Platformization Mechanism and Simulation Analysis of High-tech Service Innovation Network Based on Structural Holes Theory

보안공학연구지원센터(IJSIA) 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Security and Its Applicat Vol.9 No.10

Platformization is an important evolutionary trend of the high-tech service innovation network. From the perspective of structural holes theory, this paper studies the platformization evolution mechanism of high-tech service innovation network and the formation of different kinds of platform enterprises in this process with a simulation analysis. Results indicate that, based on the scale-free property of the high- tech service innovation network and the evolution of structural holes and so on, network evolves into platform with an approach of “appearance and differentiation of node enterprises→ modularization→ module embedded→ formation of system platform”; the node with rich structural holes has more advantages to become the platform enterprise, and the node bridging large amount of structural hole is more likely to be the system platform enterprise.

비공식노동의 플랫폼노동으로의 전환과정 : 플랫폼화의 명과 암

이찬우(Lee, ChanWoo),김진두(Kim, Jindu),이상아(Lee, SangA) 한국노동연구원 2022 노동정책연구 Vol.22 No.2

기존의 플랫폼노동 연구들은 횡단적인 관점에서 플랫폼노동의 문제를 다루면서 플랫폼화가 직접적으로 초래한 노동시장의 변화를 포착하지 못한 한계가 있었다. 본 연구는 “제도적 공식화”와 “노동과정 공식화” 개념을 활용하여 플랫폼화가 어떻게 공식성을 추동하며, 그 과정에서 나타난 다면적 결과들을 종단적으로 분석하는 시도이다. 이를 위해 택시․대리운전․퀵서비스․가사서비스 등 지역기반 플랫폼노동 사례를 심층면접과 문헌조사 자료를 활용해 비교했다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 노동과정 공식화를 통해 거래관계를 투명화하고 노동과정을 표준화하며 대인적 통제의 비합리성을 완화하였지만, 플랫폼노동자의 별점 평가에 대한 종속, 일감 경쟁 속에서 노동시간 증대와 노동강도 강화 등의 문제를 낳았다. 둘째, 제도적 공식화가 진행되면서 과거에 비해 제도적 보호의 수준이 높아졌으나, 업종 간의 속도 차이가 존재하며, 노동자들이 체감하는 제도화의 수준과는 온도 차이가 존재했다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 플랫폼화가 비공식노동의 공식화를 초래했고, 그 결과에서 명과 암이 공존하는 것을 발견했다. 본 연구는 기존 연구가 플랫폼노동의 특징을 정태적으로 이해해 온 것을 넘어서, 종단적인 관점에서 플랫폼화에 따른 변화 과정에 주목한 의의가 있다. Because existing platform labor studies have dealt with the problem of platform labor from a cross-sectional perspective, there was a limitation in being unable to capture the changes in the labor market directly caused by platformization. This study is an attempt to longitudinally analyze how platformization drives formality using the concepts of “institutional formalization” and “labor process formalization” and longitudinally analyze the multifaceted results that emerged in the process. To this end, we compared labor cases on local-based platforms, using in-depth interviews and literature research data. The results of this study are as follows. First, the formalization of the labor process through platformization has positive results in making transactional relationships transparent, standardizing work processes, and alleviating the irrationality of interpersonal control. However, in contrast, it had negative results, such as dependence on platform workers rating evaluation, increase in working hours in competition for work, and strengthening of labor intensity. Second, as institutional formalization proceeded after platformization, the degree of institutional protection for the existing informal workers was strengthened compared to the past, but the level of informality experienced by workers was still high. In conclusion, this study found that platformization caused various types of lightness and darkness for informal labor. In that respect, this study is meaningful in that it goes beyond the static understanding of the problem of platform labor in existing studies and discovers the change pattern driven by platformization from a temporal perspective.

문화산업에서의 플랫폼화: 웹툰산업을 중심으로

김수철,이현지 한국문화사회학회 2019 문화와 사회 Vol.27 No.3

This paper is intended to examine the evolution process of the web-toon industry since the early 2000s characterizing the process as the platformization of the Web-toon industry. The dominant influence of digital technology in today's cultural industry is hardly a news. The web-toon industry in Korea, which emerged as a mediator of Manhwa(comics in English) with the convergence of digital technology, is no exception. Particularly, it is almost impossible to talk about the Web-toon industry, which has become one of the most noticeable cultural industry sectors in the Korean content industry today, without considering a digital technology like the web-toon platform. Existing approaches to the Web-toon industry have presented discussions from the perspective of the narrative structure of web-toon content and digital marketing or branding, but more comprehensive and integrative analysis on the web-toon industry in terms of platformization is needed. This paper will provide an analysis on the changes in the web-toon industry in terms of platformization, particularly economic aspects (market structure), politics (power relations), and infrastructure aspects. In doing so this paper will discuss the economic, political and sociocultural implications of the significant changes in the production, distribution, and consumption processes of the web-toon, which has gained considerable attention as a major original story provider in the Korean content industry. 이 글은 2000년대 초반부터 본격적으로 등장했던 웹툰산업의 성장 과정을 웹툰산업의 플랫폼화로 특징짓고 살펴보고자 하는 논문이다. 오늘날 문화산업 분야에서 디지털 기술의 지배적 영향력은 전혀 새로운 소식이 아니다. 디지털 기술의 컨버전스화를 배경으로 만화에 대한 재매개로서 등장했던 웹툰산업도 예외가 아니다. 더욱이 웹툰플랫폼을 빼고 오늘날 한국 콘텐츠산업에서 가장 주목받는 문화산업 분야의 하나로 자리 잡은 웹툰산업에 대해 이야기하기는 거의 불가능하다. 웹툰산업에 대한 기존의 접근 방식들에서는 디지털기술의 발전에 따른 웹툰콘텐츠의 서사구조 및 콘텐츠 마케팅 등의 시각에서 조망하는 논의들이 주로 제시되었지만 웹툰산업의 플랫폼화와 그 대가와 결과들에 대한 보다 포괄적이고 통합적인 접근과 분석은 드물었다. 이 글은 웹툰플랫폼을 중심으로 한 웹툰산업의 변화를 경제적 측면(시장구조), 정치(권력관계)적 측면, 그리고 인프라스트럭처(웹툰산업 생태계)의 측면에서 살펴보고자 한다. 오늘날의 웹툰산업의 변화는 단지 기술적 차원을 넘어서 보다 웹툰산업의 시장 구조, 시장행위자들 간의 권력관계 그리고 웹툰의 소비, 생산, 유통 전반에서의 근본적 변화를 포괄할 수 있는 통합적 방식으로 다루어질 필요가 있기 때문이다. 이를 통해서 한국 콘텐츠산업에서 오리지널 스토리의 제공자로서 높은 비중을 차지하면서 주목받고 있는 웹툰산업에서의 플랫폼화로 인한 변화 및 그 변화의 경제적, 정치적 그리고 사회문화적 의미에 대하여 논의할 것이다.

콘텐츠 큐레이션의 부상과 문화매개의 플랫폼화: 푸드 콘텐츠 큐레이션 플랫폼 사례연구를 중심으로

김지현 한국문화사회학회 2024 문화와 사회 Vol.32 No.1

With the rise of food content curation platforms, there has been a surge of scholarly interest in examining their influence through the lens of cultural intermediation, a field reshaped by advances such as algorithms and user engagement features. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's concept of cultural intermediaries, this study examines the content curation practices of two cooking apps, <Ten Thousand Recipes> and <Our Table>. It combines in-depth interviews with app users and textual analysis of content curation cases to examine how both professionals and amateurs navigate content production and intermediation. This dual-method approach not only aims to reveal the nuanced perceptions of cultural intermediation among different actors within these platforms, but also represents a significant advance in the qualitative study of content curation platforms, understanding the social role and impact of platform-mediated activities.

‘읽고 싶어 훔치기까지 하는 신문’의 비결: 〈옥천신문〉 플랫폼화 사례 분석

김재영(Jaeyoung Kim) 충남대학교 사회과학연구소 2021 사회과학연구 Vol.32 No.1

While the phenomenon of news desert is publicly discussed, the Okcheon-Shinmun weekly newspaper is an unusual case. This study aims to find the elements Okcheon-Shinmun’s success. In particular, it focuses on the changes since its inception in 1989 in terms of platformization. Its key has been defined as the core value of the product or service, its openness, user experience, and hybridization. Using this framework for analysis, this study reviews the existing literature, data, and news reports. At the same time, it makes participatory observations and interviews. As a result of the analysis, Okcheon-Shinmun proves that it adheres to the core values of local grassroots weeklies. The degree and scope of openness is practical beyond the functional level. User experience is high enough that a nearly double subscription fee increase does not deter readers. It has been confirmed that it is leading enough to make full use of the online two-track strategy beyond the typical hybridization. The results suggest that as the media environment rapidly changes, it becomes increasingly important to perform the basic functions of the media, at the core of which lies the independence of editorial rights. In addition, the study discusses how Okcheon-Shinmun is easily linked with the future values of the media, such as the subscription economy, participatory journalism, and solution journalism.

뉴스의 플랫폼화와 감정의 분위기, 그리고 사회의 마음

김예란,김유정 한국언론정보학회 2024 한국언론정보학보 Vol.124 No.-

본 연구는 뉴스의 플랫폼화 현상에 주목하며, 이 공간에 참여하는 뉴스 이용자의 감정 표현의 산업적 · 사회문화적 의미를 분석했다. 우선 뉴스의 플랫폼화에서 감정이 수행하는 역할의 주효함을 실증하고, 표출된 감정의 사회문화적 의미를 분위기와 사회의 마음의 개념을 활용하여 해석했다. 뉴스의 플랫폼화 환경에서 플랫폼 간 연결성이 여러 이용 차원에서 확인되었다. 여기서 감정은 뉴스의 플랫폼화 환경에서 뉴스 이용자의 참여를 자극하는 중요한 요소라는 점이 확인되었다. 또한 댓글에 대한 질적 분석에서 드러난 주요한 분위기는 박탈된 자의 감정적 수행성으로서 불안, 분노, 두려움, 체념이다. 나아가 이 분위기가 새롭거나 일시적인 것이 아니며 장기간 한국 사회 안에 뿌리 깊게 실체화되었다는 점에서, 하나의 사회의 마음으로 확장하여 해석할 수 있는 근거가 된다. 한국사회의 마음은 우울로 쇠약해져 있다. 이는 현재 한국사회의 가장 심각하며 근본적인 문제로 심화되고 있는 생명의 종말과 미래 가능성 상실에 대한 비극적 의식인 ‘불임’으로 체화된다. The study focuses on the platformization of news and analyzes the industrial and socio-cultural significance of the emotional expressions of news users who participate in this space. First, the effectiveness of the role of emotions in the platformization of news is quantitatively proven, and the socio-cultural significance of the expressed emotions is interpreted using the concepts of mood and the mind of society. In the platformized news environment, platform connectivity was confirmed at various user levels. Here, it was confirmed that emotions are an important factor that stimulates the participation of news users in the platformized news environment. In addition, the main atmosphere revealed in the qualitative analysis of comments is anxiety, anger, fear, and resignation as the emotional performance of the dispossessed. Furthermore, in that this atmosphere is not new or temporary, but has been deeply embodied in Korean society for a long time, it provides a basis for interpretation as an extension of social mind. The mind of Korean society is weakened by depression. This is not only found in this analysis, but is also embodied in "infertility," the tragic feeling of the end of life, which is deepening as the most serious and fundamental problem of Korean society today.

한국판 플랫폼 기술사회의 형성과 질곡

이광석 비판사회학회 2023 경제와 사회 Vol.- No.139

This study intends to find the historical birth of the current techno-society in which, despite the convenience and efficiency of life that advanced technology has brought to our society, it has become a double-edged sword, reproducing or amplifying extreme antagonism, conflict, and the labor crisis. This study traces the processes of techno-power formation in our society: the so-called “techno-socialization” process, in which the government sector seeks to make IT the core logic of social operations, and “platformization,” the market desire of platform capital. In other words, this study traces back historically how the platform techno-social order built by our government and domestic and foreign Big Tech eventually became an emerging technocratic power that captured the autonomous political and everyday communicative capacities of domestic citizens and catalyzed and amplified extreme social conflicts. To concretize this, this study examines the historical process by which the social power of platforms, artificial intelligence (AI) and other intelligent information technologies has increased since the 2010s: On the one hand, in the institutional domain, this study examines the impact of a series of IT innovation policy initiatives such as the Fourth Industrial Revolution Committee and the Digital New Deal during the Moon Jae-in administration, as well as the rapid techno-social transition to a quarantine “security” state system intensified by COVID-19. On the other hand, in the industrial realm, it critically examines the negative effects that “platformization” by the big Tech with platform engines has done on our society, especially on human labor and everyday political culture.

구제의 크래프트와 모빌리티의 상연 - 부산의 재첩과 커피를 통해 본 도시의 지속-가능성에 대한 탐색 -

권두현 국제어문학회 2022 국제어문 Vol.- No.94

Kim Sum’s novel Iron (2008) is a bio-political narrative that focuses on conflict within the “Animacy Hierarchy.” This conflict is not a conflict over the scientific classification of the organic body, but rather derives from the discriminatory and exclusionary classifications concerning what a body does and can do. Kim Sum’s Iron is not just a universal history of industrial capitalism. Rather, it can also be read as a work of realism. As an industrialized city, Busan is a fitting setting for the story and its depiction of industrial history. Formerly sustained by its shipbuilding industry, Busan is now trying to develop itself into a base for the coffee industry to revitalize its infrastructure. Busan’s infrastructure and its problems have multiple layers. Among these layers are “clams,” which are a relational infrastructure in an era of crisis, connecting ecology and economy. Maintaining one’s livelihood through clam digging can be understood through the term “salvage.” The recollections of citizens of western Busan prove that these salvage practices are maintained through a diverse set of craft skills. Craft as an ecological, artisanal practice enables residents to understand their experiences and affirms the connection between experience and knowledge in a way that cannot be reduced to materiality. However, the commons that sustained clam digging was destroyed by the industrial infrastructure of industrial parks and estuarine dams. Currently, industrial parks are being converted into cafés, and Busan dreams of transforming itself into a “coffee city.” Associations based on the premise of craft, which corresponds to the connectivity of industrial society, are separated according to their functional role in a platformized coffee city, and accordingly, the association is dismantled as an individual is determined or crystallizes as a consumer or producer of coffee. The identity of an independent and autonomous consumer or entrepreneurial producer is the path through which the platform model places responsibility for its success and failure on the individual. 김숨의 소설 H철H은 ‘애니매시 위계구조(animacy hierarchy)’ 내에서 벌어 지는 갈등을 핵심으로 삼는 생명정치의 서사다. 그 갈등은 유기체적 몸 자체에 대한 과학적 분류가 아니라, 몸이 하는 일, 또는 몸이 할 수 있는 일을 둘러싼 차별적이고 배타적인 범주화에 기인한다. 김숨의 H철H은 산업 자본주의의 흥망 성쇠를 다룬 보편사로서뿐만 아니라, 구체적인 지역사와 중첩시켜 리얼리즘적으 로 독해될 여지를 두고 있다. H철H의 서사가 가시화된 지역으로는 소설이 유비 적으로 그려보인 산업사가 실제적으로 펼쳐진 부산이 적절해 보인다. 부산은 조 선산업의 도시였고, 오늘날 커피산업으로 도시를 유지하고자 욕망한다. 부산이 커피산업의 인프라를 구축하고자 시도한다는 것은 커피산업을 통해 도시의 인프 라 자체를 재구축하겠다는 의지이며, 이는 재구축될 자리에 앞서 있던 어떤 인 프라가 문제를 일으켰기 때문으로 볼 수 있다. 트러블과 함께 존재하는 부산의 인프라는 몇 겹의 레이어를 지닌다. 그 레이 어 내부에는 생태와 경제를 잇는 위기 시대의 관계적 인프라로서 ‘재첩’이 있었 다. 재첩잡이를 통한 생계의 양상은 ‘구제(salvage)’라는 개념을 통해 이해할 수 있다. 서부산 주민들의 회고는 이러한 구제 활동이 다양한 크래프트를 통해 이루어지고 있었음을 증명한다. 생태적-장인적 실천으로서의 크래프트는 주민들 이 그들의 살아 있는 경험을 스스로 이해할 수 있도록 하며, 물질성에 환원할 수 없는 방법으로 체현과 지식 사이의 연결을 긍정한다. 그리고 크래프트는 구 제를 통해 정동적 축적(affective accumulation)을 통해 어소시에이션을 만 든다. 그러나 크래프트를 발동시킨 재첩이라는 커먼즈는 공단과 하굿둑이라는 산업적 인프라에 의해 붕괴되었다. 이는 정동적 관계의 붕괴다. 오늘날 공단은 다시 한번 카페로 그 모습을 바꾸어가고 있고, 부산은 ‘커피도 시’로의 변신을 꿈꾼다. 산업사회의 접속력에 다름 아닌 크래프트를 전제에 둔 어소시에이션은 플랫폼화된 커피도시에서 기능적 역할에 따라 분리되고, 이에 따라 어소시에이션은 개인으로 해체되어 커피의 소비자 또는 생산자로 결정(화) 된다. 독립적이고 자율적인 소비자 또는 기업가적인 생산자로서의 정체성은 플 랫폼 모델이 그 성공과 실패에 대한 책임을 개인에게 전가하는 경로이다.

금융이 지배하는 전환? - 경제의 디지털화를 향한 한국 국가 프로젝트와 금융

김명수 비판사회학회 2023 경제와 사회 Vol.- No.140

The study argues that the idea of digitizing the economy is at the center of various transformation programs that have been promoted as a national strategies in recent years, and that the overall entirety of these national projects are driven by financial drivers and interest. Using historical and theoretical analysis of the power of finance that drives the digitalization of the economy as a reference point for the study, it explains how micro- and macro-level management strategies that emerged after the COVID-1) crisis were interconnected in terms of intervention for the digitalization of the economy. Τhen, by examining the implementation methods and effects of the policy programs promoted in terms of ‘micro level emergency support’ and ‘industrial transformation at the macro level’ from the perspective of financing, distribution(investment), and recovery, it analyzes how the financial interests have infiltrated in this process and what paradoxical effects they have produced. Through this, it is pointed out that finance-based crisis management has resulted in the integration of the individual/family sector, which were in crisis of business or employment, and the ‘new growth’ business sector into financial revenue circuit, resulting in negative social effects that can be referred to as the ‘trap of financial (debt)’, such as the dual effect of socialization of transformation risks and costs and privatization of rewards, or increasing financial risks, etc. Furthermore, it is argued that this process has been a transformation of Korean society, or more precisely, of individual entrepreneurs, households, and start-up business sectors, into a financially driven digital economy through the provision of financial liquidity (debt) and capital investment. In this way, this study shows how an inverted pattern emerged in which public or industrial policies promoted as a pan- national strategy were dominated or driven by financial logic(motivation).

디지털 전환 시대, 교양교육의 현황과 방향성

남진숙 중앙대학교 다빈치미래교양연구소 2023 교양학연구 Vol.- No.22

This paper examines the current status of liberal arts education in the era of digital transformation, and presents the direction of liberal arts education from the perspective of a paradigm. In the meantime, digital transformation education and research in liberal arts education reveals its characteristics and limitations. Although the importance of literacy education is recognized in the digital era, it is biased toward writing education, there is little development of effective educational contents or subjects, and it is limited to the humanities point of view and the technical part is not collaborated. In addition, there are few convergence digital liberal arts education, and there are very few systematic digital liberal arts education courses, etc. Accordingly, as the direction for the digital transformation of liberal arts education, the digital education environment of the national and school system, strengthening the digital capabilities of instructors and learners, using educational tools, developing and platforming digital convergence education contents, big data circulation education, etc. were suggested. In conclusion, the important liberal arts education in the digital age should not only emphasize the technical aspect, but also should be able to provide its substantiality. Liberal education in the digital age should use the tool of digital and move in a direction that can still express the creative abilities and imagination of humans.