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Licensing Conditions for Weak and Strong NPIs
정영한(Young han Chung) 한국영미어문학회 2016 영미어문학 Vol.- No.122
The present study aims to present different licensing conditions for negative polarity items (NPIs) of the weak, strong, and superstrong types. Zwarts (1998) offered monotone decreasing, anti-additive, and antimorphic functions as licensing conditions for weak, strong, and superstrong NPIs respectively. Giannakidou (2006) argued that nonveridicality and antiveridicality were licensing conditions for weak and strong NPIs respectively. Gajewski (2011) claimed that while both strong and weak NPIs are licensed in a downward entailing environment, only the former are sensitive to the non-truth conditional meaning of licensers. This paper argues that negation is the sole NPI licenser and that the degree of negation of each licenser determines its licensing ability: complete explicit negation can license all three types of NPIs; approximate explicit negation can license strong and weak NPIs; implicit negation can license weak NPIs and partially license minimizers; and half negation can license only weak NPIs. The present study also deals with the problem of overgeneration with regard to implicit and half negation.
The SIC and Pragmatic Constraints for Even
정영한 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2014 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.65
There has been heated debate on the felicity conditions for the English focus particle “even.” The present study will review three previous approaches―namely, the existential account, the universal account, and the scalar account―and some of their drawbacks will be discussed. As an alternative, this paper will propose the Sufficient Informativeness Conditions (SIC) for “even,” a modified version of the scalar account. It will be compared with the three approaches, and it will prove to be successful in dealing with some of their problems. In addition, this paper will discuss pragmatic constraints on the implicature of “even.” The present study will conclude with some comments on the comparative-intensifying use of “even.”
Pragmatically Factive Implication of Even If
정영한,Younghan Chung 한국영미어문학회 2015 영미어문학 Vol.- No.117
S ince Pollock (1976), there has been much debate on the so-called consequent-entailment problem of even if P, Q (eP > Q ). Researchers such as Bennett (1982, 2003), L ycan (1991), Barker (1991, 199 4 ), and G uerzoni & L im (2007) tried to offer explanations about this linguistic phenomenon. However, in most cases, eP > Q generates a factive implicature rather than an entailment, which this paper endeavors to explain. The present study also presents conditions for pragmatically factive implication (PF I ) of the consequent of eP > Q . For eP > Q to be felicitous, P should be at a point on a given scale low enough to make eP > Q sufficiently informative. The consequent of eP > Q has PF I iff P is at the lowest point on a given scale or alternative conditions at lower points than P are pragmatically excluded either for their pragmatic irrelevance or pragmatic impossibility. Their pragmatic relevance is determined by mutual knowledge between the speaker and the hearer(s), and their pragmatic possibility is by world knowledge
The Empty Focus Particle and the Scope Theory of Even
정영한 한국영미어문학회 2013 영미어문학 Vol.- No.111
The English focus particle even can generate ambiguity because in some contexts its focus can denote either a high or a low end on a pragmatic scale. Since Karttunen and Peters (1979) and Rooth (1985) proposed the scope theory and the lexical theory of even respectively to account for this ambiguity, many researchers have tried to prove the superiority of one over the other. The present paper offers novel evidence against the lexical theory. More importantly, to remedy some of the weaknesses of the scope theory, it posits the empty focus particle (EFP) based on relevant Korean data. The EFP introduces a constituent describing new information. This constituent is the focus of the EFP and usually serves as the topic of a given sentence. The adoption of the EFP can help solve some of the problems with the scope theory and clearly explain some puzzling cases of double focuses.
흰점박이꽃무지분 시용이 상추 생육과 토양 화학성에 미치는 효과
정경희(Kyonghee Joung),이슬비(Seulbi Lee),심현영(Hyunyoung Shim),허준영(Junyoung Heo),장다현(Dahyun Jang),유병만(Byungman Yoo),배성문(Sungmun Bea),이영한(Younghan Lee),장영호(Youngho Chang) 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11
흰점박이꽃무지 유충 (Protaetia brevitarsis larvae)은 굼벵이로도 불리는 친숙한 산업곤충의 하나로 식용, 약용, 사료 및 기능성 식품과 화장품 등의 원료로 활용되고 있다. 매년 1,700 여톤 정도 발생 되는 흰점박이꽃무지분은 50% 이상의 높은 유기질 함량과 1.7% 정도의 질소를 함유하고 있으나 비료로 등록되어 있지 않아 이용에 제한이 있어 비료로써의 활용 가능성을 검토하고자 하였다. 시험 장소는 경남 진주시와 창녕군 두 곳으로 토성이 미사질양토인 노지에서 수행하였다. 토양분석에 따른 NPK 검정시비량을 기준으로 NPK시비 (CF), NPK시비+가축분퇴비 (CFC, 540 kg 10a<SUP>-1</SUP>), NPK시비+흰점박이꽃무지분은 기준량 (CFP1, 540 kg 10a<SUP>-1</SUP>), 배량 (CFP2, 1,080 kg 10a<SUP>-1</SUP>) 등 총 4개 처리구를 난괴법 3반복으로 적치마 상추에 시용하였으며, 생육과 수량 및 토양화학성 변화를 검토하였다. 시험 후 토양화학성은 진주지역에서 유기물과 총질소 함량은 CFP2, CFC, CFP1, CF 순으로 높았고, pH, EC, 유효인산, 치환성 K, Ca, Mg와 CEC 함량은 차이가 없었으며, 창녕지역은 모든 처리구에서 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 상추의 지상부 생육 및 수량은 두 지역 모두 흰점박이꽃무지분 배량 처리구인 CFP2 처리구에서 양호하였다. 흰점박이꽃무지분이 가축분과 동량으로 처리된 CFP1 처리구에서는 가축분을 처리한 CFC 처리구와 비교했을 때 상추의 엽수, 엽장, 지상부 생체 중 등이 비슷하거나 높은 경향을 보였으며, NPK만 시비한 CF 처리구보다는 창녕, 진주 지역에서 수량이 각각 7.5%, 9.2% 증수됨을 보였다. 이는 관행적으로 사용하고 있는 가축분 퇴비와 비슷하거나 우수한 생육 증진 효과로, 흰점박이꽃무지분 또한 유기질 비료로써의 비효를 인정할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.
The effects of interlingual, intralingual, and dual transfer on fossilization
정영한 한국현대영어영문학회 2010 현대영어영문학 Vol.54 No.1
A frequently cited source of error among L2 learners is language transfer, i.e. transfer from one's native language (NL)―interlingual transfer―or from one's target language (TL)―intralingual transfer. Sometimes, learners draw an analogy from their NL and TL at the same time, which can be termed "dual transfer." This paper tries to (1) investigate the validity of Brown's suggestion that with the progress in language learning, intralingual transfer, rather than interlingual transfer, becomes more prevalent, (2) examine whether the Multiple Effects Principle that multiple sources of an error are more likely to cause fossilization holds good, and (3) find out which of interlingual, intralingual, and dual transfer is the strongest contributor to fossilization. After testing some middle school, high school, and university students, the present study examined the changes in the proportion of the three types of transfer. The results generally support Brown's suggestion and the Multiple Effects Principle, and it turns out that dual transfer is the strongest factor leading to fossilization.