고등학생의 기본학력 수준과 영향요인 분석

안영은 서울대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

Both domestic and international assessments of student achievement reveal that the number of low-performing students in Korea is on the steady rise. This in turn has highlighted the need to develop students’ basic academic skills—not only to ameliorate social inequality, but also to strengthen educational equality and accountability at the school level. Policy efforts to strengthen students’ basic academic skills have so far had many limitations, however; contributing to this is the fact that the term “basic academic skills” is in itself very vague. To begin with, the term covers everything from fundamental skills such as the 3Rs (reading/writing/arithmetic) required at the third year elementary school level to general curricular knowledge. Moreover, despite there being no consensus on the level of academic skills the government should ensure as “basic”, the term is being used in the same context as “basic”—a level of grading used by the National Assessment of Educational Achievement (NAEA). These factors have so far made it extremely difficult to promote fruitful discussion on adequacy of basic academic skills. A newly emerging concept to overcome such limitations is “minimum academic achievement.” This study thus first explores the definition and characteristics of this new concept, to highlight how it differs from the formerly used concept “basic academic skills.” Using the concept “minimum academic achievement,” the study then analyzes the current state of minimum academic achievement among Korean high school students, focusing specifically on math achievement; it then identifies factors influencing such achievement. The study draws upon 2010-2016 data from the EduData Service System (EDSS) provided by the Korean Ministry of Education, along with 2014-2016 National Assessment of Educational Achievement (NAEA) data provided by the Korea Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE). Using these datasets, the study presents descriptive statistics, t-tests, F-tests, and hierarchical generalized linear models (HGLM). Study results are summarized as follows: First, the study found that basic academic skills and minimum academic achievement are two different concepts that should be separately applied to differentiate two different groups of students: low-performing students regarding foundational skills (reading/ writing/arithmetic) in the case of the former, and low-performing students in curricular knowledge in the case of the latter. Second, the par for minimum academic achievement should be set at a higher level, from what the NAEA now defines as “basic” to “proficient.” Third, study analysis revealed that schools did not live up to their responsibilities in terms of guaranteeing students’ minimum academic achievement. This portends that schools should focus more on helping mid to low-level students attain minimum academic achievement, rather than merely trying to increase academic achievement scores of the general student population. Fourth, study results highlighted that private schools performed better than their public counterparts in terms of both attainment rate (defined as the attainment ratio of minimum academic achievement at the second year of high school, without accounting for pre-achievement) and school improvement (defined as a school‘s educational capacity, including pre-achievement). This signals that private schools are better serving their students’ basic education needs; the study therefore emphasizes the need to close the gap between private and public schools. Fifth, special remedial education provided in the form of after-school extracurricular activities, and handouts customized to each individual student’s level were found to be particularly effective in helping students attain minimum academic achievement. Sixth, the study found that the student climate extant in a school—such as student participation rate in after-school activities, or class atmosphere—greatly influenced students’ minimum academic achievement, namely through peer effects. The study thus recommends that schools nurture a student climate conducive to synergystic learning which promotes active knowledge transfer and modeling. Based on these findings, policy suggestions are as follows. First, schools should make efforts to create a student climate in which students study together with enthusiasm, given that school's student climate was greatly affecting the guarantee of minimum academic achievement. Second, it is necessary to properly utilize programs that have been shown to be effective for the target group in guaranteeing minimum academic achievement. Third, a program needs to be devised to continuously feedback and supplement the learning so that students who have already reached the minimum academic achievement do not fall short after entering high school. 국내외 학업성취도평가 결과에서 우리나라 학생들의 하위수준 성취비율이 높아지면서 기본학력 보장에 대한 사회적 요구가 증대되고 있다. 기초학력 보장은 교육성과가 사회불평등으로 이어질 수 있다는 점에서 사회적 차원에서도 고려되어야 하고, 교육 본연의 형평성 추구와 교육책무성 이행 차원에서도 마땅히 보장받아야 한다. 그러나 그 근본이 되는 기초학력의 개념부터 다소 모호하다는 지적과 함께 현재 기초학력 보장 정책은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 기존에 주로 활용된 기초학력 개념은 그 범위가 초등학교 3학년 수준의 3Rs(읽기/쓰기/셈하기)에서부터 해당 학년 학생이 갖추어야 할 교과학습까지 모두 포괄하면서 기초학력 미달자의 범위가 넓다는 문제가 있었다. 또한, 현재까지 국가가 보장해주어야 할 학력의 적정수준이 명확히 합의되지 않았음에도 기초학력이라는 용어는 국가수준학업성취도평가의 결과 등급인 ‘기초학력’ 과 동일하다는 점에서 기초학력 등급 이상의 적정수준에 대한 발전적 논의가 이루어지기 어렵다는 한계가 있었다. 이와 같은 한계점을 보완하고자 새롭게 등장한 개념이 기본학력이다. 본 연구는 이 기본학력 개념의 정의와 특성을 살펴보고, 이를 기존의 기초학력의 개념과 대비시켜 두 개념 간 차이를 고찰하고자 하였다. 이후 기본학력의 개념을 적용하여 우리나라 고등학교의 기본학력 보장 실태와 그 영향요인을 밝히고자 하였다. 분석은 기본학력 미달 비율이 높은 수학 교과에 한정하여 분석하였다. 이를 위해 교육부에서 제공하는 에듀데이터(EDSS) 2010년-2016년 자료와 한국교육과정평가원에서 제공하는 국가수준학업성취도평가 2014-2016년 전수자료를 활용하였으며, 분석방법으로는 기술통계, 집단 간 차이검증(t-test/F-test), 다층 로지스틱 회귀분석을 적용하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기초학력의 대안적 개념인 기본학력은 기초학습부진아와 교과학습부진아를 구분하여 적용할 수 있고, 시대 변화에 따른 적정수준 논의를 이끌 수 있다는 점에서 적극적인 도입·적용이 요청된다. 둘째, 기본학력의 적정수준은 기존에 주로 활용되었던 기초학력 수준에서 보통학력으로 보다 강화될 필요가 있다. 그 근거는 첫째, 갖추어야 할 지식의 20% 기준으로는 기본학력의 속성인 보편성, 무조건성, 충분성을 충족시키기 어렵다고 판단되고, 둘째, 영국과 일본 등의 선진국 사례에서 대체로 중간 정도의 적정수준을 기준으로 설정하고 있으며, 마지막으로 우리나라 전문가협의회에서 모든 학생들에게 기대하는 최소한의 학력을 기초학력이 아닌 보통학력 수준으로 제시한 바 있기 때문이다. 셋째, 실태분석 결과, 기본학력 보장에 대한 학교책무성 이행 정도가 낮았다는 점에서 학교는 단순히 학생들의 평균 학업성취 점수에만 집중하기보다 누구나 기본학력만큼은 보장받을 수 있도록 중하위권 학생들에게 보다 관심을 기울일 필요가 있다. 넷째, 단순히 고교 2학년 시점의 기본학력 도달 비율을 의미하는 ‘절대적 도달 비율’과 입학성취를 고려한 학교 교육력을 나타내는 ‘학교향상도’ 모두 국공립학교보다 사립학교에서 더 긍정적인 것으로 나타났다. 이는 설립유형 간 기본학력 보장 격차가 발생하고 있는 것이기에 이를 줄이기 위한 노력이 요청된다. 다섯째, 학습부진학생 프로그램 중 방과후 특별보충과 수준별 자료가 기본학력 보장에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 방과후 특별보충은 보통학력을 유지하는 것 외 모든 측면에서 기본학력 보장 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 수준별 자료는 기초지식을 갖춘 기초학력 이상 집단에서만 효과가 유의한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 마지막으로, 방과후 참여율과 학업분위기와 같은 학생 측면의 풍토가 동료효과를 통해 기본학력 보장에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 학업분위기의 효과는 학습부진학생 프로그램의 효과보다 더 큰 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 바탕으로 정책적 제언을 하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학교 특유의 학생풍토 관련 변수들이 기본학력 보장에 큰 영향을 미치고 있었다는 점에서 열의를 가지고 함께 학습하는 학생풍토를 조성하기 위해 노력해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 기본학력 보장에 있어 목적집단에 효과가 있다고 나타난 프로그램들을 학교현장에서 적절히 활용할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 기본학력 보장의 사각지대가 발생하지 않도록 이미 기본학력에 도달한 학생들도 지속적으로 학습상황을 피드백하고 보완해주는 프로그램이 고안될 필요가 있다.

학습자의 인식 확장을 위한 다문화 수업모형 : 상호문화교육을 중심으로

안영은 한국교원대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

우리 사회의 문화적 다양성은 꾸준히 증대되고 있으며 앞으로 다가올 미래에는 이러한 경향이 더욱 심화될 것으로 보인다. 하지만 학교 교육에서의 다문화 교육은 아직 이러한 변화의 속도를 따라가지 못하며, 다문화 교육의 본질적인 의미가 제대로 드러나지 않고 있다. 본 연구는 이에 대한 교육적 대안으로 상호문화주의를 설정하고, 이러한 다문화 교육을 통해 학생들의 인식을 확장시켜 학습자들이 다양한 문화를 포용할 수 있도록 하는 것에 궁극적 목표를 둔다. 이 연구 목표에 따라, 본 연구는 2장에서 상호문화주의와 상호문화교육의 특징 및 경향을 살펴보고, 이러한 상호문화주의 관점의 다문화 교육을 실제로 교육 현장에 적용하여 실천하기 위해서는 무엇보다 교사의 역할이 중요하다고 판단하여, 3장에서 다문화 교육을 위한 교사의 인식과 역량에 대해 면밀히 살펴보았다. 이를 바탕으로, 4장에서는 상호문화주의 관점에서 다문화 교육을 실행할 수 있는 수업모형을 구축하여 기존의 동화주의 및 다문화주의 관점에 대해 대안적·보완적 성격을 지닌 다문화 교육 방안을 제시하였다. 즉 상호문화주의를 기반으로 다문화 교육을 실시하기 위해, 이론적 연구 부분에서는 상호문화주의 관점에서 교사가 스스로의 다문화 교육 역량을 점검할 수 있는 체크리스트와 학습자의 인식 확장 측면을 강조한 다문화 수업모형을 제시하고, 나아가 수업의 실제와 관련해서는 이론 연구를 통해 마련한 교사의 다문화 역량 체크리스트를 활용해 교사가 수업을 준비하는 단계를 점검하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 ‘인식 확장모형’을 적용한 수업안을 개발하여 상호문화주의를 바탕에 둔 구체적인 다문화 수업 방안을 제안하였다. 이 논문은 그간 다문화 교육의 새로운 패러다임으로서 꾸준히 연구되어 온 상호문화주의의 이론적 연구 성과들을 실질적인 교육 현장에 실천적 대안으로 자리잡게 하는 데에 기여할 것이며, 상호문화주의 관점의 ‘인식 확장모형’을 이용한 다문화 수업은 상호문화교육의 목표와 내용이 범교과적으로 반영될 수 있음을 보여주고, 나아가 역량 중심 교육과정으로 운영되는 학교 교육과정에도 폭넓게 적용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

해부학적 구조 추출을 위한 영상 멀티스케일 분할 알고리즘

안영은 朝鮮大學校 大學院 2006 국내석사

Various image segmentation techniques have been presented in the literature for the segmentation of the images. However, there are a few multiscale segmentation methods that can segment the image so that various components within the image could be separate data multiple resolutions or scales. In this paper present a new segmentation method based on an optical transfer function implemented in the Frequency domain and with this new segmentation technique, This paper demonstrate that it is possible to segment the images into its various components at multiple scales hence separating the information available in the image. The processing is done in the frequency domain by using the Fast Fourier Transform. The corresponding Fourier spectrum of the images and the corresponding filters used for extraction of various structures are also shown.

한국과 미국의 고등학교 생물교과서 비교 분석 : 물질대사 단원을 중심으로

안영은 경희대학교 교육대학원 2007 국내석사

Purpose of this study was to compare and analyze metabolism unit as a key subject between biology textbooks used in high school of Korea and U.S.A. Ten different biology textbooks, eight from Korea (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H) and two from U.S.A (U1, U2), were used in this study. Results of study are as follows; (1) Comparative analysis of ways to spread out metabolism unit between biology textbooks used in high school of Korea and U.S.A: ways to deploy the unit of metabolism were similar metabolism unit. (2) Comparative analysis of contents in metabolism unit between biology textbooks used in high school of Korea and U.S.A: biology textbooks used in U.S.A contained more volume for the metabolism unit than textbooks in Korea. (3) Comparative analysis of learning object for metabolism unit between biology textbooks used in high school of Korea and U.S.A: learning object for the metabolism unit was the much same except for some subjects in photosynthesis and respiration. (4) Comparative analysis of figures, illustrations, tables, and diagrams in metabolism unit between biology textbooks used in high school of Korea and U.S.A: average number of the figures, illustrations, tables, and diagrams in metabolism unit were similar in metabolism unit. (5) Comparative analysis of learning contents in metabolism unit between biology textbooks used in high school of Korea and U.S.A: there was a different explanation for reaction equations of photosynthesis and respiration in metabolism unit. (6) Comparative analysis of quest for knowledge in metabolism unit between biology textbooks used in high school of Korea and U.S.A: biology textbooks used in Korea contained more volume of quest for knowledge in the metabolism unit than textbooks in U.S.A. (7) Comparative analysis of supplements, intensifying subjects, and STS in metabolism unit between biology textbooks used in high school of Korea and U.S.A: average number of the supplements, intensifying subjects, and STS in metabolism unit was 6.2 in biology textbooks used in Korea while average number of them was 5.0 in biology textbooks in U.S.A. (8) Comparative analysis of conclusions in metabolism unit between biology textbooks used in high school of Korea and U.S.A: conclusion was found at the end of every chapter in textbook used in U.S.A.

집단모래놀이 프로그램이 유아의 자기조절능력과 또래유능감에 미치는 효과

안영은 인제대학교 교육대학원 2014 국내석사

지방언론사 기자들의 직업의식에 관한 연구 : 전북지역 신문사 기자들을 중심으로

안영은 全北大學校 大學院 2003 국내석사

The newspapers in Cheonbuk province are passing through a serious crisis in all parts at present. Because of digitalization, the negative opinions about the media on papers including newspapers are dominant over all the others. In addition, they confront the situation not to be able to find the solution for their survival even by themselves, as all the problems are filed up such as deficit business, the lack of contents, manpower problems, the indifference of subscribers, and etc. There are the various opinions recently occurred for the development and vivid activation of local press in accordance with the drift of decentralization of power. However, the alternative proposals have been confined to the theoretical and general approaches excessively in the previous studies. From all this, this study analyzes the present situation of local press in and out. Also, this study provides the deep and extensive alternatives for the activation of local press, through the qualitative research and analysis on the causes and solutions that the journalists of local press perceive by themselves. According to the results of this study, it appears that the journalists of the newspaper companies in Cheonbuk perceive the actualities of their papers as follows; First of all, the whole market of newspapers in Cheonbuk is distorted. There have never been the owners of newspaper companies in Cheonbuk who launched the newspapers and ran their business in order to lead righteous public opinion and to brighten the dark sides of our society with the faithful notion about press basically. They, mostly powerful local families, are using the newspapers for the purpose of sustaining the vested rights and supporting the profits of particular companies and corporations. They are not able to fulfill their duties as the 'fresher' of the society. In second, now the problem is the narrowness of the newspaper market and the accumulation of the deficit operation. As the first result above shows us, it is because the amounts of their deficit become as large as the journalists themselves have not raised objections about these problems, in spite of the abnormality of reporting customs and the wrong perception of the owners until now. From the journalists' thought to relieve the companies out of financial crisis anyhow, they are accepting the unreasonable demands of their owners such as raising the numbers of subscribers and the advertisement revenue. In third, it is a tendency that the working environment is getting worse and the intensity of labor is getting heavier. As the owners run the newspaper companies with the same idea as private business only for profits, they are reducing the operation capitals in order to escape from the inveterate deficit. It causes too much newspapers companies launched, which even do not have their own printing machines. Also, it is obvious that the most of the newspaper companies are in the middle of manpower problems, because the owners try to make up the deficit by reducing of manpower and freezing on the wages, rather than try to relieve it by developing new and profitable items for their business. So far, the journalists have no choice except relying on the press release and writing with it mostly for filling the spaces on papers. In this reason, there are occumng the side effects not to write the articles helpful for the subscribers at the end. In fourth, the erroneous custom of journalists to go easy on all the matters obstructs the development of local press. As we can see all above, journalists become passive beings who lose all incentive to better newspapers and suffer a severe defeat from the repetition of structural and systematic problems for last few years. Recently, it seems that journalists are working hard only as much as they are not missing the valuable news appeared on competitive newspapers, because there is repeating the circumstance which they can not avoid writing articles by the intimacy and the pressure of owners, the adherence between press and power, and etc. In fifth, one of the main reason, inciting journalists to go easy on everything, is the low living standard owing to their meager pay. The satisfaction and accomplishment of journalists are extremely falling off in virtue of the low pay compared to the value, importance, and intensity of their labors. Especially in case of the mamed journalists, they get paid only the small amount of salary which they can not rear their children or prepare their old age without earning a livelihood together. As a matter of fact, most of journalists are working with their husbands or wives for a living, or running their side jobs. In Sixth, this province is flooded with newspaper companies, which are increased rapidly. As the existing newspaper companies can not be filled their roles in several parts, the confusion of whole newspaper markets has been repeated and new newspaper companies without any preparation and understanding of requisites have been launched in the narrow space easily. And, it caused a vicious circle which the limited markets for the advertisements and subscribers are divided by lots of newspapers and it is bringing up the deficit operation and the demoralization. According to above results, it is obvious that the newspaper companies in Cheonbuk are in the middle of inferior and serious circumstance. This abnormal situation has been repeated for years, and the journalists, who are supposed to take the initiative in solving these problems, seem to accept this problem looked like never been solved. During the process of this study, mostly the respondents are taking negative position about the future of newspapers in Cheonbuk. Nevertheless, there were few alternative proposals for development and vivid activation of local press in this study. Firstly, the morals of owners and the autonomous purification, secondly autonomous unification of local newspapers, thirdly the circumstances in and out, namely the people related to local press including owners, journalists, local residents, the central organizations related to local press including government and etc will have to try to find the realistic alternatives all together. Fourthly, it is necessary to eliminate the articles only for one time running, which will debase the quality of the newspapers. And, the local newspapers have to lead the right public opinion through the foster age of the ability to make new items and plans. Lastly, it is necessary to legalize the things such as the amendment of the law regards registration of periodicals, rearing the local press, and etc, with the national reformation of press by government.

"新秧歌運動"硏究

안영은 北京大學 2004 해외박사

During the period of War of Resistance against Japan, the New Yangge Movement. flourished in the liberated area of Yan'an, was granted a special historic significance in the unusual condition of time and space. The New Yangge Movement was not a movement of literary and art, which suddenly made its occurrence in the special period, but an extension to and a breakthrough of the histor-ical tradition in the situation of Communist Party's new movements of literary and art and also the Communist Party's imagination and exhibition about the development of new literary and art of people. In the historical tradition, which had been previously in shape during New Cultural Movement and the left-wing movement of literature and art, the intellectuals immersed their thoughts. Therefore, it's not proper for us to regard it as amovement of literature and art limited to a specific period or space but to consider it as a convergence which, in the general background of May 5's' Movement and War of Resistance against Japan tog The special environment of Yan'an in the liberated areas, was embodied in the complex relationships between intellectuals and farmers, Communist Party and intellectuals as well as farmers, and new and folk literatures and arts. In the historical tradition, a series of primary subjects in the China's modern literature are bred, covering "literary & art and politics", "Iiterary & art and people", "literary & art and farmers" and "new and folk Iiteratures & arfs". Therefore, we're obliged to describe it from "May 5~' Movement". The preface in Chapter 1 discusses the inner connections between New Yangge Movement and the thought of "Go to the countryside", touching mainly on two aspects. One is about the examination of the folk words of the modern China's intellectual circles, together with the promise and practice for the designing of new social blueprint by way of the advocacy of "Go to the countryside" in May 5`h Movement and the rural construction movement initiated in late 20s. The other discusses the new meaning and significance of the historical subject of "Go to the countryside" presented in May 5`~' Movement in observance of the "Rustication Movement" and New Yangge Movement, which were advocated in the base resisting Japanese aggression in the war against Japan. Chapter 2 develops a further discussion into the literary and art theory of Mao Zedong. It's related with the expectation of Communists with Mao Zedong in the lead about the new literary and art forms of the future "new times of the masses", specifically, People's Republic of China. This unveils the further intellectual and historical background of the New Yangge Movement. The topics mainly centre around two points. One is the about the discussions on the theory of "the realization of Maxism in China" presented by Mao Zedong and the national forms. The debates about "national forms" were discussed because Yangge was then regarded as a typical example of "old folk forms" and "local forms''. Therefore, Yangge Movement couldn't exhibit its meaningfulness unless it was placed in the background of debates about the national forms. The "Yangge dance debates" of Jin-Cha-Ji literary and art circles were considered as an extension to the argument for the national forms. The other is about the conflicts and reconcilia ons of Yan'an artists with the literary and art policies of CPC. It is clear that even before opening of the Yan`an Forum on Literature and Art, a great discrepancy had been already present between what a relative part of artists in liberated areas expected of the "new literary and art" and Mao Zedong's expectation and management of the primary issues such as how to create "new literary and art" and how to create the national forms embodying new literary and art. However, Mao Zedong's expectations about the new people's national literary and art were finally recognized by way of balancing the great discrepancy in a way that the regime power was imposed to force the intellectuals to accept the political directives or that the intellectuals initiatively accepted them. Chapter 3 is about the specific researches into the new Yangge patterns that were created through utilization and transformation of the old forms. The priority is placed on four aspects: The frst is about the changing of the literary and art forms of Yangge, touching on the patterns of the folk Yangge and the process for Yangge to be integrated into the system of Yan'an literary and art since wars against Japan. The second is about how Yangge creates the new forms of its own in constantly overcoming the interferences of the old factors. Thirdly, with "flirtation" and "clown" factors of Yangge as the central topics, the changes of the contents and forms of Yangge operas in political ideology are specially discussed within the limit of Yan'an political and cultural ideologies. The fourth is about the pattern changes of the folk artists in New Yangge Movement. Chapter 4 dwells on the patterns of "New Yangge" "exhibiting the new times of people". The topic mainly centers around three points: The first is about the artistic patterns of "new liberated farmers who have initiated their way to collectivization". The second is about the movements of Yangge masses. In observance of the organizations and activities of Yangge teams, the mobilization of literary and art is examined, the masses are integrated and a new order is established. The third is about the employment of Yangge form in the representative modern opera of The White-haired Girl as well as the effectiveness and limits of the new literary and art in creating the "national forms". Chapter 5 mainly dwells on the Yangge in the KMT-controlled area in the war of liberation and its development in the period thereafter. Key words: old folk forms, national forms, new Yangge

토마토 풋마름병 저항성 검정용 SNP 분자표지 개발

안영은 전북대학교 일반대학원 2017 국내석사

토양병원균인 Ralstonia solanacearum에 의해 발생하는 풋마름병은 토마토를 포함한 많은 가지과 작물에 감염을 일으키며 큰 문제되는 질병 중 하나이다. 풋마름병에 가장 효율적인 방제법은 저항성 품종 육성이므로 저항성 자원 탐색 및 육종의 효율성을 극대화 시키기 위하여 생물검정 및 풋마름병 저항성에 대한 분자표지 분석이 병행되어야 한다. 하지만 아직까지 토마토 풋마름병에 저항성에 대한 효율적인 분자표지는 없는 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 풋마름병 저항성에 연관된 믿을 만한 분자표지를 개발하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 먼저 생물검정을 통해 저항성 48개체와 감수성 48개체를 선별해 genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) 분석을 수행하였다. 주동 QTL인 Bwr-12에 연관된 10개의 SNPs를 찾았고 9개의 HRM 분자표지를 제작했다. 토마토 유전자원에 대해 2개의 HRM 분자표지 SLM12-HRM2와 SLM12-HRM5가 생물검정결과와 모두 일치하여 최종적으로 선별되었다. 이 분자표지는 앞으로 토마토 풋마름병 저항성 평가 및 육종에 유용하게 사용될 것이라고 예상된다.

학교유형이 교사사기 및 열의, 교사지지, 수업참여를 매개로 삶의 질, 미래역량에 미치는 영향 : 일반고와 특목고를 중심으로

안영은 건국대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

본 연구는 학교유형(일반고/특목고)에 따라 학교효과(삶의 질, 미래역량)에 차이가 있는지 확인하고 이 차이가 발생되는 매커니즘을 교사사기 및 열의, 교사지지, 학생의 수업참여라는 매개변수를 포함한 구조방정식을 통해 밝힘으로써 일반고 교육력 강화를 위한 선행조건을 밝히고자 하였다. 한국교육개발원의「학교 교육 실태 및 수준 분석 연구」 4 주기 고등학교 데이터(2012)를 활용하였으며 학교유형별 변수 간 차이 검증을 위해 t-검증을 실시하였고, 학교유형이 교사사기 및 열의, 교사지지, 수업참여를 매개로 삶의 질 및 미래역량에 미치는 효과를 밝히기 위하여 MIMIC 구조모형방정식을 활용하였다. 위와 같은 방법을 통해 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 각각의 변수에 대해 일반고와 특목고 간 차이가 있는지 확인한 결과, 교사사기 및 열의, 교사지지, 수업참여와 삶의 질, 미래역량 모두 일반고 보다 특목고 학생이 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. 추가적인 통계검증이 필요하지만, 평균점수로 비교했을 때 일반고 학생의 삶의 질 하위 요소 중 교육과정 만족도가 특목고와 큰 차이를 보였다. 다음으로, 학교유형이 교사사기 및 열의, 교사지지, 수업참여를 매개로 삶의 질, 미래역량에 영향을 미치는 구조적 관계를 살펴 본 결과, 첫째 모든 경로가 유의하였고, 학교유형이 학교효과에 미치는 직접효과보다 교사사기 및 열의, 교사지지, 수업참여를 매개하는 간접효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 둘째, 삶의 질과 미래역량 각각 가장 큰 영향을 주는 경로계수가 ‘학교유형→교사사기 및 열의→교사지지→삶의 질’, ‘학교유형→교사사기 및 열의→교사지지→미래역량’으로 학교유형이 교사사기 및 열의와 교사지지 변수를 거쳐 학생의 삶의 질과 미래역량에 미치는 영향이 가장 크게 나타났다. 셋째, 학교유형이 미래역량에 미치는 영향은 유의하였지만, 그 총효과가 상당한 영향을 미치는 것은 아니었다. 위와 같은 연구결과를 바탕으로 정책적 제언을 하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일반고 학생들의 삶의 질 중 학교교육과정 만족도가 특히 낮다는 점에서 일반고 학생들을 위한 수업 컨텐츠 개발이 필요하다. 둘째, 학교유형이 학생들의 수업참여를 매개로 삶의 질 및 미래역량에 유의한 영향을 준다는 점에서 일반고 학생들의 수업참여를 높이기 위한 정책이 요구된다. 토의법, 협력학습, 프로젝트 수업과 같은 학습자중심수업으로 학생의 참여를 높이는 방안뿐 아니라 강의식 수업 안에서 학생들의 흥미를 이끌어 내기 위해 현직 교사를 위한 수업기술 연수 또는 교사양성과정 중 교수학습 프로그램을 개설하는 방안도 고려할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 학교유형이 삶의 질 및 미래역량에 미치는 효과에 있어 교사사기 및 열의, 교사지지의 매개효과가 크게 나타났다는 점에서 일반고의 교사풍토 강화 정책이 필요하다. 구체적으로 일반 국⋅공립 교사의 책무성을 높이기 위해 순환전보제를 재검토하거나 이를 보완할 새로운 시스템 구축이 필요하며, 일반고 교사의 근무환경 개선을 위해 1인당 학생 수 감축, 행정전문인력 투입이 요청된다. 또한 일반고 교사들이 창의적인 수업에 대해 동기부여 되도록 교육과정에 관한 교사의 권한 확충, 교사공동체에 대한 재정 지원 확대 등의 정책이 이루어져야 할 것이다. This study researched whether school types(general or special-purposed) make different school effect(quality of school life, future capability) and if so, how the difference is made. Based on theories, the research model in which school type impacts on school effect(quality of school life, future capability) with a mediating effect of teacher's morale and passion, teacher's support, student's class participation was settled. To practice this research, Data of 「Analysis on the Actual Status and the Quality of School Education in Korea: A Study on the High Schools(2012)」conducted by Korea Educational Development Institute were used and these data were analyzed by t-test and MIMIC structural equation modeling with SPSS 21.0 and Mplus 6.0 programs. Findings from the study are follows : First, t-test results showed that special-purposed high school is higher than general high school in all variables like teacher's morale and passion, teacher's support, student's class participation, quality of school life, and future capability. It is notable that educational program satisfaction makes the biggest difference between general and special-purposed high school, which is necessary to take additional statistics test. Second, results from MIMIC structural equation modeling is that school types positively impact on teacher's morale and passion, teacher's support, student's class participation, quality of school life, and future capability. However, direct effect from school type to quality of school life or future capability is lower than indirect ones. Third, inasmuch as the largest effect on quality of school life and future capability were 'school type→teacher's morale and passion→teacher's support→quality of school life', 'school type→teacher's morale and passion→teacher's support→future capability', we can find out teacher's effort is especially important to improve school effects. Finally, school types impact on quality of school life more than on future capability. According to these results, here are practical politic suggestions. First, high-quality class contents for general school should be developed because general school students's satisfaction of school education course was the lowest. Second, to increase general school student's class participation, teaching and learning programs for teacher ought to be equipped. Third, general school teacher's working environment should be improved such as downsizing the number of students per a teacher, arranging assistance in administration for general school teachers.

팽화에 의한 홍삼 Ginsenoside의 변화

안영은 경희대학교 2010 국내석사

팽화 처리에 따른 홍삼의 추출수율, 조사포닌 그리고 ginsenoside에 대한 변화를 조사해 본 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 팽화 처리 후 외관상의 가장 큰 변화는 갈변과 조직의 다공질화, 부피팽창이었다. 팽화 압력이 증가할수록 갈변과 조직의 다공질화의 정도가 증가하였다. 팽화 후에 부피는 약 2.4배 증가하였다. 2. 추출 시간이 증가함에 따라 대조군의 추출수율은 29.7~45.7%, 압력 7 kgf/cm2으로 제조한 팽화 홍삼의 경우 41.1~48.2%의 범위로 측정되었다. 이것은 팽화에 의한 조직의 다공질화로 인해 추출용매의 침투용이성의 증가로 기인하는 것으로 사료된다. 팽화 홍삼의 최적 추출 시간은 8시간이었고, 추출 시간을 8시간으로 일정하게 하였을 때 팽화 압력 증가에 따라 추출 수율이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 3. 조사포닌 함량의 경우, 추출 시간을 8시간으로 일정하게 하였을 때, 대조군은 161.7 mg/g ginseng, 팽화 홍삼은 압력이 증가함에 따라 201.0~219.0 mg/g ginseng의 범위로 측정되었다. 4. 팽화 홍삼에서는 major ginsenoside(ginsenoside-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1)의 함량은 전반적으로 대조군보다 감소하였으며, 홍삼특유의 사포닌으로 알려진 ginsenoside-Rg3 및 F2의 경우 팽화 홍삼에서 월등히 높게 검출되었다. 또한 retention time 73분, 75분(ginsenoside Rk1, Rg5라고 예측)에 정확히 동정되지 않은 두 개의 peak가 생성되었으며 이들 물질은 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3와 함께 main compounds라고 할 수 있을 만큼 많은 양이 검출되었다. Total ginsenoside 함량은 팽화 압력이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 5. 두 개의 동정되지 않은 peak는 각각 Rk1, Rg5임을 확인하였으며, 이 중 Rg5(C-1)의 정확한 구조동정을 수행할 수 있었다. Rk1은 Rg5와의 분리 과정에서 어려움이 있었기에 Rk1의 구조동정은 수행할 수 없었지만 Rg5의 정확한 구조동정을 통하여 Rk1의 진위여부를 알 수 있었다. 이와 더불어 main compounds 중 하나인 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3(C-2)의 정확한 구조동정을 수행하였다. 따라서 팽화 처리에 의해 홍삼의 추출 수율, 조사포닌의 수득률, total ginsenoside 함량을 높일 수 있었으며, 개별 ginsenoside의 팽화에 의한 열분해로 인해 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3의 함량을 상당히 증가시킬 수 있었다. 또한 기존 홍삼에는 존재하지 않았던 ginsenoside Rg5, Rk1 두 물질이 팽화 홍삼의 total ginsenoside 함량 중 50% 이상을 차지할 만큼 많은 양이 생성되었다. 이로써 팽화 처리는 ginsenoside의 transformation에 상당히 효과적이라는 결론을 내릴 수 있으며, 특히 항암효과에 탁월하다고 알려진 ginsenoside들을 증폭시켰기 때문에 앞으로 항암치료제로서의 가능성도 있을 것으로 기대한다. The chemical structure and biological activity of ginsenosides would be changing during puffing process. Optimal puffing pressure conditions were investigated to increase the extraction yield and the change in ginsenoside contents after puffing was monitored. Four-year-old Korean red ginseng tail roots (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) were used in this work. Red ginseng tail roots (9.8 g water/100 g sample) were puffed at 7, 8, 9, 10 kgf/cm2 using a rotational puffing gun. Extraction was performed with 70% ethanol for various extraction time. Crude saponins were obtained using water saturated butanol. Ginsenosides contents were monitored using HPLC. Puffed red ginsengs showed relatively higher extraction yield (41.1~48.2%) than no-puffed red ginseng (29.7~45.7%). The highest extraction yield was obtained at 24 hour extraction in case of no-puffed red ginseng. In case of puffed red ginseng, similar extraction yield were obtained at 8 hour extraction. Puffed red ginsengs showed relatively higher amounts of crude saponins (201.0~219.0 mg/g ginseng) than no-puffed red ginseng (161.7~189.0 mg/g ginseng). The highest amount of crude saponin was obtained in the sample puffed at 10 kgf/cm2. In HPLC analysis, amounts of measured major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rf, Rh1 and Rg2) decreased with increasing puffing pressure. On the other hand, minor ginsenosides that well known to effect of anti-cancer increased with increasing puffing pressure. Two unknown ginsenosides from puffed red ginseng were found at 73, 75 min of retention time of HPLC chromatogram suggesting that chemical structure of some ginsenosides might be altered during puffing process. Identification of two unknown compounds was carried out using TLC, HPLC and NMR. According to TLC result, compound Ⅰ was the mixture of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5, and compound Ⅱ was identified as a 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3. Three compounds were isolated from n-butanol fraction through repeated silica gel (kiesel gel 60, 63~200 um) and octadecyl silica gel (Lichroprep RP-18, 40~63 μm) column chromatographies. From the result of 1H- and 13C-NMR data, the chemical structures of unknown compounds were determined as ginsenoside Rg5 and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3. However, ginsenoside Rk1 could not separated from ginsenoside-Rg5 in compound Ⅰ. It was carefully reexamined using HPLC and confirmed that the last unknown compound was ginsenoside-Rk1. These results provide that puffing can increase the extraction yield and crude saponin contents and it could influence the ginsenoside composition. Main ginsenosides of puffed red ginseng were ginsenoside F2, Rg5, Rk1, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3.