Multi-view Rate Control based on HEVC for 3D Video Services

Woong Lim,Sooyoun Lee 대한전자공학회 2013 전자공학회논문지 Vol.50 No.8

In this paper, we propose two rate control algorithms for multi-view extension of HEVC with two rate control algorithms adopted in HEVC and analyze the multi-view rate control performance. The proposed multi-view rate controls are designed on HEVC-based multi-view video coding (MV-HEVC) platform with consideration of high-level syntax, inter-view prediction, etc. not only for the base view but also for the extended views using the rate control algorithms based on URQ (Unified Rate-Quantization) and R-lambda model adopted in HEVC. The proposed multi-view rate controls also contain view-wise target bit allocation for providing the compatibility to the base view. By allocating the target bitrates for each view, the proposed multi-view rate control based on URQ model achieved about 1.83% of average bitrate accuracy and 1.73dB of average PSNR degradation. In addition, about 2.97% of average bitrate accuracy and 0.31dB of average PSNR degradation are achieved with the proposed multi-view rate control based on R-lambda model.

진료를 받는 고혈압 환자의 혈압 조절과 관련된 의사 요인

김소영,조인숙,이재호,김지현,이은정,박종혁,이진석,김윤,Kim, So-Young,Cho, In-Sook,Lee, Jae-Ho,Kim, Ji-Hyun,Lee, Eun-Jung,Park, Jong-Hyock,Lee, Jin-Seok,Kim, Yoon 대한예방의학회 2007 예방의학회지 Vol.40 No.6

Objectives : Little is known about the physician-related factors that are associated with the management of Hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine the physician-related factors associated with blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Methods : We surveyed 154 physicians at 117 public health (subhealth) centers in Gyeonggi-do, Forty-one physicians completed the survey (response rates : 26.6%) and 31 physicians were finally included as the study subjects. Using the information obtained from the self-reported survey, we measured the physician-related factors associated with hypertension control, including their perception of hypertension, prescription patterns (combination prescription rates, specific antihypertensives prescription rates among patients with diabetes mellitus), and sociodemographic factors. We then collected data on blood pressure and medication use in patients seen by these physicians from the health center#s information system. We compared the physicians# perceived hypertension control rates with the actual rates, and then evaluated the rate of high overestimation (overestimation by more than 25% of the median degree of hypertension control rate overestimation) among the physicians. The physicians# antihypertensive prescription patterns were also evaluated. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent association between hypertension control and physician-related factors. Results : The physicians tended to overestimate the proportion of their patients with controlled blood pressure (79.5% perceived vs. 57.8% actual). The percentage of physicians with high overestimation was 35.5% (11 physicians). The physicians with lower control rates were more likely to highly overestimate their patients# control rates. Physicians with below-median actual control rates tended to prescribe fewer combination treatments for patients with uncontrolled blood pressure and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or fewer angiotensin receptor blockers for patients with diabetes mellitus. The rate of high overestimation by physicians was 1.31 times higher in patients with uncontrolled blood pressure than in patients with other conditions (OR=1.31, 95% CI : 1.17-1.48). Conclusions : Physicians have a tendency to overestimate the rates of hypertension control in their patients. Because physicians have a direct role in treatment outcomes, physicians# overestimation about hypertension management contributes to inadequate blood pressure control. Thus, interventions for improving physician# awareness regarding the management of patients with hypertension are needed.

Adaptive data rate control in low power wide area networks for long range IoT services

Kim, Dae-Young,Kim, Seokhoon,Hassan, Houcine,Park, Jong Hyuk Elsevier 2017 Journal of computational science Vol.22 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Internet of Things (IoT) technologies can provide various intelligent services by collecting information from objects. To collect information, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are exploited. The Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), one type of WSN, has been designed for long-range IoT services. It consumes low power and uses a low data rate for data transmission. The LPWAN includes several communication standards, and Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is the representative standard of the LPWAN. LoRaWAN provides several data rates for transmission and enables adaptive data rate control in order to maintain network connectivity. In the LoRaWAN, the wireless condition is considered by the reception status of the acknowledgement (ACK) message, and adaptive data rate control is performed according to the wireless condition. Because the judgment of the wireless condition by the reception status of ACK messages does not reflect congestion, adaptive data rate control can lead to inefficiency in data transmission. For efficient data transmission in long-range IoT services, this paper proposes a congestion classifier using logistic regression and modified adaptive data rate control. The proposed scheme controls the data rate according to the congestion estimation. Through extensive analysis, we show the proposed scheme’s efficiency in data transmission.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> In this paper, the necessity of congestion estimation in long range IoT applications is described. Congestion Classifier using Logistic Regression and the modified adaptive data rate control scheme is designed. </LI> <LI> For the validation of the efficiency of the data transmission, analysis on the transmission delay is carried out. Results show that the proposed method outperforms state of the art methods. </LI> <LI> In this way, the proposal improves transmission efficiency in aspect of the transmission delay in wireless environment where congestion occurs. </LI> <LI> Our proposed method predicts congestion status by learning and determines whether a node drops data rate or not. Thus, it leads to avoiding unnecessary change of data rate. </LI> <LI> Through analysis on transmission delay, the proposed scheme has shown that it is the proper data rate control method for IoT networking in congestion environment. </LI> </UL> </P>

HEVC의 계층적 부호화 구조를 고려한 LCU 단위의 비트율 제어 기법

박동일(Dong-Il Park),김재곤(Jae-Gon Kim),임성창(Sung-Chang Lim),김종호(Jongho Kim),김휘용(Hui-Yong Kim) 한국방송·미디어공학회 2011 방송공학회논문지 Vol.16 No.5

In this paper, a method of rate control for constant bitrate (CBR) coding of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is addressed. The existing rate control of H.264/AVC may not provide exact rate control in the case of hierarchical coding structure since it doesn't consider the characteristics of the hierarchical coding structure. It is expected that a rate control is added to the reference software called HM for CBR encoding in the near future. More accurate rate control may be required in a hierarchical structure of random access (RA) mode defined in the common test condition of HM. In this paper, we propose a method of rate control based on quadratic Rate-Distortion (R-D) model considering temporal layers and frame types in hierarchical coding structure for efficient rate control. In the consideration of the trade-off relationship between the bit fluctuation and the average PSNR, both of frame and coding unit (CU) are set as the basic unit of rate control. The performance of the proposed rate control method is verified by simulations along with the trade-off relationships for the both cases of basic unit.

Multi-view Rate Control based on HEVC for 3D Video Services

Lim, Woong,Lee, Sooyoun The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2013 전자공학회논문지 Vol.50 No.8

In this paper, we propose two rate control algorithms for multi-view extension of HEVC with two rate control algorithms adopted in HEVC and analyze the multi-view rate control performance. The proposed multi-view rate controls are designed on HEVC-based multi-view video coding (MV-HEVC) platform with consideration of high-level syntax, inter-view prediction, etc. not only for the base view but also for the extended views using the rate control algorithms based on URQ (Unified Rate-Quantization) and R-lambda model adopted in HEVC. The proposed multi-view rate controls also contain view-wise target bit allocation for providing the compatibility to the base view. By allocating the target bitrates for each view, the proposed multi-view rate control based on URQ model achieved about 1.83% of average bitrate accuracy and 1.73dB of average PSNR degradation. In addition, about 2.97% of average bitrate accuracy and 0.31dB of average PSNR degradation are achieved with the proposed multi-view rate control based on R-lambda model.

Multi-view Rate Control based on HEVC for 3D Video Services

임웅,이수연 대한전자공학회 2013 전자공학회논문지 Vol.50 No.8

In this paper, we propose two rate control algorithms for multi-view extension of HEVC with two rate control algorithms adopted in HEVC and analyze the multi-view rate control performance. The proposed multi-view rate controls are designed on HEVC-based multi-view video coding (MV-HEVC) platform with consideration of high-level syntax,inter-view prediction, etc. not only for the base view but also for the extended views using the rate control algorithms based on URQ (Unified Rate-Quantization) and R-lambda model adopted in HEVC. The proposed multi-view rate controls also contain view-wise target bit allocation for providing the compatibility to the base view. By allocating the target bitrates for each view, the proposed multi-view rate control based on URQ model achieved about 1.83% of average bitrate accuracy and 1.73dB of average PSNR degradation. In addition, about 2.97% of average bitrate accuracy and 0.31dB of average PSNR degradation are achieved with the proposed multi-view rate control based on R-lambda model.

Design of Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control System For Human Heart Rate Control

Dong Jun Kim,Saad Abbasi Jamshed,Min Cheol Lee 제어로봇시스템학회 2020 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2020 No.10

Heart rehabilitation exercises are carried out in consideration of frequency, intensity, time, method and progress, and are usually done with aerobic exercises using treadmill. The heart rehabilitation exercise used by treadmill is to control the speed and slope of the treadmill to keep the patient"s heart rate within the target heart rate range for a certain period of time. The patient"s heart rate is affected by various factors, including the patient"s health condition, hormonal changes and changes in the surrounding environment. That is why strong control design is needed. In addition, the chattering phenomenon of control inputs for powerful controls means frequent changes in treadmill speed, so a solution to this is needed. Thus, to solve this problem, the composition of human heart rate control system and the fuzzy sliding mode control design are described in this paper by grafting fuzzy in a way to alleviate chattering phenomena of sliding mode control and sliding mode control.

네트워크 트래픽 상태에 적응적인 UDT Rate Control

안도식(Dosik An),왕기철(Gicheol Wang),김승해(Seunghae Kim),조기환(Gihwan Cho) 大韓電子工學會 2011 電子工學會論文誌-TC (Telecommunications) Vol.48 No.3

광 네트워크 기술의 발달로 인해 오늘날 대부분의 네트워크는 수십 Gb/s를 지원한다. UDT(UDP-based Data Transfer protocol)는 대역폭과 지연시간이 큰 네트워크 환경에서 대용량 데이터 전송을 위한 프로토콜이다. 그러나 UDT는 고정된 sync-interval(0.01 초) 간격으로 주기적인 rate control을 실행한다. 네트워크 트래픽 상태의 변화가 심한 환경에서는 sync-interval 동안 가용 대역폭을 충분히 활용하지 못하는 문제점이 발생한다. 본 논문은 sync-interval 구간에서 네트워크 트래픽 상태에 적응적인 rate control 기법을 제안한다. 네트워크 트래픽 상태는 RTT변화를 바탕으로 판단한다. 제안 기법은 네트워크 상태를 4개의 구간으로 설정하여 패킷 sending period를 조절함으로써 rate control을 수행한다. 시뮬레이션 결과를 통하여 기존 UDT에 비해 throughput과 안정성이 향상되었음을 보였다. Due to the growth of optical fiber network technologies, most networks recently support several tens of Gb/s bandwidth. UDT(UDP-based Data Transfer protocol) is an optimized protocol for bulk data transmission on the network, which has the high band width and long delay time. It periodically controls the sending rate on the fixed sync-interval, 0.01 sec. Here, if the network traffic status varies quickly, available network bandwidth is notable to be properly utilized in-between the sync-intervals. In this paper, we propose an adaptive rate control method with considering the network traffic status in-between the sync-interval periods. The network traffic status is determined based on the RTT variances. With dividing the network status in to four classes, the proposed method performs anew rate control by adjusting the inter-packet sending period for acorresponding class. As asimulation result, the proposed method improves the message delivery throughput as well as stability than that of the existing UDT Protocol.

제대혈 단핵구 냉동보존 기법에 따른 해동 후 세포 회복률 비교 : 급속 냉각 vs 통제속도 냉각 Dump Freezing vs Controlled Rate Freezing

오상철,김병수,윤수영,박경화,윤소영,김석진,서재홍,최철원,신상원,김열홍,김준석 대한조혈모세포이식학회 2003 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.8 No.1

연구배경: 저자 등은 조혈모세포를 -80℃ 냉동고에서 급속냉각법을 통하여 경제적으로 보존하는 방법의 냉동보존 효율이 통제속도냉각 후 액체질소보존법의 냉동보존 효율과 동등한 유효기간을 규명하고자 본 연구를 시행하게 되었다. 방법: 총 20 명의 산모에서 채집한 재대혈을 대상으로 하여 10% DMSO로 제대혈을 -80℃로 급속냉각한 경우(실험군)와 통제속도냉각장치로 냉각 후 액체질소냉동고에서 보존한 경우(대조군)에서의 해동 후 세포 회복률 및 기능의 회복 정도가 동등한 기간의 범위를 파악하기 위하여 3달 간격으로 총 18개월 동안 각 군 간의 해동 후 단핵세포회복률, CFU-GM 집락회복률, CD34+ 세포회복률 등을(평균)±(표준편차)로 표시하여 Paired t test를 통하여 비교, 분석하였다. 결과: 1) 생존 단핵세포 회복률: 대조군(통제속도냉각군)과 실험군(급속냉각군)을 비교하여 보았을 때, 모든 기간 동안 각 군 간에 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 2) CFU-GM 집락 회복률: 대조군(통제속도냉각군)과 실험군(급속냉각군)을 비교하여 보았을 때 12개월 이후부터는 대조군이 실험군에 비하여 높은 경향의 회복률을 보였으나 양 군 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 3) CD34+세포 회복률: 대조군(통제속도 냉각군)과 실험군(급속 냉각군)을 비교하여 보았을 때 12개월 이후부터는 대조군이 실험군에 비하여 높은 경향의 회복률을 보였으나 양 군 간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론: 제대혈에서 채집된 단핵구를 냉동보존 시 18개월까지 -80℃ 급속 냉각법으로 보존한 군과 통제속도 냉각 후 액체질소 보존 군 간에 단핵세포 회복률, CD34 양성 세포 회복률, CFU-GM 세포 회복률의 유의한 차이가 없었음을 관찰할 수 있었다. Background: This study was designed to compare the mononuclear cell recovery rate of cord blood after thawing and freezing according to cryopreservation methods: dump freezing vs controlled rate freezing. Methods: Twenty samples of cord blood were divided into dump freezing and controlled rate freezing groups. The viable mononuclear cell, CFU-GM and CD34+ cell recovery rates were evaluated at the time of post-thawing 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months after cryopreservation with 10% DMSO and compared between two groups. Results: The mean viable mononuclear cell recovery rates from cryopreservation 1 month to 18 months of dump freezing and controlled rate freezing were 81~88% and 82~89%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between two groups. The mean CFU-GM colony and CD34+cell recovery rates of dump freezing and controlled rate freezing (cryopreservation duration: 1 month to 18 months) were 66~76% vs 71~78% and 86~95% vs 86~94%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the results of two groups. Conclusion: The -80℃ storage without rate-controlled freezing of cord blood was practically applicable with satisfactory cell recovery rates after thawing, which was comparable with those cryopreserved with controlled rated freezing and liquid nitrogen storage.

금융기관의 기업건전성평가와 내부회계관리제도 취약점 보고율과의 상관성 연구

유길현(Kil Hyun Yoo) 동국대학교 경영연구원 2016 경영과 사례연구 Vol.39 No.1

본 연구는 K은행과 관련된 상장기업 빚 비상장기업의 2008년부터 2011년 자료를 기반으로 기업신용평가와 자산건전성평가가 내부회계관리제도에 따른 취약점보고 유무에 대한 정보가 상호 유의한 관련성이 있는지를 분석해보았다. 분석결과 기업신용평가 등급은 내부회계관리제도 취약점보고에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났지만, 자산건전성평가는 내부회계관리제도 취약점보고에 통계적 유의성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 전체적으로는 상장기업의 내부회계취약점 보고 확률이 비상장기업에 비하여 낮게 나타나고 있지만 등급에 따른 취약점보고 비율은 점차 감소하고 있었다. 따라서 상장사의 경우 선행연구에서처럼 내부회계관리제도의 중요한 취약점이 사업보고서에 공시되면 주가 등에 영향을 미치기 때문에 신용등급이 우수한 회사들은 내부통제 를 사전에 잘하고 있다는 것을 의미하며, 비상장기업의 경우 내부회계관리제도 취약점을 보고하더라도 삼사보고서상 첨부되어 공시될 뿐 주가와 관계가 없기 때문에 내부회계가 취약하게 보고되는 확률이 높다는 점이다. 또한 기업건전성이 악화된 기업은 상장기업이나 비상장기업이나 내부통제가 소홀할 가능성이 많다는 것을 보여주고 있으며, 이는 내부통제 취약기업을 예측할 수 있는 내부회계관리제도의 정보 효율성이 극히 적다는 것을 의미한다고볼 수 있다. This study based on listed/unlisted company data from 2008 to 2011 about K bank analyzed whether credit rating and asset quality assessment have mutual relevance to vulnerability reporting by internal accounting control system data. Analysis shows that although credit rating of company affects internal accounting control system vulnerability reporting. asset quality assessment doesn t have statistical significance to internal accounting control system vulnerability reporting. In general reporting rate of internal accounting vulnerability reporting by listed company is lower than that of unlisted company. but reporting rate of internal accounting vulnerability reporting diminished as rating. Therefore. for listed company, when important internal accounting control system vulnerability is disclosed in business report. it affects stock prices. which means companies which have high credit ratings have good internal control system in prior. For unlisted company. the possibility of vulnerable reporting of internal control is relatively high because when they report internal accounting vulnerability it doesn t affect stock price. And companies which have worse financial health seem to have high possibility of carelessness of internal control regardless of listed/unlisted company. It means that data efficiency of internal accounting control system which predicts internal control vulnerable company is very low.