검색하여 1차 목록을 만들었다. 이렇게 추출한 1차 목록을 대상으로 하여, 『御製增訂淸文鑑』(1771)에 실린 만주어의 대역 한자 표제어나 여타의 만한합벽(滿漢合壁)의 문헌들로부터 이들 단어와 관련이 있을 한자어를 찾아 유형별로 비교 검토함으로써 이 만주어 단어들 속에 포함된 ‘-se’가 한자 접미사 ‘-子’와 관련되어 있을 개연성을 타진 하였다. 그 결과, 만주어 ‘-se’는 적지 않은 정도로 ‘-子’의 문법적인 의미와 대응됨을 확 인할 수 있었다. 본래 한자어 ‘-子’계열 단어에서 기원한 ‘-se’계열 한자어들은 어휘복제 (lexical replication)의 기제에 따라 만주어뿐만 아니라 한국어, 몽골어, 돌궐어 등 북방 알타이제어에 폭넓게 받아들여진 것이다. This paper aims to examine the aspect and characteristics of the Manchurian words ending in ‘-se’ which originated from Chinese words ‘X子’. To this end, firstly, the primary list of Manchurian words ‘Xse’ that likely to be correlated to Chinese words ‘X子’ was found and organized in the Manchu dictionary of HMB(1708, 『Yuzhi Qingwen Jian』). And then, this primary words list was classified and the corresponding relation between Manchu ‘-se’ and the Chinese suffix ‘-zi’ was examined by comparing and reviewing Chinese words in 『Yuzhi Zengding Qingwen Jian』(1771). As a result, ‘-se’ was viewed as the grammatical meaning and correspondence of ‘-zi’ to a considerable extent. The words of ‘Xse’ which originated from Chinese words ‘X子’ were widely accepted not only in Manchu but also in northern Altai language such as Korean, Mongolian, and Turkish, according to the mechanism of lexical replication.

『박통사(朴通事)』의 지명 연구1

김양진(Ryang Jin Kim),장향실(Hyang Sil Jang) 한국어학회 2009 한국어학 Vol.45 No.-

(해례본)『훈민정음』의 오행(五行)과 오방(五方), 오음1(五音), 오음2(五音), 오상(五常), 오장(五臟) 등의 상관성 연구

김양진(Kim, Ryang-jin) 국어국문학회 2021 국어국문학 Vol.- No.194

In this paper, the Theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements(陰陽五行理論) discussed the correlation and systematicity between the Five Elements(五行), and also between the Five Sounds(五音1), the Five Rhymes(五音2), the Five Constant virtues(五常), the Five Organs(五臟), the Five Directions(五方), and the Four Seasons(四季) reflected in Hunminjeongeum (Haeryebon). In Hunminjeongeum (Haeryebon), the above are thoroughly constructed from a single philosophical point of view. It follows the order of the first sentence of “Jejahae” in Hunminjeongeum (Haeryebon), which means Tao in the world is just the Five Elements with “eum” and “yang” (天地之道 一陰陽五行而已). By the creators of “Jejahae” in Hunminjeongeum (Haeryebon), everything was arranged according to “the order of qì (氣之序)” in three order of the arrangement of the Five Elements presented in “Tai Chi Diagram (太極圖),” that is the order of shǐ shēng(始生之序), the order of qì (氣之序), the order of zhì (質之序). In particular, not only the five elements(五行), but also the five sounds(五音1), the five rhymes(五音2), the five constant virtues(五常), the five organs(五臟), the five directions(五方), the four seasons(四季) have all been described reflecting this alternative order of ‘tree(木)-fire(火)-earth (土)-metal(金)-water(水).’ This will be in accordance with ‘the order of qì’ (氣之序).

국어학 : 일음절 한자어 어기의 형태론적 재해석

김양진 ( Ryang Jin Kim ) 민족어문학회 2005 어문논집 Vol.52 No.-

(번역)『박통사』(상)의 난해어

김양진(Kim, Ryang-jin),장향실(Chang, Hyang-sil) 국어국문학회 2014 국어국문학 Vol.- No.166

This article aims lexicologically to research difficulty words which we could not understand the meaning of declinable words in the (Beonyeok)Baktongsa(朴通事) volume one. By this research, we find out meaning of several verbal words, as follows japsoeu-[잡소으-](lesson 1 ), hyang-nario-[향나리오-](lesson 2), bopnol-[봅놀-](lesson 19), al-[알-](lesson 26), gatalh?-[가탈하-](lesson 33), and also uncovered meanings of abjective words like s?m?itgap-[사밋갑-](lesson 6), s?lgap-[살갑-](lesson 6), p?n[펀](lesson 13) etc.. This thesis present the reason why gatalh?-[가탈하-] means ‘totter’, ‘stagger’ and ‘stagger’. And also it was a significant research which find out ‘s?m?itgap-[사밋갑]-’ means ‘considerate(생각이) 깊-’ and the word of p?n[펀]means ‘p?l-[펄-]’ as meaning of ‘bluish green’. In fact, it was the controversialword. There were controversies in interpreting the meaning of these words.Of course still there were lots of unsolved words in (Beonyeok)Baktongsa(朴通事), those are wait for in-depth research.

『고려사』 지명의 종합적 연구를 위한 예비적 고찰

김양진 ( Ryang Jin Kim ) 우리어문학회 2013 우리어문연구 Vol.46 No.-

This thesis is designed to consider preliminarily the synthetical problem of place names in Koreo-sa[高麗史]. This thesis present five independent methodologies for the toponymy of Koreo-sa. First, the place names providing the clues about both ``Korean Orthography by Readings in Meaning Values of Chinese Characters`` and ``Korean Orthography by the Readings in Sound Values of Chinese Characters`` shall be considered as a source of primary research. Second, even if corresponding transcriptions of ``the Readings in Meaning Values Chinese Characters`` do not exist, this study includes the reliable data of ``Korean Orthography by the Readings in Meaning Values of Chinese Characters`` systematically proven by the precedent studies. Third, the relevant topography or real geographical conditions are also reflected in the study. Based on the methodologies mentioned above, this thesis fully examines the place names in <Geography section(地理志)> of the Koreo-sa especially the words which are not provided in <Geography section(地理志)> of Samguksagi(三國史記), or the words recorded as old names, sub-location units below Gun-Hyeon, the port names in <Sikhwa-ji(食貨志)> of the Koreo-sa, the names of the post towns[驛站] and HyangSoBugok[鄕所部曲] in <Army section(兵志)> of Koreo-sa and the place names of northern region added at the end of Koreo-sa as well. The lexical item entry of place names in Koreo-sa was suggested the result of this study systematically. And by the dedication survey on the data in Koreo-sa, I have discovered various Koreo language[高麗語] vocabularies which was reconstructed to words such as ``gosegeri/gosgeri’, ``soidal’, ``gizim’, ``bidiai’, ``*sosgai/*sojigai’, ``*milginsilgai’, ``naimium∼oimium``, ``*julgai``, ``*gisg□mei``, ``*saiai``, ``hiinbahoiai``, ``*gorineigin``, ``*hanmoiai``, ``*solgojgai``, ``*soksaiai``, ``*dulgai``, ``*g□lgai``, ``*dumsogai/dumsoiai``, ``*bilg□gai``, ``ulh∼ulhe``etc..

표제어 배열방식에 따른 국어사전의 거시구조 연구

김양진 ( Ryang Jin Kim ) 우리어문학회 2008 우리어문연구 Vol.30 No.-

This paper mainly researched several argumentative matters of macrostructure in Korean dictionary. The historical process of searching the lemma in character unit of the most of Korean dictionaries is discussed. For further discussion, this paper also studied that searching the lemma in Jajeol and syllabic unit has more advantages than searching the lemma in alphabetical unit. Above all, inconsistence of searching the lemma in alphabetical unit are scrutinized, and searching the lemma in Jajeol and syllabic unit is recommended.

띄어쓰기의 성립과 어절의 개념

김양진(Kim, Ryang-jin) 국어국문학회 2015 국어국문학 Vol.- No.171

The problem of the word spacing in 〈The rules of Korean spelling〉 is connected with the concept of the word that is the unit of the word spacing, and extend morphology and syntax. In this paper, firstly, investigate the history of the word spacing in 〈The rules of Korean spelling〉 which is connected with the word concept. and then divided the history into morphology and syntax. After it, to find an appropriate device for the problem. Apprehend the word spacing in korean by confirming the unit of syntactic word as minimal independent form in the settlement process of the traditional writing(punctuation space rule, space for an honorific, Raising of the lines head) and the modern process of word spacing formation. and by apprehending the concept of this syntactic word, I would contend that the problems of the word spacing(or Gammal) can be solved.

일음양오행(一陰陽五行)과 훈민정음(訓民正音)

김양진 ( Kim Ryang-jin ) 국어학회 2015 국어학 Vol.74 No.-

The essential debate of this study is the principles of consonants and vowels in Hunminjeongeum[character] which were invented based on the shapes of vocal organs, the Yin-Yang and Five-Elements school. By doing so, we can call in question of fundamental mechanism of Korean consonants and vowels can originally produces the 2×5 = 10 combination according to the binary system of the Yin-Yang and the pentacyclic system of Five-Elements school. This combinational system bears a clear resemblance to the Heavenly Stems[天干] system, which also presupposes the combination of the Yin-Yang and the Five-Elements school. Ten Heavenly Stems [十干], which is sequentially presented with the order of ‘甲乙丙丁戊己庚 申壬癸’, can be categorized into both binary and pentacyclic systems accordingly. The ten components of Ten Heavenly Stems[十干] can be divided into five combinations according to the Five-Elements school; 甲乙[tree/木], 丙丁[fire/火], 戊己[earth/土], 庚申[metal/金], 壬癸[water/水]. Each odd (甲-丙-戊-庚-壬) and even (乙-丁-己-申-癸) numbered components of Ten Heavenly Stems[十干] are bifurcated into Yang[陽] and Yin[陰] accordingly. The arranging method of Five-Elements in order of ‘木-火-土-金-水’ is are structurally analogous to the arranging system of Hunminjeongeum consonants, ‘Dentals(牙)[木]-Tongue sounds(舌) [火]-Soft palatal sounds (脣)[土]-Hard palate(齒)[金]-Uvular sounds(喉) [水]’. The juxtaposition of Ten Heavenly Stems[十干] and Hunminjeongeum consonants presents theoretical framework to interpret Hunminjeongeum vowel system which is categorized into ‘ㅗ/ ㅠ[水], -ㅏ/ㅕ[木], -ㅜ/ㅛ[火], -ㅓ/ㅑ[金], ㆍ/ㅡ[土]’ except for ‘ㅣ’. It is necessary to understand the concept of ‘lately summar[季夏]’ regarding the description of consonants and ‘the season when the energy of earth is flourished[土旺之節]’ to properly delve into the Five-Elements in Hunminjeongeum. Furthermore, other examples; the combination of initial sound, nucleus, and final consonant, Four tones in Korean, the arranging order of Five explanation which is arranged in order of ‘water-tree-fire-metal-earth’ draw an analogy between the Five-Elements (and Yin-Yang) and the principles of Hunmingeoneum. Also, the fact that explanation part of Hunminjeongeum is bifurcated into ‘main text (陽; Yang)’ and ‘abridged text (陰; Yin)’ supports the theory. Proceeding from what has been discussed above, it should be concluded that Hunminjeongeum has been largely based on the fundamental principles of Oriental philosophy to analyze natural phenomena from the anthropological perspectives with the application to Korean sound system.

한국어의 형태와 형태소

김양진 ( Kim Ryang-jin ) 국어학회 2017 국어학 Vol.81 No.-

In this paper, we first look at how to create morph and morpheme lists from the Korean words. In order to set up a list of Korean Morpheme, It is necessary to verify the list of Korean morphs according to the Korean morphological structure condition. It is checked this way because the Korean morphological structure confirms and restricts the list of ‘morph forms’ that can qualify as ‘morpheme’, therefore the relationship between ‘morph’ and ‘morpheme’ can be fully addressed. In this paper, we first compare the Korean examples of morph and morphemes but they do not match and there is no need for that. These discrepancies of morph and morpheme include various problems such as harmony morph type, supplemental morpheme, null morph and empty morph. In addition, the language and vocabulary forms of various heterogeneous dialect groups are included in the dialect of language, and the incomplete notation, that is, the irregularity due to the lack of character in restriction of the writing, but also by the problem of the creation of the literal stereotype. Once the discrepancies of morph and morpheme in various aspects are removed, you can put together a more thorough and confirmed Korean list.