On Tone and Morphophonology of the Akan Reduplication Construction

Emmanuel Nicholas Abakah 세종대학교 언어연구소 2015 Journal of Universal Language Vol.16 No.1

Reduplication in Akan has received some discussion in theliterature but all the studies have concentrated on some aspects of segmental processes that operate on the base to generate the output. In this paper, we study the morphological, segmental and tonal processes related to reduplicative construction in Akan. We demonstrate that on the basis of tonal perturbations which bases and reduplicative templates undergo, and the output tone melody of the reduplicated form vis-à-vis the tone melody of the base, we are able to tell the base from the reduplicant in the Akan reduplicative structure. We argue in the central portions of this paper that the reduplicant in Akan could be either prefixed or suffixed to the base and, in the course of further reduplication construction, it could be sited within the two constituenttokens of the original reduplicative output which serves as an unmarked base for further reduplication. This piece of information counterexemplifies the assertion in the existing literature that in the Akan reduplication construction, the reduplicant is invariably prefixed to the base. In this paper, we study reduplication of verbs, adjectives, nouns, and lexical reduplication and demonstrate that words belonging to the same class behave tonally the same.

형태음운론적 교체에 대하여

김경아 ( Gyeong A Kim ) 한국어교육학회 2003 국어교육 Vol.- No.110

언어를 배우는 <근거>는 어디에 있는가 ―한국어 교육의 시점―

노마히데키 한글학회 2008 한글 Vol.- No.282

This paper examines the significance of non-native speakers of Korean learning the Korean language, and attemptsto answer the question: if there are reasons why a person learns a language that is not their original native language, what are those reasons? This paper looks at the issue from the following two perspectives: (1) Problems relating to the system of letters called “Hangul,” and the book called “Hunmin Jeongeum.” (2) Problems relating to native languages and non-native languages, and the formation of native languages. (1) The creation of Hangulin 15th century Korea, was not simply the birth of a new alphabet; it prompted a revolution in Korea’s modes of knowledge. This can be called the “Jeongeum Écriture Revolution.” Syllabically composed Hangul phonograms were a tetrachotomy, wherein syllables are indicated by 4 elements: initial + medial + final, and pitch accent. The Korean language is a language with extreme sound changes from the morphophonological viewpoint, and Hangulis an orthographic system for precisely portraying these changes. The “initialization of finals” is an important device for effecting such morphophonological changes. Even though this initialization of finals is a transformation at the level of syllabic structure, it is also crosses over with the level of phonological alternation in modern phonology. Almost the only device for countering this initialization of finals is /n/ epenthesis. The morphology and Gestalt of Hangulprompted a revolutionary shift toward aesthetics and aesthetic awareness of the dynasty, exemplified by the aesthetics of calligraphy. On this point, the creation of Hangul can be regarded as the “Jeongeum Gestalt Revolution.” Problems relating to Hangul and the “Hunmin Jeongeum” can be an important answer to the question “Why the Korean Language?” (2) In general, a native language is an invaluable thing for all individuals. A native language cannot be replaced, but it can be switched for a child. It is possible for a native language to be lost. Language does not just connect people together, it also breaks them apart. The interaction of a person with other people through language is truly a repetition of the act of learning= teaching a language. A native language is the language which lives inside an individual through the ceaseless repetition of this act. All the languages which a person hears when they are young are languages which could have been their native language. The languages of other people are languages which might have been their native language, i.e. they are another native language. This is the real reason for learning a language. Language education must be regarded as the primordial act of simultaneously looking at oneself and others as a species being, not just an activity driven by language’s use as a tool. 본고는 한국어 비모어 화자가 한국어를 배우는 의미를 묻고, 또한 사람이 자신의 모어(native language)가 아닌 언어를 배우는 것에 깊은 <근거>(reasons)가 있다고 한다면 그러한 <근거>는 어디에 존재하는가에 대하여 고찰한 것이다. 본고는 다음 두 가지 문제에 주목한다: (1) 한글이라는 문자 시스템과 『훈민정음』이라는 서적을 둘러싼 제문제. 이 제문제는, <왜 한국어인가>라는 물음에 대한 중요한 해답이 될 수 있는 것이다. (2) 모어와 비모어, 모어 형성을 둘러싼 제문제. 일반적으로 모어는 모든 개인에게 있어서 더할 나위 없이 소중한 존재이다. 어릴 적 들려왔던 모든 언어는 그 어느 것도 자신의 모어일 수 있었던 언어이다. 타자의 언어라는 것은 모어일 수도 있었던 언어, 이를테면 또 다른 하나의 모어이다. 언어를 배우는 근거는 바로 여기에 존재한다. 언어 교육은, 언어를 배운다는 것을 단순히 <도구로서의 언어>가 아니라, <유적 존재>(Gattungswesen; a species being)로서의 자신과 타자를 동시에 바라보는 근원적인 영위로서 정립시킬 수 있다.

음운론과 형태론의 접면에 대한 일고찰

홍희정 어문연구학회 2023 어문연구 Vol.116 No.-

Phonology and morphology are separate branches of linguistics that are strictly distinct. However, when observing the linguistic phenomenon that actually appears in modern Korean, it can be seen that it is difficult to explain completely the phenomenon by choosing only one subfield. In particular, the alternation of morpheme has been drawn a lot of attention as one of the phenomena corresponding to the interface of phonology and morphology. The alternation of morpheme is a phenomenon in which the phonemes at the boundary change into other phonemes when morphemes and morphemes are combined, and the issue of whether it belongs to the domain of phonology or morphology has been discussed. In this process, the establishment of ‘morphophonology’, a new field that deals only with the alternation of morpheme, was also discussed. However, considering the problem of the unit called morphophoneme, it can be seen that the establishment of morphophonology is unnecessary. Accordingly, this study discussed the properties of the interface of phonology and morphology and the phonological phenomenon in irregular conjugation, one of the examples of such interfaces. It is certainly true that there are interfaces between phonology and morphology, which overlap each other, and through the linguistic phenomenon corresponding to these interfaces, we can understand phonology and morphology at a higher level. The phonological phenomenon in irregular conjugation is a representative linguistic phenomenon that can understand the interface between phonology and morphology. Unlike the regular conjugation, the phonological phenomenon that occurs in irregular conjugation is difficult to explain the combination of the stem and the ending with synchronic phonological rules or constraints. It is also impossible to generalize the phonological environment of predicates that shows the same pattern. Therefore, by examining the phonological phenomenon in irregular conjugation, it is possible to deepen the understanding of the interface of phonology and morphology. 음운론과 형태론은 엄밀히 구분되는 별개의 언어 부문이다. 그런데 현대국어에서 실제로 나타나는 언어 현상을 관찰하다 보면, 하나의 하위 부문만을 택하여 그 현상을 온전히 설명하기 어렵다는 것을 알 수 있다. 특히 형태소의 교체는 음운론과 형태론의 접면에 해당하는 현상 중 하나로 많은 관심을 받아 왔다. 형태소 교체는 형태소와 형태소가 결합할 때 그 경계에 놓인 음운이 다른 음운으로 변동하는 현상으로서, 이를 음운론의 영역에 속한다고 볼 것인지 형태론의 영역에 속한다고 볼 것인지의 문제가 논의되어 왔다. 이 과정에서 형태소의 교체만을 다루는 새로운 부문인 ‘형태 음운론’의 설정이 논의되기도 하였다. 그러나 형태 음운이라는 단위의 문제 등을 고려하면 형태 음운론의 설정이 불필요한 것임을 알 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 음운론과 형태론의 접면이 가지는 속성과 그러한 접면의 예 중 하나인 불규칙 활용에서의 음운 현상을 논의하였다. 음운론과 형태론 사이에 서로 겹치는 부분인 접면이 있다는 것은 분명한 사실이고, 이러한 접면에 해당하는 언어 현상을 통해 음운론과 형태론을 보다 높은 수준에서 이해할 수 있기 때문이다. 불규칙 활용에서의 음운 현상은 음운론과 형태론의 접면을 이해할 수 있는 대표적인 언어 현상이다. 불규칙 활용에서 나타나는 음운 현상은 규칙 활용과는 달리 어간과 어미의 결합을 공시적인 음운 규칙이나 제약 등으로 설명하기 어려운 것이다. 또한 같은 양상을 보이는 용언들의 음운 환경을 일반화할 수도 없다. 따라서 불규칙 활용에서의 음운 현상을 살핌으로써 음운론과 형태론의 접면에 대한 이해를 심화할 수 있다.

English Loanwords and the Word-Final [t] Problem in Korean

Davis, Stuart,Kang, Hyunsook 서울대학교 언어교육원 (구 서울대학교 어학연구소) 2006 語學硏究 Vol.42 No.2

English nouns that are borrowed into Korean as ending in [t] are lexicalized as if they ended in /s/. While some researchers have suggested that the lexicalization of word final [t] as /s/ reflects a general weakening process or involves something specific to loanwords, we will argue that the borrowing of English word final [t] as lexical /s/ in Korean is purely a matter internal to the morphophonology of Korean. While our claim is not a new claim since the idea is present in some of the recent literature, the detailed analysis of this within Optimality Theory and its formal connection to cases of paradigm leveling elsewhere in Korean nominal morphology as well as to diachrony is original.

국어학에서의 융합의 개념과 유형

한재영(Han, Jae young) 국어국문학회 2015 국어국문학 Vol.- No.170

본고의 목적은 국어학에서의 학문적인 융합이 뜻하는 바를 생각하여 보고, 융합의 유형을 살펴 국어학 연구가 지향하여야 할 방향을 점검하여 보는 데에 있다. 융합을 정당하게 이해하기 위하여, 여기서는 국어학과 관련된 학문 분야와의 관계와 국어학을 구성하고 있는 세부 학문 분야 사이의 관계를 살피고 구체적인 작업내용들에도 관심을 가지기로 한다. 본고에서는 국어학과 국어학 외적인 학문과의 융합이라고 할 수 있는 국어학과 문학의 문체론(文體論, Stylistics), 국어학과 사전학의 국어사전학(國語辭典學, Korean Lexicography), 국어학과 전산학의 국어정보학(國語情報學, Korean Informatics) 그리고 국어학과 교육론의 국어교육론(國語敎育論, Korean Language Education)의 내용을 먼저 살폈다. 다음으로 국어학 내적 학문 영역 사이의 융합이라고 할 수 있는 형태통사, 형태음운, 통사의미 그리고 통사음운을 주제로 삼은 기존의 논의 목록을 살펴 국어학에서 융합을 다룬 양상을 보았다. 국어학에서의 융합의 필요성을 보다 잘 느끼기 위하여 국어의 문법 현상 중의 하나인 ‘피동’의 경우를 중심으로 살펴, 피동이 파생이라고 하는 형태론적인 측면에서 뿐만 아니라 통사론적으로나 의미론적으로도 아울러 살펴야 할 주제임을 확인하고, 나아가 음운론 특히 성조론과 방언학의 문제와도 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있음을 인식할 수 있었다. 그와 같은 과정을 통하여 국어학에서 융합적인 사고와 접근 태도가 가지는 가치를 알 수 있었으며, 융합이 가지는 효과를 증대시키기 위해서는 개별 학문에서의 성과가 전제가 된다는 점도 지적하였다. The objective of this manuscript is to consider the meaning of academic convergence in Korean linguistics and examine the direction to which a study of Korean linguistics should be oriented by exploring the type of convergence. In order to understand convergence legitimately, the manuscript examines the relationship among academic fields related to Korean linguistics, the relationship between sub-academic fields constituting Korean linguistics, and specific contents of work. This manuscript first explores Korean linguistics and stylistics in literature, Korean linguistics and Korean lexicography, Korean linguistics and Korean informatics in computer science, and Korean linguistics and Korean language education in education theory, which can be considered as the convergence of Korean linguistics and the academic study of other linguistics-related fields. Next, it examines previous discussions on morphosyntax, morphophonology, syntactic semantics, and syntax-phonology, which can be described as the convergence of various academic fields of Korean linguistics, and the aspect of convergence in Korean linguistics. In order to better explore the need for convergence in Korean linguistics, it is confirmed that the grammatical phenomenon of passivity is a subject that needs to be considered, not only from a morphological perspective, which claims that passivity is derivation, but also from syntactic and semantic perspectives. Additionally, the manuscript confirms that phonology is closely related to issues of tonology and dialectology. Through this process, the manuscript examines the value of convergent thinking and approach in Korean linguistics and points out that the results of individual studies become the premise for increasing the effectiveness of convergence.

15세기 문헌자료의 특수 분철 표기에 대한 형태음운론적 연구

김유범 ( Yu Pum Kim ) 한말연구학회 2007 한말연구 Vol.- No.20

러시아어 복합어의 부차적 강세

유승남(Yoo Seung Nam) 한국노어노문학회 2003 노어노문학 Vol.15 No.1

A compound word consists of two or more stems and each stem has its own stress. So it is natural to think of compound word as having two stresses ; one becomes the primary stress and the other becomes the subsidiary one. In Russian the stress on the last stem becomes the primary stress. But the important fact is that some compound words have subsidiary stress and others don't. The occurrence of subsidiary stress in Russian compound words is strongly influenced by the accentual property of the first stem. A type(stem-fixed stressed) stems almost always have subsidiary stress in compound words. B type(post-stem stressed) stem do not possess subsidiary stress in compound words. In the case of C type(mobile stressed stem) the occurrence of subsidiary stress is unpredictable. Phonological effects also plays a crucial role in occurrence of subsidiary stress. The occurrence of subsidiary stress is influenced by the rhythm rule and the concept of stress clash plays a key role. Clash occurs when two stresses are too close to each other. The deciding factor here is the existence of pretonic syllable in second constituent. If there is no pretonic syllable in second constituent. The subsidiary stress in the first constituent will not be realized. The second constituent also plays a role in the accentuation of compound words. The important factor here is it's ability to stand alone. If the second constituent can be used independently, the compound word has the potentiality of having subsidiary stress. Halle and Idsardi argue that a limited number of parameters and constraints can account for stress contour found in different languages. Application of their parameters to Russian compound words shows the accentuation of the compound words with different types of first stems.

농인과 청인의 수어 이름 비교 분석

고인경 ( Koh In-kyung ),신선아 ( Shin Sun-a ),윤병천 ( Yoon Byung-cheon ) 한국특수아동학회 2021 특수아동교육연구 Vol.23 No.2

연구목적: 이 연구는 농인과 청인이 현재 사용하고 있는 수어 이름의 생성 환경적 특성과 형태 음운론적 특성을 밝혀 수어 이름에 관한 연구 자료를 마련하는 것이다. 연구방법: 농인과 청인 총 130명을 인터뷰 조사하여 수어 이름을 수집하였고, 변인 별로 상세히 분석하였다. 연구결과: 농인은 주로 10대(76.9%)가 되기 전에 농학교 선배(66.2%)에 의해 지어졌고, 청인은 20대 이후(100%)에 주로 농인 직장 상사(35.4%)에 의해 지어졌으며, 농인과 청인 모두 대부분 하루 이내(76.2%)에 지어졌다. 농인(92.6%)과 청인(81.7%)은 수어 이름을 주로 한 손으로 표현하였으며, 수형은 농인남성에게서 19가지, 청인 남성에게서 27가지, 농인 여성에게서 12가지, 청인 여성에게서 20가지가 나타나 남성이 여성에 비해 그리고 청인이 농인에 비해 더 다양하였다. 또한 성별 표지는 ‘있음’에서 농인 여성(100%), 청인 여성(86.7%), 농인 남성(51.5%), 청인 남성(22.9%)로 나타나 여성이 남성보다 더 뚜렷이 나타났다. 농인은 외모(67.7%)를 반영한 단순 구조(88.1%), 청인은 한국어 이름(86.3%)을 반영한 단순 구조(19.5%)와 복합 구조(32.4%)가 각각의 특징으로 나타났으며, 수어 이름의 의미는 농인보다 청인이 더 긍정적(41.5%)인 편이었다. 결론: 이상의 결과로 농인과 청인의 수어 이름에서 나타난 공통점과 차이점을 비교 분석하고 국내외 선행 연구와 함께 고찰하였으며, 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다. Purpose: Purpose of this study is to analyze the creation background and morphophonological characteristics of name signs for Deaf people and hearing people. Method: A total of 130 people were interviewed, 65 Deaf people and 65 hearing people each, and sign names were collected and analyzed in detail for each variable. Results: Before Deaf people were teenagers, most of their name signs had been created by a Deaf school senior, and when hearing people were in their 20s or older, most of their name signs had been created by a senior at work. Most of the name signs were made by a Deaf persons within a day. While most Deaf people and hearing people expressed their name signs with one hand, men had a larger variety of hand shapes compared to women. Woman also had clearer gender markers compared to men. The name signs of Deaf people were simple structures reflecting their ‘appearance’, while the name signs of hearing people were complex structures reflecting their ‘Korean name’. The name signs of hearing people tended to have more positive meaning than those of Deaf persons. Conclusion: The commonalities and differences of name signs between hearing people and Deaf people were reviewed. They were also compared to previous studies to suggest future research directions.

On the Abstractness of Phonological Representations: The Special Case of Russian s?

추석훈(Suk hoon Choo) 한국외국어대학교 동유럽발칸연구소 2015 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.39 No.6

러시아어 음소 중 하나인 /s':/는 러시아어 음소체계에서 독특한 음소로 간주된다. /s':/는 다른 러시아어 음소와 비교할 때 소리의 길이에서 현저하게 길뿐만 아니라, 단음소인 /s/의 단순한 결합의 결과도 아니다. 이 논문에서는 필자는 /s':/가 러시아어 음소체계에서 하나의 음소로 분리되어 간주될 필요가 없음을 논하고자 한다. 음소 /s':/의 형태음성학적 특징을 먼저 살펴보고, 현대러시아어에서 /s':/의 현상을 분석하고자 한다. A phoneme /s':/ is considered as one of the unusual phonemes in Russian phoneme inventory. Compared to other Russian phonemes, it is significantly long in length, and it is not the result of doubling of short phoneme /s/. In this paper, I propose that /s':/ does not need to be counted as a separate phoneme in Russian phoneme inventory.