낙동강유역거버넌스의 격차분석

김창수(Kim Chang Soo) 한국지방정부학회 2018 지방정부연구 Vol.22 No.1

이 글에서는 OECD에서 활용하고 있는 격차분석틀을 적용하여 낙동강유역거버넌스를 진단하고 분석해보았다. 2002년 낙동강수계특별법 제정에 근거한 낙동강유역거버넌스를 통해 수질개선효과를 어느 정도 달성하였지만 유역 내 갈등은 심화되고 있었는데, 이는 직접적인 이해당사자인 유역주민들이 충분한 정보를 공유하고 의견을 표명할 수 있는 소통과 협력의 장치가 미흡하기 때문인 것으로 분석되었다. 환경부는 낙동강유역환경청과 환경공단 등을 중심으로 수직적으로 협력구조를 형성하지만, 유역의 지방정부와 지역주민들과 소통하고 협력하는 구조와는 괴리되어있었다. 국토교통부 역시 수량관리의 차원에서 부산지방국토관리청과 홍수통제소 등과 수직적 협력구조만을 형성하고 있었다. 낙동강수계에서 유일한 공론의 장인 낙동강수계관리위원회는 주민대표들이 의사결정에 참여할 수 있는 소통과 협력의 거버넌스는 작동하지 않고 있었다. 낙동강유역거버넌스는 책임, 목표, 관리, 역량, 재정, 정보 그리고 정책에 이르기까지 좋은 거버넌스로 보기에는 격차가 크게 나타났기 때문에 다각도의 격차완화를 위한 노력이 요구되는 것으로 분석되었다. 7가지 거버넌스 격차를 완화하고 낙동강유역의 공생공영을 위해서는 소통과 협력을 위한 민주적 유역거버넌스를 구축하는 것이 가장 시급한 과제로 평가되었다. 먼저 낙동강수계특별법의 개정을 통해 낙동강수계관리위원회를 낙동강유역관리위원회로 확대 개편하면서 지역주민들이 일정 비율 이상 구성에 참여하도록 하여 정보를 공유하고 책임성을 높일 필요가 있다. 이를 통해 상류지역에서 개발 행위가 있으면 공론과 담론의 장을 열어서 합의형성을 할 수 있는 장치가 필요하다. 무엇보다 물관리기본법 제정과 정부조직법의 개정을 통해 제도적 기반을 제공하는 것이 요구된다. The purpose of this study is to analyze water governance of Nakdong River Basin from the viewpoint of multi-level governance framework of OECD. The findings of seven gaps analysis are as follows. Firstly, only formal governments were accountable for the water management excluding residents living in Nakdong River Basin. Secondly, related actors on Nakdong River Basin are not sharing common goals without cooperating with one another. Thirdly, the integration of water-related agencies has begun since 1995 for supplying water, treating wastewater, and defending flooding unsuccessfully to abridge administrative gap. Fourthly, fair tax system and economic incentive mechanism are unsatisfactorily designed for overcoming the divide among regions to abridge capacity gap. Fifthly, the centralized financial system based on Beneficiary Pays Principle rather than Interest, Pay and Say Principle of the Netherlands, and gives rise to moral hazard and undermines the foundation of water governance on Nakdong River Basin. Sixthly, Korean government has not succeeded in integrating water agencies and public water corporations into optimal size to abridge information gap between central government and regional governments for 20 years. Lastly, Korean government has not succeeded in legislating National Water Act fostering regional water governance since 1995. In conclusion I suggest that legal-structural integration among water-related central departments, regional level authorities, and local governments should be proceeded in the long run to abridge the above 7 gaps. I also suggest that in case structural integration is not easy horizontal cooperation and multi-level cooperation among water-related actors based on Water Act legislation and steering basin committee be needed for successful water governance on Nakdong River Basin.

Assessment of Nakdong River Basin Management: Target Water Quality Achievement and Future Challenges

강경환,김중현,전현진,김경우,변임규 한국방재학회 2020 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.20 No.2

In 2006, the Korean Ministry of Environment established <The 1st Water Environment Management Master Plan>. The plan aimed at “Clean Water, Eco River 2015” and guided water quality protection and strengthened water management. This study evaluated the achievement of the target water quality among the 33 mid-level basins in the Nakdong River basin and assessments of the causes of non-achievement of the target water quality by mid-level basins. According to the 2015 water quality data, only 16 of the 33 mid-level basins achieved the target water quality. The low achievement of the target water quality was attributed to the failure to predict the pollutant load at the time of planning, problems with the management of tributaries, implementation of the <Four major river restoration project>, and problems with the representativeness of the water quality representative points. In addition, feasibility studies on the water quality monitoring representative point used in each mid-level basin were also performed; some mid-level basins required improvement or change of the representative points. This study also suggested further research to improve water quality, such as detailed studies of the management of pollutant load, mainstream tributaries, and water quality indicators, for the revision of the current ongoing <The 2nd Water Environment Management Master Plan>.

Assessment of Nakdong River Basin Management: Target Water Quality Achievement and Future Challenges

Kang, Kyeong Hwan,Kim, Junghyeon,Jeon, Hyeonjin,Kim, Kyoungwoo,Byun, Imgyu 한국방재학회 2020 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.20 No.2

2006년, 환경부에서는 <제1차 물환경관리 기본계획>을 수립하였다. 이 계획은 “Clean Water, Eco River 2015”를 목표로 수질을 보호하고 수자원의 관리를 강화하기 위하여 수립되었다. 본 연구는 낙동강 대권역 내 33개 중권역의 목표수질 달성 여부 및 미달성 중권역의 원인을 분석, 평가 하였다. 2015년 수질 데이터에 따르면, 낙동강 대권역 내 33개 중권역 중 16개 중권역이 계획수립 시 목표수질을 달성하였다. 이러한 낮은 목표수질 달성율은 계획 수립 당시 오염물질 부하 예측, 지류관리 문제, 4대강 사업 및 수질측정 대표지점에 대한 타당성 등의 문제점으로 인해 발생된 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 각 중권역 내 수질측정 대표지점에 대한 타당성을 조사한 결과, 일부 중권역에는 수질측정 대표지점 개선 및 변경이 필요한 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 현재 진행중인 <제2차 물환경관리 기본계획>의 높은 달성율을 위한 오염 물질 부하 관리와 본류 및 지류 관리, 수질 측정 지표에 대한 연구와 같은 수질 개선을 위한 추가 연구도 제안하였다. In 2006, the Korean Ministry of Environment established <The 1st Water Environment Management Master Plan>. The plan aimed at “Clean Water, Eco River 2015” and guided water quality protection and strengthened water management. This study evaluated the achievement of the target water quality among the 33 mid-level basins in the Nakdong River basin and assessments of the causes of non-achievement of the target water quality by mid-level basins. According to the 2015 water quality data, only 16 of the 33 mid-level basins achieved the target water quality. The low achievement of the target water quality was attributed to the failure to predict the pollutant load at the time of planning, problems with the management of tributaries, implementation of the <Four major river restoration project>, and problems with the representativeness of the water quality representative points. In addition, feasibility studies on the water quality monitoring representative point used in each mid-level basin were also performed; some mid-level basins required improvement or change of the representative points. This study also suggested further research to improve water quality, such as detailed studies of the management of pollutant load, mainstream tributaries, and water quality indicators, for the revision of the current ongoing <The 2nd Water Environment Management Master Plan>.

낙동강수계 인공습지의 영양염 저류 효과

이병현(Byunghyun Lee),정인용(Inyong Jeong),김태석(Tae Suk Kim),문보라(Bora Moon),이석모(Suk Mo Lee) 한국생태공학회 2022 한국생태공학회지 Vol.9 No.1

As projects for maintenance and restoration of the river basin ecosystem are implemented, a riverine ecobelt creation project is being promoted to purchase and restore land in the Nakdong River basin. This study analyzed the effects of nutrients retention at two artificial wetlands and one pot seedling restoration area created by the Nakdong River basin's riverine ecobelt creation project. By type of retention, the amount of nutrient stored by plants was the highest, and the amount of nutrient stored by land plants was higher than that of aquatic plants. The total amount of retention was the largest in september in all study sites. As a result of evaluating the nutrients retention effect of each study site, the reduction rate of pot seedling restoration area was the highest. And the result showed that pot seedling restoration area reduces nutrients by 10.19% of nitrogen, 58.89% of phosphorus out of the total nutrients loading, through the only 5.95% area of the total basin area. Considering the Nakdong River basin's riverine ecobelt creation project in terms of the nutrients retention effect, it is more appropriate for that purpose to promote planting-type creation projects such as pot seedling restoration.

낙동강 수계 배출원별 유해물질 오염실태 조사

이인정 ( In Jung Lee ),이철구 ( Chul Gu Lee ),허성남 ( Seong Nam Heo ),이재관 ( Jae Gwan Lee ),김혜란 ( Hye Ran Kim ),양득석 ( Deuk Seok Yang ),김종하 ( Jong Ha Kim ),이용희 ( Yong Hee Lee ) 한국환경분석학회 2011 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.14 No.3

There are many industrial factories in the central Nakdong river basin and have been occurred water pollution accidents by hazardous chemicals such as phenol, 1,4-dioxane and perchlorate. The object of this study is to establish the database on the hazardous chemicals for the industrial wastewater and to prevent the pollutant accident of the Nakdong river. We categorized 20 hazardous chemicals potentially discharged into the Nakdong river. The concentrations of 20 compounds were measured in surface water samples, wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) influents/effluents and wastewater discharge facilities in the Nakdong River basin. One compound( 1,4-dioxane) was detected in surface waters and three(1,4-dioxane, perchlorate, vinyl acetate) were detected in WWTPs. Eleven compounds(beryllium, perchlorate, 1,3-butadiene, vinyl acetate, ethyl acrylate, styrene, hexachloroethane, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, 4,4`-bisphenol A) were detected in wastewater discharge facilities. 1,4-Dioxane was most frequently observed in surface waters, WWTPs and wastewater discharge facilities.

낙동강 유역의 지속적인 이용을 위한 미래예측

김진이,이석모 한국환경과학회 2001 한국환경과학회지 Vol.10 No.4

A macroeconomic minimodel was simulated to suggest the public policy for sustainable use of Nakdong River Basin. The minimodel for the simulation shows the interrelationships between natural environment and economic activity. Topsoil, water, economic assets, and money stock are plotted for 300 years, beginning with 1996 in each simulation. The computer simulation runs suggest that the Nakdong River Basin system in the near future may strongly be influenced by the favorable availability of outside resources, while the economic assets and money stock may be declined by indigenous environmental stock depletion. The simulation run made under the constant decrease in systems purchased inputs with investment ratio of developed country and for sustainable use. The results of simulation shows the recover of natural environment and decrease of economic activity under these condition. Therefore, the economic structure of Nakdong River Basin should be transformed from the present industrial structure to the social-economic structure based on an ecological-recycling concept which depend on renewable resources rather than industrial structural which depend on outside resources.

낙동강 유역의 연안 해저지하수 유출특성에 관한 연구

김대선 ( Daesun Kim ),정한철 ( Hahn Chul Jung ) 대한원격탐사학회 2021 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.37 No.6

연안지역의 해저지하수 유출(SGD)은 하천과 함께 영양염류와 미량금속 등을 해양으로 유입시키는 주요 수송로 역할로써 중요성이 대두되고 있다. 이에 우리나라 육상의 연안지역인 낙동강 대권역 유역에 대해 1986년부터 2020년까지 35개년의 월별 SGD를 추정하고 계절적 변화와 시공간적 특성을 분석하였다. SGD 산출지점인 낙동강 연안유역은 SRTM(Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM(Digital Elevation Model) 자료를 이용하여 210개의 유역을 추출하였으며, 우리나라에 적용가능한 가장 높은 해상도의 전지구 모델인 FLDAS (Famine Early Warning Systems Network Land Data Assimilation System) 10 km recharge를 통해 추정한 낙동강 연안유역의 연평균 SGD는 466.7 ㎡/yr 로 나타났다. 낙동강 연안유역 SGD는 시계열적으로 큰 변동성은 없었으나 여름에 집중되던 SGD유출이 가을철로 주요유출 시기가 확대되는 경향을 보였다. 또한 공간적으로는 큰 수계와 인접한 연안지역에서 계절에 관계없이 SGD 유출이 많고 1980년대 이후로 시간적 변화에 따라 다소 증가하고 있는 경향을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 낙동강 지역의 강수패턴의 시기가 확대되며, 기저유량이 많은 지역의 집수량이 높은 데에 따른 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구는 우리나라의 SGD 특성을 탐구하기 위한 모델링 기법을 제시한 선행적 연구이며 우리나라 해저지하수 유출이 해양에 미치는 영향과 연안관리를 위한 기초자료로 활용성이 기대된다. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in coastal areas is gaining importance as a major transport route that bring nutrients and trace metals into the ocean. This paper describes the analysis of the seasonal changes and spatiotemporal characteristics through the modeling monthly SGD for 35 years from 1986 to 2020 for the Nakdong river basin. In this study, we extracted 210 watersheds and SGD estimation points using the SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM (Digital Elevation Model). The average annual SGD of the Nakdong River basin was estimated to be 466.7 ㎡/yr from the FLDAS (Famine Early Warning Systems Network Land Data Assimilation System) recharge data of 10 km which is the highest resolution global model applicable to Korea. There was no significant time-series variation of SGD in the Nakdong river basin, but the concentrated period of SGD was expanded from summer to autumn. In addition, it was confirmed that there is a large amount of SGD regardless of the season in coastal area nearby large rivers, and the trend has slightly increased since the 1980s. The characteristics are considered to be related to the change in the major precipitation period in the study area, and spatially it is due to the high baseflow-groundwater in the vicinity of large rivers. This study is a precedent study that presents a modeling technique to explore the characteristics of SGD in Korea, and is expected to be useful as foundational information for coastal management and evaluating the impact of SGD to the ocean.

원단위를 이용한 낙동강유역 비점오염 배출특성 분석

전지홍,장태권,황하선,최동혁,김태동 한국도시환경학회 2010 한국도시환경학회지 Vol.10 No.3

Spatial change of nonpoint source pollutant loadings along Nakdong River Basin was analyzed using discharged pollutant loading calculated by unit load. Nonpoint source pollutions were more loaded than point source pollution at Nakdong River Basin and increased steadily from upper to down river basin. Major source of nonpoint source pollution from Nakdong River Basin was land cover and second major source of that was livestock. Major source of land cover as nonpoint source pollution was urban for BOD item, forested and agricultural area for T-N and urban, agricultural,forested area with similar ratio for T-P item. Overall nonpoint source pollutions from upland and forest were decreased and thoes from paddy rice filed and urban area were increased as river goes from upstream to downstream. The pollutant loading rates from subwatershed located at downstream were higher than other subwatershed and major source of nonpoint source pollution were land cover and livestock. 본 연구에서는 낙동강 유역을 대상으로 원단위에 의해 계산된 배출부하량을 이용하여 비점오염원의 공간적인 분포를분석하였다. 낙동강유역에서의 비점오염부하량은 점오염부하량에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 하류로 갈수록 비점오염부하량이 차지하는 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 낙동강 유역의 주요한 비점오염원은 토지계인 것으로 나타났으며 다음이 축산계인 것으로 나타났다. 토지계에서의 주요한 비점오염원은 BOD는 대지, T-N은 산림과 농경지인 것으로 나타났으며, T-P는 대지, 산림, 농경지가 비슷한 비율을 나타내었다. 전반적으로 논을 제외한 농경지와 산림은 하류로 갈수록감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 논과 대지는 하류로 갈수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.

Assessment of the vulnerability of groundwater level management in Nakdong river basin

Yang, Jeong-Seok,Lee, Jae-Beom,Kim, Il-Hwan 한국수자원학회 2017 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.50 No.12

TOPSIS (Techniques for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution)를 이용하여 낙동강 유역의 21개 시 ․ 군을 대상으로 지하수위 관리 취약성을 평가하였다. 낙동강 유역 21개 시 ․ 군을 대상으로 자연, 인문, 사회적 자료를 수집하여 10개의 지표를 선정하였다. 선정된 지표를 스케일 재조정법을 이용하여 표준화 하고, 전문가 집단의 설문을 반영하여 각 지표에 가중치를 부여하였다. 가중치 산정 설문 결과 연평균 지하수 위 지표가 0.157으로 가장 큰 가중치를 받았으며, 연평균 강수량 지표가 0.154, 연도별 지하수함양량 지표가 0.152로 얻어졌다. 가장 적은 가중치를 얻은 지표는 인구 밀도로 0.043 의 가중치를 얻었다. 최종적으로 지하수위 관리 취약성 평가 결과, 상주가 연평균 강수량, 연평균 지하수 함양 량, 연평균 지하수 이용량 지표에서 높은 순위의 취약성을 보여 낙동강 유역 21개 시 ․ 군 단위 행정구역 중 가장 취약한 것으로 결과가 나타났다. 그 뒤로 예천군, 함안군의 순으로 취약성이 높게 나타났다. 향후 한국의 5대강 유역 지하수위 관리 취약성 평가는 전국 지하수위 관리 정책 수립에 필수적이라고 판단된다. Groundwater management vulnerability was assessed using TOPSIS (Techniques for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution) for 21 administrative districts in Nakdong river basin. Ten indicators were selected for 21 administrative districts in the Nakdong river basin by collecting natural, human, and social data sets. The selected indicators were standardized using rescale method, and each indicator was weighted by considering the questionnaire of expert group. The results of the weights determination survey showed that the annual average groundwater level index was 0.157 and this is the highest value. The annual average precipitation index was 0.154 and the annual groundwater recharge index was 0.152. The lowest weighted index was 0.043 for population density. Finally, the result of assessment of groundwater management vulnerability showed that Sangju-si was the most vulnerable to groundwater management among 21 administrative districts in Nakdong river basin because the annual average precipitation, annual average groundwater recharge, and annual average groundwater use indicators were highly vulnerable. The second and the third vulnerable regions were Yecheon-gun and Haman-gun respectively. The assessment of groundwater management vulnerability for the five major river basins in Korea can be a essential basis for the establishment of groundwater management policy.

낙동강 유역 지하수위 관리 취약성 평가

양정석,이재범,김일환 한국수자원학회 2017 한국수자원학회논문집 Vol.50 No.12

Groundwater management vulnerability was assessed using TOPSIS (Techniques for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution) for 21 administrative districts in Nakdong river basin. Ten indicators were selected for 21 administrative districts in the Nakdong river basin by collecting natural, human, and social data sets. The selected indicators were standardized using rescale method, and each indicator was weighted by considering the questionnaire of expert group. The results of the weights determination survey showed that the annual average groundwater level index was 0.157 and this is the highest value. The annual average precipitation index was 0.154 and the annual groundwater recharge index was 0.152. The lowest weighted index was 0.043 for population density. Finally, the result of assessment of groundwater management vulnerability showed that Sangju-si was the most vulnerable to groundwater management among 21 administrative districts in Nakdong river basin because the annual average precipitation, annual average groundwater recharge, and annual average groundwater use indicators were highly vulnerable. The second and the third vulnerable regions were Yecheon-gun and Haman-gun respectively. The assessment of groundwater management vulnerability for the five major river basins in Korea can be a essential basis for the establishment of groundwater management policy. TOPSIS (Techniques for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution)를 이용하여 낙동강 유역의 21개 시 ․ 군을 대상으로 지하수위 관리 취약성을 평가하였다. 낙동강 유역 21개 시 ․ 군을 대상으로 자연, 인문, 사회적 자료를 수집하여 10개의 지표를 선정하였다. 선정된 지표를 스케일 재조정법을 이용하여 표준화 하고, 전문가 집단의 설문을 반영하여 각 지표에 가중치를 부여하였다. 가중치 산정 설문 결과 연평균 지하수위 지표가 0.157으로 가장 큰 가중치를 받았으며, 연평균 강수량 지표가 0.154, 연도별 지하수함양량 지표가 0.152로 얻어졌다. 가장 적은 가중치를 얻은 지표는 인구 밀도로 0.043 의 가중치를 얻었다. 최종적으로 지하수위 관리 취약성 평가 결과, 상주가 연평균 강수량, 연평균 지하수 함양량, 연평균 지하수 이용량 지표에서 높은 순위의 취약성을 보여 낙동강 유역 21개 시 ․ 군 단위 행정구역 중 가장 취약한 것으로 결과가 나타났다. 그 뒤로 예천군, 함안군의 순으로 취약성이 높게 나타났다. 향후 한국의 5대강 유역 지하수위 관리 취약성 평가는 전국 지하수위 관리 정책 수립에 필수적이라고 판단된다.