관계추론의 복잡성과 명사구의 유사성이 문법적 복잡성 처리에 미치는 영향

홍영지,이윤형 한국인지및생물심리학회 2015 한국심리학회지 인지 및 생물 Vol.27 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the inference complexity and the representational similarity on understanding of the syntactically complex sentences. More specifically, the current experiments tested whether the processes of the syntactic complexity share resources with the other general cognitive processes such as reasoning and similarity processes. The current experiments also focused on the generality of the representational similarity effect and clarifying the locus and nature of the representational similarity by testing whether the representational similarity interact with the demands of conscious reasoning processing or the demands of syntactic complexity. To do so, Korean and English monolinguals were performed the self-paced reading tasks with sentences varying syntactic complexity, representational similarity and the complexity of the inference processing. In both of the Korean and English experiments, representational similarity and the syntactic complexity showed a significant interaction while the inference complexity did not interact with other variables. The results of the Korean and English experiments suggested that processes of the representational similarity and syntactic complexity come first and share resources while they do not share resources with reasoning processing demands. 본 연구의 목적은 관계추론과 문법구조의 복잡성이 조작된 관계추론 문장의 이해 시 문장 안에 담겨있는 명사구의 유사성이 미치는 영향을 살펴보는 것을 통해 언어 이해의 기저에 있는 인지정보처리의 특성을 살펴보는 것이다. 보다 구체적으로 문법구조의 분석과정이 관계추론 및 명사구의 유사성의 처리와 같은 일반적인 처리기제를 사용하는지를 살펴보고 만일 문법구조의 분석 과정과 추론 과정이 구분된다면 문법구조의 분석과정과 추론 과정 중 어떠한 처리 단계에서 명사구의 유사성이 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 영어 화자들과 한국어 화자들을 대상으로 영어와 한국어에서 문법구조의 복잡성, 문장 내 명사구 유사성 정도 및 관계추론의 복잡성을 달리하는 문장들의 읽기 시간과 이해도를 측정하였다. 실험1에서는 영어 화자들을 대상으로 영어 문장에 대한 문장 읽기 과제를 실시하였으며 실험2에서는 한국어 화자들을 대상으로 한국어 문장에 대한 문장 읽기 과제를 실시하였다. 그 결과 실험1과 실험2에서 공통적으로 추론의 복잡성은 문법구조의 복잡성 및 명사구의 유사성과 상호작용을 보이지 않았으나 명사구의 유사성과 문법구조의 복잡성은 상호작용을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 문법구조의 복잡성에 대한 처리가 일반적인 인지처리 특성인 유사성의 처리와 공통된 처리 기제를 사용한다는 것을 보여주며 관계추론의 처리는 문법구조의 복잡성 및 명사구의 유사성에 대한 처리와는 구분되는 다른 기제를 사용하고 있음을 보여준다.

Matrix-based Bayesian Network for efficient memory storage and flexible inference

Byun, Ji-Eun,Zwirglmaier, Kilian,Straub, Daniel,Song, Junho Elsevier 2019 Reliability engineering & system safety Vol.185 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>For real-world civil infrastructure systems that consist of a large number of functionally and statistically dependent components, such as transportation systems or water distribution networks, the Bayesian Network (BN) can be a powerful tool for probabilistic inference. In a BN, the statistical relationship between multiple random variables (r.v.’s) is modeled through a directed acyclic graph. The complexity of inference in the BN depends not only on the number of r.v.’s, but also the graphical structure. As a consequence, the application of standard BN techniques may become infeasible even with a moderate number of r.v.’s as the size of an event set exponentially increases with the number of r.v.’s. Moreover, when the exhaustive set that is required for full quantification of a discrete BN node becomes intractably large, only approximate inference algorithms are feasible, which do not require the full (explicit) description of all BN nodes. We address both issues in discrete BNs by proposing a matrix-based Bayesian Network (MBN) that facilitates efficient modeling of joint probability mass functions and flexible inference. The MBN is developed for exact as well as approximate BN inference. The efficiency and applicability of the MBN are demonstrated by numerical examples. The supporting source code and data are available for download at https://github.com/jieunbyun/GitHub-MBN-code.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A new data structure for discrete Bayesian Network is proposed. </LI> <LI> Both exact and approximate algorithms are developed for BN inference. </LI> <LI> Existing BN inference methodologies are compatible with the proposed data structure. </LI> <LI> Exact and approximate inferences of BNs are unified and generalized. </LI> <LI> Numerical examples demonstrate the performance of the proposed methodology. </LI> </UL> </P>

개성공단에서 발생하는 행정법위반 형사사건의 현황과 향후 처리방안

장기석 법무부 통일법무과 2010 統一과 法律 Vol.- No.1

A number of incidents and cases take place in various forms when peoples from two different Koreas lead their life together in Gaesung Industrial Complex, where a large number of South Koreans stay while they don't in any other region of North Korea. As criminal cases involving violation of administrative law in the Gaesung Industrial Complex occurred in increasing numbers, establishing a theoretical foundation became essential to deal with those cases. And it is required to analyze various legal issues raised when determining laws to be applied to them. This matter incorporates difficult legal issues and/or legal considerations, particularly constitutional interpretation, distinct characteristics of South-North relation, features of the North Korean law, binding force of North Korean Special Act for the Gaesung Industrial Complex, relation between nationality principle and administrative penalty under South Korean Criminal Law, legislative purpose of individual administrative penalty provisions and whether to recognize intention of person to whom those provisions will apply or not. This treatise adopts International Criminal Law Application Theory’ as a basis for the application of South Korean Criminal law to cases taking place in Gaesung Industrial Complex. In other words, Gaesung Industrial Complex is regarded as a region equivalent to foreign country in ‘the Gaesung Industrial Complex-related legal relation’ as a representative of normative domain where the North takes action to cooperate as a counterpart in bringing about the peaceful reunification of the two Koreas. Also, for the North Korea's special Act regarding Gaesung Industrial Complex, its binding force is to be acknowledged as equivalent to foreign laws. Even when adopting The Analogical Application of ‘International Criminal Law Theory’, taking account of the feature of ‘administrative criminal law’ which shows a substantial difference in normative nature and structure with those of general ‘criminal law’, there still exist an important issue whether general application of the South's ‘administrative criminal law’ to Gaesung Industrial Complex is acceptable. In accordance with a resonable legal interpretation, limited application of the South's ‘administrative criminal law’ seems to be appropriate. In this treatise, academic and practical views on the criteria for its limited application are introduced particularly ‘Complementary Application in the Absence of North Korean Law - Theory’, ‘Limited Application Based on Legal Interest Protected - Theory’, ‘Limited Application Based on Comprehensive Consideration Including of Legislative Purpose and Aim - Theory' and analysis of pros and cons of each follows. By drawing a result on the basis of this analysis in the way of applying those individual views, this treatise tests which view reaches the most resonable conclusion. I expect that there will be many and lively discussions on this area. 개성공단은 다른 북한 지역과 달리 대규모의 남한 주민이 체류하고 있어, 남․북한의 주민이 함께 생활하는 과정에서 다양한 유형의 사건․사고가 발생하고 있다. 특히 개성공단 내에서 ‘행정법 위반 형사사건’이 점차 증가하고 있어, 이러한 사건에 ‘적용할 법률을 결정’함에 있어 다양한 법적 쟁점을 분석하고, 사건 처리를 위한 이론적 토대를 마련해야 할 단계에 이르렀다. 이 문제는 헌법 해석론, 남북한 특수관계론, 북한의 법적 성격, 개성공단내 북한 특별법제의 규범력, 남한 형법상 속인주의 원칙과 행정형벌 규정과의 관계, 개별 행정형벌 규정의 입법취지에 관한 해석, 적용대상자에 대하여 고의를 인정할 수 있는지 여부 등 어려운 법적 쟁점 내지 고려 사항을 내포하고 있다. 본고는 이러한 논의의 전제로서 개성공단에서 발생하는 형사사건 처리에 남한 형사법을 적용하는 근거로 ‘국제형법유추적용설’을 채택하고자 한다. 이는, 북한이 평화통일을 위한 교류협력의 상대방으로서 활동하는 대표적 규범영역인 ‘개성공단 관련 법률관계’에 있어서는 개성공단을 외국에 준하는 지역으로 평가하고, 개성공단 관련 북한의 특별법제에 대하여 외국의 법제에 준하는 규범력을 인정한다는 의미이다. ‘국제형법유추적용설’을 채택할 경우에도 일반 ‘형법’과 규범의 성격 및 구조에 많은 차이를 보이고 있는 ‘행정형법’의 특성상 개성공단에 남한의 행정형법을 전면적으로 적용하는 것이 가능한지 여부가 문제되는데, 이를 제한적으로 적용하는 것이 합리적인 법해석이라고 판단된다. 본고에서는 그 제한적 적용의 기준에 관한 견해로 학계 및 실무에서 제시된 ‘북한법 흠결 시 보충적 적용설’, ‘보호법익을 기준으로 한 제한적 적용설’, ‘입법취지와 목적 등을 종합적으로 고려한 제한적 적용설’ 등을 소개하면서 그 장단점을 분석하였다. 그리고 이러한 분석을 토대로 구체적인 개별 형사사건 사례에 각 견해를 대입하여 결과를 도출해 봄으로써, 결국 어떠한 견해가 가장 합리적인 결론에 이르는지 검증해 보았다. 향후 학계에서 이 분야에 관한 논의가 활발히 이루어지기를 기대해본다.

이진화된 컨벌루션 신경망을 위한 낮은 복잡도의 추론 가속 프로세서

최경찬,신지훈,김태환 대한전자공학회 2020 전자공학회논문지 Vol.57 No.1

This paper proposes a low-complexity processor that accelerates the inference of the binarized convolutional neural networks. The proposed processor performs overall inference by the block, whose processing steps are convolution, binarization, and pooling. Each block is formulated to have a binary input and binary output, so that additional buffers to store inter-step temporary results can be eliminated effectively. The proposed processor processes each block by decomposing it to multiple 1×1 convolutions, thereby accelerates any blocks including convolutional layer and fully-connected layer, in a consistent way. It is implemented on Cyclone V FPGA with only 1.05 K adaptive logic module (ALM) and 2304 Kbit on-chip memory, showing the complexity efficiency of 22.514 GOP/s/KALM. 본 논문은 이진화된 컨벌루션 신경망의 추론을 가속하는 낮은 복잡도의 프로세서를 제안한다. 제안하는 프로세서에서는 전체 신경망을 컨벌루션, 이진화, 풀링으로 이루어진 블록 단위로 통합적으로 처리하고, 각 블록의 입출력은 모두 이진화되어, 블록의 내부 결과물을 임시 저장하기 위한 추가적인 버퍼를 제거하였다. 또한 1×1 컨벌루션을 기반으로 임의의 컨벌루션을 분해하여 처리하고 완전 연결 레이어에서의 행렬 곱도 같은 방식으로 처리한다. 제안하는 프로세서는 완전 합성 가능한 형태의 Softcore로 제작되었고, 이를 Cyclone V FPGA에서 구현한 결과, 1.05 K의 Adaptive Logic Module과 2304 Kbit의 메모리만으로 구현되었으며 최대 25.8 GOP/s의 속도를 보인다.

모형의 복잡성, 구조 및 목적함수가 모형 검정에 미치는 영향

최경숙 ( Choi Kyung Sook ) 한국농공학회 2003 韓國農工學會誌 : 전원과 자원 Vol.45 No.4

Using inference models developed for estimation of the parameters necessary to implement the Runoff Block of the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM), a number of alternative inference scenarios were developed to assess the influence of inference model complexity and structure on the calibration of the catchment modelling system. These inference models varied from the assumption of a spatially invariant value (catchment average) to spatially variable with each subcatchment having its own unique values. Fur-thermore, the influence of different measures of deviation between the recorded information and simulation predictions were considered. The results of these investigations indicate that the model performance is more influenced by model structure than complexity, and control parameter values are very much dependent on objective function selected as this factor was the most influential for both the initial estimates and the final results.

Colletotrichum fructicola, a Member of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato, is the Causal Agent of Anthracnose and Soft Rot in Avocado Fruits cv. “Hass”

( Dionicio Fuentes-aragon ),( Sandra Berenice Juarez-vazquez ),( Mateo Vargas-hernandez ),( Hilda Victoria Silva-rojas ) 한국균학회 2018 Mycobiology Vol.46 No.2

The filamentous Ascomycota Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato is a fungus that has been reported worldwide as a causal agent of anthracnose disease in avocado and other crops. In Mexico, this species affects fruits from an early stage of development in the orchard until the post-harvest stage. Although fungicides are continuously applied to control Colletotrichum species, pericarp cankers and soft rot mesocarp in fruits are still frequently observed. Considering the lack of a precise description of the causative agent, the aim of the current study was to determine the pathogens involved in this symptomatology. Twenty-four isolates were consistently obtained from the pericarp of avocado fruits cv. “Hass” collected in the central avocado-producing area of Mexico. Morphological features such as colony growth, conidia size, and mycelial appressorium were assessed. Bayesian multilocus phylogenetic analyses were performed using amplified sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA; actin, chitin synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase partial genes; and APn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer and mating type Mat1-2 partial gene from the nine selected isolates. In addition, fruits were inoculated with a conidial suspension and reproducible symptoms confirmed the presence of Colletotrichum fructicola in this area. This pathogenic species can now be added to those previously reported in the country, such as C. acutatum, C. boninense, C. godetiae, C. gloeosporioides, and C. karstii. Disease management programs to reduce the incidence of anthracnose should include C. fructicola to determine its response to fungicides that are routinely applied, considering that the appearance of new species is affecting the commercial quality of the fruits and shifting the original population structure.

Optimal designs for estimating and testing interaction among multiple loci in complex traits by a Gibbs sampler

Lee, Chaeyoung,Kim, Younyoung Elsevier 2008 Genomics Vol.92 No.6

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>A simulation study was conducted to provide a practical guideline for experimental designs with the Bayesian approach using Gibbs sampling (BAGS), a recently developed method for estimating interaction among multiple loci. Various data sets were simulated from combinations of number of loci, within-genotype variance, sample size, and balance of design. Mean square prediction error (MSPE) and empirical statistical power were obtained from estimating and testing the posterior mean estimate of combination genotypic effect. Simultaneous use of both MSPE and power was suggested to find an optimal design because their correlation estimate (−0.8) would not be large enough to ignore either of them. The optimal sample sizes with MSPE >2.0 and power >0.8 with the within-genotype variance of 30 were 135, 675, and >8100 for 2-, 3-, and 4-locus unbalanced data. The BAGS was suggested for interaction effects among limited number (4 or less) of loci in practice. A practical guideline for determining an optimal sample size with a given power or vise versa is provided for BAGS.</P>

“youda”와 “rasii”에 관한 고찰 -복합근거를 중심으로-

하세가와히로에 ( Hiroe Hasegawa ) 한국일어일문학회 2016 日語日文學硏究 Vol.96 No.1

본고에서는 증거성 모달리티에 속하는 “youda”와 “rasii”에 대해서 고찰하였다. 지금까지 선행연구에서는 근거에 대해 “youda”의 경우는 직접적 정보, “rasii”의 경우는 간접적 정보를 이용한다는 입장이 많았다. 그러나 실제 용례들을 보면 그것으로는 설명이 안 되는 것이 존재한다. 본고는 이 근거를 감각별로 살펴보고 복합근거라는 두 가지 감각을 근거로 하는 경우에 대해 고찰하였다.그 결과 “youda”의 경우는 어원이 남아있어서 근거의 입수시기에서 현장형과 기억형의 차이는 없어지고 또 기억형에서 과거형이 사용되는 이유가 되는 것을 밝혔다. 그리고 “rasii”의 경우는 전문적 용법과의 관계로 기억형이 많이 나타내는 것을 밝히고 이 현상들은 명제내용의 구문적 형식에서도 나타낸 것도 언급했다. 마지막으로 복합근거라 해도 “youda”의 경우는 시각근거,청각근거 둘 다 추정하는 데에 있어서 기능하는 반면 “rasii”의 경우는 시각근거보다 청각근거가 근거로서 더욱 기능한다는 것을 밝혔다. The purpose of this paper is to consider the Japanese evidential markers, youda and rasii. Over the past few decades a considerable number of studies have been made on how youda and rasii express the direct/indirect evidence respectively a speaker has for his/her statement. What seems to be lacking, however, is that not all of the examples from my data could be divided with youda and rasii coding for direct/indirect evidence. Therefore, I would like to focus on the type of sensory evidence rather than direct/indirect evidence especially on cases of complex sensory evidence. The study of youda nad rasii coded in complex sensory evidence has revealed important features of their use. For example, youda is used equally for a type of remembrance and a type of utterance of direct experience because it still has its original meaning. When youda is used for utterances of remembrances the past form is used. Furthermore, rasii tends to be used for remembrances because it also carries the sense of pseudo-hearsay. A final example of complex sensory evidence is that although youda expresses both auditory and visual evidence, rasii tends to express auditory evidence rather than visual evidence.

문맥주의적 관점에서의 의미관계

이민우 한국어의미학회 2019 한국어 의미학 Vol.66 No.-

This study discusses how to view semantic relations from a contextual perspective. From a contextualist point of view, semantic relations do not exist as a fixed within the vocabulary, but rather in the individual context of use of those who use the language. So semantic relationship is variable and complex depending on usage. Meaning depends on the individual who uses the language with intent, and people reasonably interpret individual meanings. In this process, meaning is always used for communication in an unstable state of change. Semantic relations exist not as a coherent structure but as a complex system that is constantly changing, as previously thought. Therefore, in order to understand this, we should 107pay attention to the use of semantics that progress from time to time, and through this, we can capture semantic relationships as a new structure.(Cyber Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

퍼지-뉴럴 모델링과 비선형 공정 모델의 최적화

오성권,노석범,황형수,박희순 제어로봇시스템학회 1995 제어로봇시스템학회 국내학술대회 논문집 Vol.1 No.2