Wood Chemical Compositions of Raru Species Originating from Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia: Effect of Differences in Wood Species and Log Positions

( Apri Heri Iswanto ),( Fazilla Oktaviani Tarigan ),( Arida Susilowati ),( Atmawi Darwis ),( Widya Fatriasari ) 한국목재공학회 2021 목재공학 Vol.49 No.5

Raru is a lesser-known plant species originating from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Information on the characteristics is still limited, especially its chemical component. Therefore, this study aims to examine the chemical composition information of Cotylelobium lanceolatum, Cotylelobium melanoxylon, and Vatica pauciflora woods based on their axial log positions (bottom, middle, and top). The wood chemical analysis was performed in terms of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) method. Furthermore, the analysis measured holocellulose, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin content, alcohol benzene extractive content, the extractive substance in hot and water, and solubility in NaOH 1%. The results indicated that the species and their log axial positions affected different chemical components, which included α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of C. lanceolatum amounting to 41.88%, 19.39%, and 28.68% respectively. Meanwhile, for C. Melanoxylon, they were 42.01%, 21.11%, and 24.76% respectively; and for V. pauciflora wood, they were 42.95%, 23.24%, and 30.11% respectively. The average values of the extractive contents including the solubility in 1: 2 ethanol benzene, NaOH, and hot water for C. lanceolatum, C. melanoxylon, and V. pauciflora wood were (10.58%, 27.62%, 8.13%), (14.54%, 28.22%, 7.82%), and (10.95%, 28.60%, 7.57%) respectively. The wood species had a significant effect on chemical components including lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and extractive solubility in cold water. Furthermore, the axial log position had a significant effect on all the parameters of the chemical composition of the wood being tested.

< 구두-D-02 > Chemical Characteristic of Styrax sumatrana Wood from North Sumatra

( Apri Heri Iswanto ),( Yenni Suhaida Siregar ),( Arida Susilowati ),( Widya Fatriasari ) 한국목재공학회 2018 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.1

The objective of this research was to analize chemical component of Styrax sumatrana wood from North Tapanuli and Pakpak Bharat according to stem vertical orientation. Samples for analysis divided into three part of stem (based, middle, and tip). Wood chemical component analysis consited of hollocelulose, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, Acid Soluble Lignin (ASL), Acid Insoluble Lignin (AIL), and non structural component (extractive content in ethanol benzene 1:2 and ash content) were observed. Result showed that growth location influence wood chemical component. The wood chemical component from North Tapanuli and Pak Pak Bharat were 52.72 and 69.80% (hollocelulose), 25.94 and 39.87% (α-cellulose), 26,78 and 29.92% (hemicellulose), 5.49 and 4.33% (Acid Soluble Lignin), 34.37 and 20.43% (Acid Insoluble Lignin), 10.95 and 2.42% (extractive content), and for ash content is 1.37 and 0.8%. Based on stem vertical orientation observation, generally the base position has the highest value of all observed parameters.

서울 대기 중 PM1.0의 계절별 화학조성 특성

이지이,권수진,임형배,신혜정,이상진,최성득 한국대기환경학회 2022 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.38 No.6

In this study, to characterize PM1.0 concentrations and chemical composition, seasonal PM1.0 samples were collected using a single channel particulate sampler equipped with PM1.0 cyclone and quantified the chemical compositions of PM1.0. The sampling of PM1.0 was carried out at the Seoul Metropolitan Area Air Pollution Research Center located at Bulgwang in Seoul. The 8 ions (Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, Na+, NH4 +, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and 13 elements (As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, K, V, Se, and Al) were analyzed in the PM1.0 samples. The annual average of PM1.0 mass concentration was 18±10 μg/m3 with the highest in winter as 30±9 μg/m3 and the lowest of 12±6 μg/m3 in fall. Among the chemical components of PM1.0, OC was the most dominating component, and variations of OC and SO4 2- were not significant, whereas NO3 - and EC showed distinct seasonal variations, highest in winter and lowest in summer. The distributions of precursor gases, oxidation ratio, and meteorological data were used to characterize the difference in PM1.0 chemical composition between normal and heavy pollution periods. High PM1.0 concentrations in the spring were associated with increases in precursor gas concentrations, whereas in the winter, transport of PM1.0 could cause a significant effect on PM1.0 concentrations with chemical components.

줌치한지를 이용한 제품개발(I) -머구쟁이의 분류와 조성분, 펄프화를 중심으로-

전철,Jeon, Chul 한국펄프종이공학회 2003 펄프.종이技術 Vol.35 No.2

Because of its tendency of making strong Hoc on the fiber surface with fines, Meogujaengi has not been valued as a material of Hanji. As an attempt to manufacture high value-added products using the material made from Jumchihanji, this study performed morphological classification and chemical component analysis and selection of pulping of Meogujaengi method. As a result, it can be concluded as follows, 1. Meogujaengi is assumed to be a local variety of Broussonetia karinoki and its outward appearance is distinguished from Broussonetia kazinoki. 2. The bast fiber of Meogujaengi is longer and thinner than that of Broussonetia papyrifera or Broussonetia kazinoki. However, because of the coarse linear of fiber tissue, there are many clusters. 3. The cluster phenomenon of Meogujaengi is nothing to do with its chemical components. Although the contents of its chemical components are different from those of Broussonetia kazinoki, no component was found that obstructs pulping. 4. The pretreatment for suppressing the occurrence of clusters of Meogujaengi was effective, and it was necessary to do secondary beating using hollander beater after beating mixed with PAM using knife beater.

Changes in Soil Chemical Properties of Rice Paddy, Upland Field, and Greenhouse in Incheon from 2015 to 2019

Seong Heo 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.54 No.2

This study was performed with the monitoring data of soil chemical properties of rice paddy, upland field and greenhouse soils in Ganghwa, Incheon metropolitan city from 2015 to 2019. Soil pH values tended to increase gradually in three soils, but there was no significant change in that of greenhouse soil. The concentration of organic matter (OM) and available phosphate (Av. P₂O₅) have fluctuated from 2015 to 2019, showing significant differences. In 2019, the average value of OM and Av. P₂O₅ were distributed within the appropriate level suggested by Rural Development Administration. In rice paddy field, the available silicate (SiO₂) were found to be proper within the standard concentration every year. The contents of exchangeable cations were higher than the proper standard, showing significant differences among the years, except greenhouse soil. The mean concentration of EC for five years in upland and greenhouse soils were 2.5 and 5.9 dS m<SUP>-1</SUP> above the proper standard. The optimal frequencies of pH were 46.8% and 47.1% at rice paddy and upland soil, but the excessive frequency ratio of pH was 48.5% at greenhouse soil in 2019. The exchangeable cations seemed to be seriously disproportionate exceeding the optimal level by 95%. In Pearson correlation matrix, the value of exchangeable Ca had a significantly positive correlation with exchangeable Mg content at upland and greenhouse soils. By principal component analysis, the exchangeable K, Mg and OM could distinguish between greenhouse and other soils on the first principal component and the pH and Av. P₂O₅ could differentiate between rice paddy and upland soils on the second principal component.

연구보문 : 벼 육성연대에 따른 주요 품종의 수량 및 미질관련 특성의 품종변이

곽태순 ( Tae Soon Kwak ) 한국국제농업개발학회 2011 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.23 No.1

This experiment was carried out to get the basic breeding informations regarding varietal variation and correlation of the growth characters, grain yield components, and physico-chemical properties related to grain quality of the major rice varieties by the released year and ecological type. The days from seeding to heading and culm length of the varietal group released after 2000 eras were shorter than those of the varietal group released before 1970 eras. The varieties released after 2000 eras showed higher grain yield due to the increments of the numbers of panicles per hill and spikelets per panicle. The varieties released by recently showed shorter and thiner of the length and width for the brown rice. The protein content and grain quality evaluation value of the varietal group released recently were so much improved compared to the varietal groups released before 2000. The yield component related characters affects to the grain yield by the varietal groups classified by the released year were different according to the characters of the yield components. The correlation between grain quality evaluation value and protein content, amylose content showed by negatively significant.

Seasonal Variation of PM2.5 Components Observed in an Industrial Area of Chiba Prefecture, Japan

Yujiro Ichikawa,Suekazu Naito,Katsumi Ishii,Hideaki Oohashi 한국대기환경학회 2015 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.9 No.1

In order to survey the seasonal variation of the chemicalcomposition of particulate matter of 2.5 μm orless (PM2.5), PM2.5 was sampled from 8 February 2013to 31 March 2014 in an industrial area of Chiba Prefecture,Japan. Chemical measurements of the sampleincluded: ionic components (Na+, NH4+, Ca2+,Mg2+, K+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-), carbonaceous components- organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon(EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Also, secondary organic carbon (SOC) was measuredbased using the EC tracer method, and char-EC andsoot-EC were calculated from the analytical results. The data obtained were interpreted in terms of temporalvariation. Of the overall mean value of PM2.5mass concentration obtained during the study period,ionic components, OC and EC accounted for 45.3%,19.7%, and 8.0%, respectively. NO3- showed a uniqueseasonal distribution pattern due to a dependenceon temperature and absolute humidity. It wasestimated that an approximate temperature of 14℃,and absolute humidity of 7 g/m3 were critical for thereversible reaction of NH4NO3 (p) ⇋ NH3 (g)+HNO3(g). The amount of OC and EC contributing to themonthly PM2.5 mass concentration was higher in autumnand winter compared to spring and summer. This result could be attributed to the impact of burningbiomass, since WSOC and the ratio of char-EC/soot-EC showed a similar pattern during the correspondingperiod. From the comparison of monthlyWSOC/OC values, a maximum ratio of 83% was obtainedin August (summer). The WSOC and estimatedSOC levels derived from the EC tracer methodcorrelated (R=0.77) in summer. The high occurrenceof WSOC during summer was mainly due to the formationof SOC by photochemical reactions. Throughlong-term observation of PM2.5 chemical components,we established that the degree to which the abovementionedfactors influence PM2.5 composition, fluctuateswith seasonal changes.

서울 상공의 에어로졸 화학적 성분 특성에 관한 연구 (I) - NR-PM-1.0의 화학적 구성

김현재,최진수,안준영,김정호,이태형,조석연,박진수 한국도시환경학회 2022 한국도시환경학회지 Vol.22 No.2

In this study, we carried out the aircraft measurement over Seoul air-shed with a HR-ToF-AMS integrated on an aircraft in the spring of 2020. During the aircraft measurement period, the westerly wind was dominant in the Korean Peninsula and the high-concentration fine dust phenomenon occurred in the Seoul metropolitan area from March 21 to 23, 2020. The average concentration of NR-PM-1.0 for 6 research flights (RF01 to RF06) was 10.0 ± 2.7 μg/m3 to 52.9 ± 14.4 μg/ m3. The chemical composition of NR-PM-1.0 was 36-57% organic, 12-34% sulfate, 11-25% nitrate, and 10-14% ammonium, and organic component was dominant. The NR-PM-1.0 concentration (52.9 ± 14.4 μg/m3) of the Seoul flight corresponding to RF05 was the highest, and organic components and sulfate were identified as major components. The flight zone was designed into three zones according to the flight route. The highest NR-PM-1.0 concentration was shown in the Seoul downtown area (a), and the organic component was confirmed as the dominant component of NR-PM-1.0 at a level of about 50%. It was found that the aerosol flowed into the Seoul air-shed with a strong westerly wind and moved to the east and affected rural areas in the downwind direction. 2020년 봄철 항공기에 HR-ToF-AMS를 탑재하여 서울 상공에서 항공관측을 수행하였다 . 고농도 미세먼지 사례시 NR- PM-1.0의 화학적 성분의 특성을 파악하였다 . 고농도 미세먼지 현상은 2020년 3월 21부터 23일에 걸쳐 수도권에 광역적 으로 발생하였다 . 항공관측 기간동안 우리나라를 포함한 한반도는 서풍이 지배적으로 나타났다 . 항공관측 기간 우리나라 를 포함한 서울지역은 서풍이 유입되는 조건에서 고농도 미세먼지 현상이 발생하였으며 , 서울과 경기 지역의 PM-2.5는 24 ± 12 g/m3, 30 ± 16 g/m3으로 년평균 기준치보다 높은 수준으로 나타났다 . 연구비행 6회에 대한 NR-PM-1.0 평균 농 도는 10.0 ± 2.7 g/m3 - 52.9 ± 14.4 g/m3이었고 , 유기성분 36-57%, 황산염 12-34%, 질산염 11-25%, 암모늄 10-14% 비 율로 유기성분이 가장 높은 구성비를 보였다 . 유기성분에 대한 OM/OC 비는 1.85-2.02, H/C는 1.42-1.51, O/C는 0.54- 0.67 범위로 산화비율이 높은 특징을 나타냈다 . RF05에 해당하는 서울 비행의 NR-PM-1.0 농도 (52.9 ± 14.4 g/m3)가 가 장 높았는데 , 유기성분과 황산염이 주요성분으로 확인되었다 . 비행경로에 따라 3권역으로 구분하였다 . 서울을 포함한 수 도권역 (a), 충남 대형 배출원을 포함한 태안권역 (b), 강원도 전원 (숲) 지역을 포함한 (c) 영역으로 구분한다 . 도심지인 (a) 영역에서 가장 높은 NR-PM-1.0 농도를 보였으며 , 유기성분이 약 50% 수준으로 NR-PM-1.0의 주요성분으로 확인되었다 . 에어로졸은 강한 서풍을 타고 유입되었고 , 동쪽으로 이동하며 풍하 방향의 전원 지역에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다 .

血竭化学成分和药理作用的研究进展

장영,요준문,곽묘묘,우단,리려 한국피부과학연구원 2023 아시안뷰티화장품학술지 Vol.21 No.3

Sanguis Draconis , the prepared resin of the fruit of Daemonorops draco Bl., is a precious traditional medicine from Southeast Asia. It has the effects of activating blood circulation and calming pain, removing blood stasis and hemostasis, generating muscle and astringeting sores. It is used for traumatic injury, abdominal stasis and pain, traumatic bleeding, etc. The chemical composition of Sanguis Draconis is complex, mainly including flavonoids, diterpenoid acids and other effective components. Modern pharmacological studies show that Sanguis Draconis has excellent pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, promoting wound healing and so on. This paper comprehensively arranges and summarizes the research status of the variety sources, chemical components and pharmacological effects of Sanguis Draconis , so as to provide scientific basis and new ideas for future research of Sanguis Draconis.

밤나무 잎을 이용한 밤잎茶의 제조 및 이들의 화학성분

최옥범(Ok-Beom Choi),류경수(Gyurng-Soo Yoo),박근형(Kuen-Hyung Park) 한국차학회 1997 한국차학회지 Vol.3 No.2

A non-fermented steamed tea and semi-fermented rolling tea with Castanea crenata leaves were developed by tea processing methods and their chemical compositions were analyzed. The content of moiture was 5.2%, crude ash 8.6%, crude lipid 3.7%, crude protein 12.1% and crude fiber 10% in non-fermented steaming tea. In semi-fermented rolling tea moiture was 6.4%, crude ash 8.1%, crude lipid 3.2%, crude protein 11.9% and crude fiber 9.8%. The content of minerals of Castanea crenata leaf tea were Zn 2 mg%, Cu 0.2 mg%, Fe 0.4 mg%, Mn 40 mg%, Ca 40 mg%, Na 40 mg%, K 800 mg% and Mg 95 mg%. The major free sugars in tea extract were glucose, sucrose and fluctose. The tannin content was 1.8% in the non-fermented steaming tea and 1.5% in the semi-fermented rolling tea. The content of vitamin C was 1.24 mg% in the non-fermented steaming tea, but in semi-fermented rolling tea was not detected. The 15 bound amino acids and 11 free amino acid were detected in both teas. Glu, Leu, Ser, Val were major amino acids components. Also Castanea crenata leaf tea contained various essential amino acids. Myristic, palmitic, stearic, and behenic acid were detected as saturated fatty acids and oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid as unsaturated fatty acids.