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정해원(Hae-Won Cheong),강승호(Sung-Ho Kang),김기열(Kiyoul Kim),조장현(Jang-Hyeon Cho),류병태(Byungtae Ryu),백승수(Seung-Su Baek) 한국추진공학회 2019 한국추진공학회지 Vol.23 No.1
Thermal batteries are also called molten-salt batteries as the electrolyte is mainly composed of molten salt. The molten-salt electrolyte is a solid that does not conduct electricity at room temperature, but when it is melted by a pyrotechnic heat source, it becomes an excellent ionic conductor. Thermal batteries are a kind of pyrotechnic battery because they operate only when the solid electrolyte is melted by the heat energy provided by pyrotechnic materials. Pyrotechnic components used in a thermal battery include heat sources, fuse strips, and an igniter. The reliability of these pyrotechnic components critically affects the reliability and performance of the battery that must supply electricity stably to guided munitions even under extreme environmental conditions. Different igniter types offer different advantages: notch-type igniters offer improved ignition probability, whereas film-type igniters offer improved safety. The addition of metal oxides to the heat paper could improve the burn rate, and the ignition reliability could be greatly improved by using it with a flame igniter at the same time. Using a two-step reduction process, high-purity Fe particles in coral form can be safely obtained.
정해원(Hae-Won Cheong),강승호(Sung-Ho Kang),김기열(Kiyoul Kim),조장현(Jang-Hyeon Cho),백승수(Seung-Su Baek) 한국추진공학회 2018 한국추진공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.5
열전지의 전해질은 용융염이 주성분이라서, 용융염 전지라고도 불린다. 용융염 전해질은 평소에는 전기가 흐르지 않는 고체이지만, 화약 열원에 의해 녹으면 탁월한 이온 전도체가 된다. 따라서 열전지는 일종의 `화약 전지`이다. 화약의 열에너지로 용융염 전해질을 녹여야만 비로소 작동하게 되기 때문이다. 열전지에 사용되는 파이로테크닉 부품은 착화기, 점화스트립, 열원이 있다. 이들 파이로테크닉 부품의 신뢰성은 열전지의 안전성은 물론 성능에도 큰 영향을 미친다. 본 논문에서 열전지가 요구하는 파이로테크닉 성능을 중심으로 부품 개발 연구결과를 정리하였다. Thermal batteries are also called molten-salt batteries as the main composition of electrolyte is molten salt. The molten-salt electrolyte is a solid that does not conduct electricity at room temperature, but when it is melted by the pyrotechnic heat source, it becomes an excellent ion conductor. Thermal battery is a kind of pyrotechnic battery because it operates only when the solid electrolyte is melted by the heat energy of pyrotechnic materials. Pyrotechnic components used in a thermal battery include heat sources, fuse strips, and an igniter. The reliability of these pyrotechnic components greatly affects the safety and performance of the battery. This paper summarizes the results of the research focusing on the pyrotechnic devices and their performance required by thermal batteries.
최유송,정해원,김기열,조성백,Choi, Yu-Song,Cheong, Hae-Won,Kim, Ki-Youl,Cho, Sung-Baek 한국군사과학기술학회 2012 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.15 No.2
Thermal batteries have excellent mechanical robustness, reliability, and long shelf life. Due to these characteristics as well as their unique activation mechanism, thermal batteries are widely adopted as military power sources. Li(Si)/$FeS_2$ thermal batteries, which are used mostly in these days, use LiCl-KCl and LiBr-LiCl-LiF as molten salt electrolyte. However, it is known that Li(Si)/$FeS_2$ thermal batteries have high internal resistance. Especially, $FeS_2$ cathode accounts for the greater part of internal resistance in unit cell. Many efforts have been put into to decrease the internal resistance of thermal batteries, which result in the development of new electrode material and new electrode manufacturing processes. But the applications of these new materials and processes are in some cases very expensive and need complicated additional processes. In this study, internal resistance study was conducted by adding carbon black and carbon nano-tube, which has high electron conductivity, into the $FeS_2$ cathode. As a results, it was found that the decrease of internal resistance of $FeS_2$ cathode by the addition of carbon black and carbon nano-tube.
열전지용(MS<sub>2</sub>, M=Fe, Ni, Co)계 양극의 전기화학적 특성 연구
이정민,임채남,윤현기,정해원,Lee, Jungmin,Im, Chae-Nam,Yoon, Hyun-Ki,Cheong, Hae-Won 한국전기전자재료학회 2017 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.30 No.9
Thermal batteries are used in military power sources that require robustness and long storage life for applications in missiles and torpedoes. $FeS_2$ powder is currently used as a cathode material because of its high specific energy density, environmental non-toxicity, and low cost. $MS_2$ (M = Fe, Ni, Co) cathodes have been explored as novel candidates for thermal batteries in many studies; however, the discharge characteristics (1, 2, 3 plateau) of single cells in thermal batteries with different cathodes have not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we independently analyzed the discharge voltage and calculated the total polarizations of single cells using $MS_2$ cathodes. Based on the results of this study, we propose $NiS_2$ as a potential cathode material for use in thermal batteries.
강승호,임채남,박병준,조성백,정해원,이준신,Kang, Seung-Ho,Im, Chae-Nam,Park, Byung-Jun,Cho, Sung-Baek,Cheong, Hae-Won,Yi, Junsin 한국전기전자재료학회 2015 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.28 No.7
Thermal batteries are primary power sources for military applications requiring high reliability, robustness and long storage life. Conventional electrodes for thermal batteries are prepared by compacting powder mixtures into pellets. Separator is composed of halide mixture, such as LiCl-KCl eutectic salt, blended with MgO to immobilize the molten salt. In order to increase the power density and energy density, the resistance of electrolyte should be reduced because the resistance of electrolyte is predominant in thermal batteries. In this study, wetting behaviors and impregnation weight of molten salts as well as the micro structures of ceramic felt were investigated to be applicable to thin electrolyte. Discharge performances of single cell with the ceramic separator impregnated by molten salt were evaluated also. Zirconia felt with high porosity and large pore outperformed alumina felt in wetting characteristics and molten salt impregnation as well as discharge performances. Based on the results of this study, ceramic felt separator impregnated with molten salt have revealed as an alternative of conventional thick MgO based separator with no conspicuous sign of thermal runaway by short circuit.
조성비에 따른 Zr/BaCrO<sub>4</sub> 열지의 열적 특성
임채남,이정민,박병준,강승호,정해원,Im, Chae-Nam,Lee, Jung-Min,Park, Byeong-June,Kang, Seung-Ho,Cheong, Hae-Won 한국전기전자재료학회 2016 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.29 No.10
Thermal batteries use inorganic salt as electrolyte, which is inactive at room temperature. As soon as heat pellets are fired by an igniter, all the solid electrolytes are instantly melted into excellent ionic conductors. However, the abnormal heat generation by the igniter flame or heat pellets causes the thermal decomposition of the electrode and the melting of the anode, eventually leading to a thermal runaway, which results in overheating or explosion. The thermal runaway can be significantly reduced by the adoption of $Zr/BaCrO_4$ heat papers. In this study, the heat papers with various ratios of fuel (Zr) and oxidizer ($BaCrO_4$) were prepared by the paper-making process. We have investigated the calorimetric value, burning rate, and ignition sensitivity. The ignition test of heat pellets and the discharge test of thermal batteries were also carried out. At the composition of 40 wt.% of Zr, the heat papers showed the highest specific calorimetric value and burning rate. As a result, $Zr/BaCrO_4$ heat paper made by the paper-making process has shown the applicability for thermal batteries.
열전지 음극재용 Li-Si 원료의 성형성에 미치는 입자크기와 바인더첨가 효과
류성수,김희식,김성원,김형태,정해원,이성민,Ryu, Sung-Soo,Kim, Hui-Sik,Kim, Seongwon,Kim, Hyung-Tae,Cheong, Hae-Won,Lee, Sung-Min 한국분말야금학회 2014 한국분말재료학회지 (KPMI) Vol.21 No.5
The effects of particle size of Li-Si alloy and LiCl-KCl addition as a binder phase for raw material of anode were investigated on the formability of the thermal battery anode. The formability was evaluated with respect to filling density, tap density, compaction density, spring-back and compressive strength. With increasing particle size of Li-Si alloy powder, densities increased while spring-back and compressive strength decreased. Since the small spring-back is beneficial to avoiding breakage of pressed compacts, larger particles might be more suitable for anode forming. The increasing amount of LiCl-KCl binder phase contributed to reducing spring-back, improving the formability of anode powder too. The control of particle size also seems to be helpful to get double pressed pellets, which consisted of two layer of anode and electrolyte.