현대 의료기기의 사용과 한의사의 면허 범위 - 서울행정법원 2016. 6. 23. 선고 2015구합68789에 대한 평가 -

박덕봉 ( Deokbong Bak ),명순구 ( Soon-koo Myoung ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2016 고려법학 Vol.0 No.83

면허를 받아 한의원을 개설·운영하던 한의사가 엑스선 골밀도측정기 (GPA-1000)를 설치하여 환자들에게 성장판 검사를 한 것에 대하여 검찰청 은 의료법 위반을 이유로 기소유예 처분을 하였다. 보건복지부장관은 이 행 위를 이유로 1개월 15일 동안 한의사면허 자격정지 처분을 하였다. 연구대 상판결은, 해당 행위가 한의사의 면허범위를 벗어나지 않았으므로 한의사면 허 자격정지처분은 부당한 것으로 취소해 달라는 원고의 청구를 기각했다. 우리나라는 전통적인 의학기술인 한의학과 외국에서 들어온 서양의학을 다른 진료행위로 구분하므로, 한의사는 의사의 영역에 속하는 의료행위를 할 수 없고 의사는 한의사에 속하는 의료행위를 할 수 없다. 그런데 최근 의료기술의 발달로 한의학과 서양의학의 진료 기술 및 방법이 서로 접근하 면서 양자의 한계를 명확히 구분하기 힘든 경우가 자주 발생하고 있다. 그 중 빈번히 문제되는 사안이 한의사가 영상의료기기를 사용하는 경우이다. 특히 초음파 기기의 경우 한의사가 이를 사용하여 환자의 병상과 병명을 진 단하고 치료행위를 하는 것은 한의학적 지식이나 방법에 기초한 것이 아니므로 한의사에게 면허된 의료행위로 보기 어렵다는 두 차례의 헌법재판소 결정 이후에도 논란이 계속되었다. 연구대상판결은 이러한 사회적 맥락 속 에서 나온 것이다. 의사와 한의사의 이원적 면허체계를 기조로 하면서 면허 범위에 대한 추상적 기준을 설정하지 않은 현행법에서 연구대상판결과 같은 분쟁은 당 연한 것이다. 치과의사가 환자의 눈가와 미간에 보톡스 시술을 한 것이 치과의사의 면허 범위를 벗어난 의료행위가 아니라고 한 최근의 대법원 전원 합의체 판결이 화제가 되었듯, 의료기술의 발전과 시대 상황의 변화, 의료서비스에 대한 수요자의 인식과 필요는 전통적인 의료행위, 치과의료행위, 한방의료행위 개념의 경계를 모호하게 만들고 있다. 의사와 한의사의 이원적 면허체계를 유지하면서 각 의료인의 면허범위를 법해석의 문제로 돌린 것 은 입법부가 입법사항에 관한 문제를 회피한 것으로 볼 여지도 없지 않다. 그런데 다른 한편으로는, 의료행위·치과의료행위·한방의료행위의 경계에 관 한 다툼을 해결할 수 있을 정도의 개념 정의를 실정법적으로 제시하는 것이 가능할까 하는 생각도 든다. 어쩌면 핵심 문제는 각 의료행위의 개념 설정 이라기보다는 의료일원화와 같은 면허제도에 관한 근본적 해결책이 아닐까 하는 생각이 든다. A licensed Korean medicine doctor ran a Korean medicine clinic in which he operated an X-ray bone density scanner(model number GPA-1000) in order to take growth plate images. In this regard the prosecutor`s office suspended indictment for reasons of violating the Medical Act. The minister of health and welfare suspended the license of the Korean medicine doctor for 1.5 months. The Seoul Administrative Court dismissed the plaintiff`s motion for vacating the suspension of license, although the plaintiff argued that the treatment he provided was within the scope of his Korean medicine license. In Korea there is a strict differentiation of medical treatment provided in the realm of Korean medicine and Western medicine. Therefore Korean medicine doctors cannot practice Western medicine and Western medicine doctors are barred from practicing Korean medicine. However with the latest development of medical appliances it is becoming increasingly difficult to draw a clear line between the two types of medicine. Problems arise when Korean medicine doctors use medical imaging devices. Of particular significance is when Korean medicine doctors use ultrasound devices in diagnosing and treating patients. Although the Constitutional Court has twice delivered its Opinion on the matter by saying that such medical acts cannot be seen as being based on Korean medicine the debate continues to exist in this regard. The Seoul Administrative Court`s decision is in the vein of the Constitutional Court`s Opinions. Unless the current dual license system is revised and a new abstract standard for setting the scope of license is introduced the court has no choice but to deliver decisions like the one studied here. As witnessed from the Supreme Court en banc decision that recognized a dentist`s botox injection into an area around the eyes and eyebrows of a patient, the circumstances surrounding the development of modern medical technology, the changing perception of medical treatment, and other factors are blurring the line between traditional western medicine, dental treatment, Korean medicine. By maintaining the dual system between Western and Korean medicine and leaving the scope of license of doctors to the realm of interpretation, lawmakers are in a sense abdicating their duty. On the other hand, it is not easy to define the precise boundaries between traditional westernmedicine, dental treatment, Korean medicine. This is why rather than attempting to provide for a definition, a fundamental solution to the problem may be the unification of the license system of doctors.

‘한의학’, ‘한약’, ‘한의사’에 대한 인식 연구―네이버 뉴스 말뭉치를 중심으로―

안주현 동아인문학회 2024 동아인문학 Vol.69 No.-

This study aims to explore the perception of Korean Medicine, one of the academic disciplines, by analyzing a corpus constructed from news articles. Korean Medicine, the traditional medicine of the Korean, has been referred to by various names throughout history, with the term “Korean Medicine (韓醫學)” coming into more widespread use in the 1980s. During modernization and the Japanese colonial period, it was often undervalued in comparison to Western medicine and, at times, lacked a proper designation. The historical trajectory of Korean Medicine reflects the complexity and diversity of public perception and attitudes toward it. This study quantitatively analyzed these perceptions through a corpus-based analysis of news articles. By extracting and analyzing collocates of ‘Korean Medicine,’ ‘Herbal Medicine,’ and ‘Doctors of Korean Medicine’ from the corpus, the study found that ‘Korean Medicine’ primarily appeared in news articles with press release-like characteristics from related associations, often focusing on the themes of the scientific advancement and globalization of Korean Medicine, highlighting its excellence. ‘Herbal Medicine’ was often associated with specific symptoms, the manufacturing process of herbal medicines, and the human body, making it suitable for examining the treatment process within Korean Medicine. The perception of Korean Medicine was most clearly reflected in news articles related to ‘Doctors of Korean Medicine.’ While ‘Doctors of Korean Medicine’ were sometimes portrayed negatively in articles dealing with conflicts with medical doctors or crimes, they were portrayed positively in articles about celebrities or COVID-19. Through this analysis, it can be concluded that the perception of Korean Medicine is a complex mix of both positive and negative aspects. 이 연구는 뉴스 기사로 구축한 말뭉치를 분석하여 학문 분야 중 하나인 한의학에 대한 인식을 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 한의학은 우리 민족의 전통의학으로, 다양한 명칭으로 사용되다가 현재의 명칭인 한의학(韓醫學)은 1980년대 이후부터 본격적으로 사용되었다. 근대화와 일제 강점기를 거치면서 서양의학에 대비돼 평가절하되기도 하였으며, 때로는 적절한 명칭조차 갖추지 못하기도 하였다. 이러한 한의학의 역사는 한의학에 대한 인식이나 태도의 복잡성, 다양성으로 나타나고 있으며, 이를 뉴스 기사 분석을 통해 계량적으로 고찰해 보았다. 한의학 관련 말뭉치에서 ‘한의학’, ‘한약’, ‘한의사’의 연어 목록을 추출하여 분석한 결과 ‘한의학’은 주로 관련 협회의 보도 자료적 성격을 가진 기사문에 나타났으며, 한의학의 과학화와 세계화에 대한 전망 및 성과와 같이 주로 한의학의 우수성을 주제로 다루었다. ‘한약’은 한약의 제조 과정과 함께 구체적 병증이나 신체 등과 공기하며 나타나 한의학의 치료 과정을 살펴보기에 적절하였다. 한의학과 관련된 인식을 가장 잘 보여주는 뉴스 기사는 ‘한의사’와 관련된 것들이었다. 한의사는 의사와의 갈등 관계나 범죄를 다루는 기사에서는 부정적으로 평가되기도 하였지만 연예인 관련 기사나 코로나-19 관련 기사에서는 긍정적으로 평가되었다. 이러한 분석을 통해 한의학에 대한 인식은 긍정적 측면과 부정적 측면이 복잡하게 어우러져 있다고 볼 수 있다.

한의사·한약사 임무 및 공공제도 중심의 의약법규 제·개정 고찰

엄석기,신민섭,권순조 한국의사학회 2013 한국의사학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Purpose : The current Medical Law and the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, which are incapable of utilizing the research results and the advanced academic, clinical, and pharmaceutical system of the present-day Korean (Oriental) medicine, have limitations and create a paradox by provoking social conflict among the professionals in the field. The aim of this study was to find out the legal and systematic problems that contributed to a complicated conflict amongst Korean (Oriental) medicine doctors, doctors, pharmacists, and Korean (Oriental) pharmacists regarding the classification of their functions. Methods : We reviewed the history and characteristics of the legislation regarding the duties of Korean (Oriental) medicine doctors and Korean (Oriental) pharmacists as well as the relevant and important public health policies since the enactment of the National Medical Services Law in 1951. We focused on the laws and regulations that are made in the process of the separating functions of physicians and pharmacists and the dispute between the Korean (Oriental) medicine doctors and the Korean (Oriental) pharmacists in the 1990s and 2000s. Results : The legislations and amendments of the medical and pharmaceutical laws and regulations that reflect the modern academic, clinical, and pharmaceutical system of the Korean (Oriental) medicine and the research results could be summarized as follows: 1) A partial amendment of the Medical Law in 1987, which added the provision of “Oriental health guidance” as one of the duties of Korean (Oriental) medicine doctors, assured a place for Korean (Oriental) medicine doctors in the field of public health. 2) A partial revision of Pharmaceutical Affairs Act in 1994 established a new system for Korean (Oriental) pharmacists, bringing about the creation of dualistic pharmaceutical system that complements the dualistic medical system. 3) The Promotion of the Research and Development of Wonder Drugs by Using Natural Substances Act was legislated in 2000 in order to stimulate research and development of Korean (Oriental) medicine and its industrialization. 4) Oriental Medicine Promotion Act in 2003 was enacted to lay foundation to specify and promote technology and industry that are related to Korean (Oriental) medicine. Discussions and conclusions : Although the dualistic medical and pharmaceutical system is set up by the Medical Law and Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, it is shown that the relevant regulations have been developed from a perspective of the western medicine.

한의학(K-medicine) 의료 서비스의 경쟁력 강화를 위한 탐색적 연구

김상훈 한국고객만족경영학회 2024 고객만족경영연구 Vol.26 No.3

본 연구는 한의학의 위기에 대한 진단과 개선방안을 한의사의 의견을 중심으로 심층적으로 고찰하였다. 연구 결과, 한의학의 현 상황에 대한 한의사의 인식은 종사분야에 관계 없이 긍정적인 측면도 있었으나 전반적으로는 부정적으로 나타났다. 먼저 긍정적인 측면에서는 고령화 사회에서 한의학에 대한 수요가 자연스럽게 증가할 수 있는 사회 전반적인 여건과 의료기기 관련 대법원 판결, 다양한 연구 결과물 축적, 교육의 질 개선 등을 들고 있는 반면, 부정적인 상황으로는 제한적인 진료 범위, 의료기기 사용 제한, 임상자료 부족, 의료계의 한의학에 대한 폄훼로 인한 이미지 저하, 건강보험과 실비보험의 미비, 그리고 정부의 의료정책에서의 배제, 건강기능식품의 확대, 한의학의 낙후된 언어문화 구조, 그리고 대상 연령대 편중 등을 들고 있었다. 한의학의 우수한 점에 대해서는 공통적으로 “개인 맞춤형 진료”라고 하는 응답이 많았고, 일차치료로서의 강점, 자생력 증진, 그리고 비수술/비약물 요법 등을 들고 있다. 한의학의 개선방안으로는 한의학의 과학화, 양방과의 협진, 검사장비의 활용, 교육의 질 향상, 그리고 한약제제 활성화 등의 다양한 방안이 언급되었다. 한의학 진흥을 위한 정부의 역할에 대해서는 한의약 연구 R&D 지원, 건강보험 및 실손보험 확대, 한의사의 권리 신장, 의사-한의사 통합, 마지막으로 한약재, 공공영역 내로 편입 등을 들고 있다. 마지막으로 한의학의 진흥과 관련된 기타 의견으로는 한의사의 해외진출, 한의계 외부 전문가와의 교류 한방공공보건사업 확대 등을 들고 있다. This study examined in depth the diagnosis of the crisis in Korean medicine and the improvement plan centered on the opinions of Korean medicine doctors. As a result of the study, the perception of Korean medicine doctors regarding the current situation of Korean medicine was positive regardless of the field of work, but overall it was negative. First of all, on the positive side, the overall social conditions that can naturally increase the demand for Korean medicine in an aging society, the Supreme Court's rulings on medical devices, the accumulation of various research results, and the improvement of the quality of education are cited, while the negative situation is limited scope of medical treatment, restriction on the use of medical devices, lack of clinical data, deterioration of image due to denigration of Korean medicine in the medical field, lack of health insurance and indemnity insurance, exclusion from the government's medical policy, expansion of health functional foods, and the backward language and culture structure of Korean medicine. Regarding the advantages of traditional Korean medicine, many respondents said that it is "personalized care", citing its strengths as a primary treatment, its self-reliance, and non-surgical/non-drug therapies. Various measures to improve Korean medicine were mentioned, such as the scientification of Korean medicine, cooperation with both sides, the use of testing equipment, the improvement of the quality of education, and the revitalization of herbal medicines. Regarding the government's role in promoting Korean medicine, it includes supporting R&D in Korean medicine research, expanding health and indemnity insurance, promoting the rights of Korean medicine doctors, integrating doctors and Korean doctors, and finally incorporating herbal medicine into the public domain. Lastly, other opinions related to the promotion of Korean medicine include the overseas expansion of Korean medicine, exchanges with external experts in Korean medicine, and the expansion of Korean medicine public health projects.

한의사와 중의사의 면허제도에 관한 비교 고찰

왕비 ( Wang Fei ) 한국외국어대학교 법학연구소 2021 외법논집 Vol.45 No.3

As traditional medicine in Korea and China, Korean medicine and traditional Chinese medicine originated from the same medical theory system but developed into a completely different medical system depending on history. Since the last century, the rapid therapeutic effect, advanced medical equipment, and scientific treatment methods of Western medicine have profoundly impacted the traditional medicine system worldwide. With changes in social development and medical hygiene structure, the increase of the number of elderly and chronic diseases, and the limitations of Western medicine in treating incurable diseases are becoming more pronounced. In contrast, traditional medicine has fewer side effects, lower prices, and unique treatment techniques, which have revealed its strength in geriatric disease, chronic disease, incurable disease. As a result, the popularity of traditional medicine around the world is increasing again. Through the revision of the National Medical Law in 1951, Korea has established a dualized medical system. The dualized medical system distinguishes Korean medicine from Western medicine, and the curriculum and treatment methods of Korean medicine and Western medicine are different, medical practices out of licensed practice scope of Korean medicine doctors and Western medicine doctors are interpreted as unlicensed medical practices. In China, traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine are poised to develop fusion, and the government encourages the integration of traditional Chinese and western medicine. With the support of the national policy, it is advancing in a multilevel medical system, including traditional Chinese medicine, western medicine, and integration of traditional Chinese and western medicine. However, the related law does not have a precise regulation on the practice scope of traditional Chinese medicine doctors, and the phenomenon that traditional Chinese medicine doctors and Western medicine doctors exercise medical activities in each other’s departments unlimitedly can confuse the medical-legal system. Since medical practice involves invasions of the human body and contains risks that can cause harm to human life and public health, unlicensed medical practice should be strictly prohibited. But the strong punishment without distinction between unlicensed medical practices and medical practices out of licensed practice scope has caused serious restrictions on the autonomy of medical doctors and is not consistent with the global trend of ensuring autonomy. The development of science and technology will lead to more legal issues regarding the intersection and convergence of modern technology in the medical field of the future. This article compares the qualification system of Korean medicine doctors and traditional Chinese medicine doctors and analyzes their respective advantages and disadvantages. It seeks to promote the smooth development of the qualification system of Korean medicine doctors and traditional Chinese medicine doctors and the healthy development of the traditional medical-legal systems of the two countries.

한의사와 의사의 업무 범위와 관련된 법령 고찰

박유리,강연석,백경희,라세환,Park, Yu Lee,Kang, Yeonseok,Baek, Kyung Hee,Ra, Sewhan 대한예방한의학회 2014 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Objective : This study aims to compare the scope of practice of Korean Medicine doctors and western medicine doctors based on laws related to medical practice Method : We searched for laws related to medical practice using terminologies such as "Korean Medical practice", "Korean Medicine", "Principles of Korean Medicine", "western medicine", "Korean Medicine doctor", "western medicine doctor" at the national law information center(http://law.go.kr/main.html). Results : We categorized the laws we found into four categories: diagnosis, treatment, prescription, and all the other areas including public health. In diagnosis, both Korean Medicine doctors and western medicine doctors have a right to issue medical certificates including birth and death. However, diagnosis of a few specific diseases is allowed only to western medicine doctors. In treatment, laws related to emergency medicine and nursing at home were searched. Korean Medicine doctors and western medicine doctors are emergency care providers; however, most of emergency medicine can be done by western medicine doctors. In prescription, the scope of practice is divided by herbal medicine and western medicine. Finally, as public health professionals, both of them need to do lots of public health works. However, in some area such as vaccination, maternal and child health care, and industrial health, only western medicine doctors can practice. Conclusion : This study suggests that, in diagnosis, treatment, prescription, and all the other areas including public health, the scope of practice of Korean Medicine doctors and western medicine doctors has huge difference. There is also lack of consistency in current law, and some laws do not reflect current health care system and health care services.

한의사 교의사업 활성화를 위한 한의사 교의 대상 설문조사

박장경,성현경,신선미,고호연,김동수,박승찬,박정수,Park, Jang Kyung,Sung, Hyun Kyung,Shin, Seon Mi,Go, Ho-Yeon,Kim, Dong Su,Park, Seung Chan,Park, Jeong-Su 대한예방한의학회 2018 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.22 No.2

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the satisfaction of Korean medicine doctors (KMD) who conducted Korean medicine school doctor program (KMSD). We are going to use study as a foundation for activation KMSD program. Methods : Seoul Korean medicine association and Seoul metropolitan office of education conducted KMSD program for 22 schools in 2017. The program included health lessons, health counseling, and health care programs. After program finished, we carried out self-administered questionnaire survey to KMD who participated in KMSD program and we analysed it. Results : A total of 45 people answered the questionnaire, and 56% of respondents answered as 'Good progress' and 44% answered as 'Bad progress'. The reason for good progress was 'Good cooperation of School' (47.4%). 'Personalized program for participant' (23.68%), 'Support of Seoul Korean Medicine Association' (21.1%). The reason for 'Bad progress' was 'Bad cooperation of School' (37.8%), 'Lack of personal circumstances' (32.4%), 'Lack of motivation' (16.2%). The advantage of KMSD program included 'It is helpful for positive perception of the Korean medicine' and 'Korean medicine can contribute to improving public health, which is the health of schools' was 25%, 'It is helpful in expanding the services of Korean medicines to children and adolescents' was 17.6%, 'Highly satisfaction in participations' was 15.7%. The question of prerequisites for activation KMSD Program included 'Active cooperation of school' was 35.05%, 'Expand teaching materials and programs' was 20.62%, 'Support of Seoul Korean Medicine Association' was 15.46%. Conclusions : We will organize and activate programs of KMSD program and conduct program based on harmony of local community and school support, research of school health program. The program will contribute to improve student health and develop Korean health support program.

일제강점기 한의학술잡지에 실린 한약업자 광고 분석

정지훈(Ji-Hun Jung),김도훈(Do-Hoon Kim) 한국의사학회 2013 한국의사학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Korean medical journals were continuously published during the period of Japanese colonization of Korea. Various advertisements by herbal drugs manufacturers were in these journals, targeting Korean medical doctors or students who aspired to be Korean medical doctors. The advertisements varied from small ones to large-scale ads. At first these advertisements covered only dried herbs, but with time, they came to advertise various kinds of drugs. Advertisement of merchandise drugs brought many changes to the medical culture of Korea. Korean medical doctors who only prescribed dried herbs before began to prescribe merchandise drugs as well. When treating patients, they not only used Korean drugs but also actively prescribed merchandise drugs and western drugs, showing an advancement in treatment. As Korean medical doctors played the role of providers of merchandise drugs, herbal drugs manufacturers and Korean medical doctors seemed as sellers and consumers on the surface. However, they maintained a relationship where Korean medicine worked as the common denominator. Among merchandise drugs, Yoeng-so-hwan, Bi-jeon-go, and Myeol-dok-hwan were advertised often, and this shows that people at the time suffered mostly from digestive diseases, skin diseases, and sexually transmitted diseases. Herbal drugs manufacturers were business managers whose main objective was to make a good profit, but they consisted a part of Korean medical society. Like Korean medical doctors, they were anxious about the fall of Korean medicine. As a part of popularization of Korean medicine, they encouraged Korean medical doctors to treat patients using herbal drugs and merchandise drugs. This thought was reflected well in advertisements and Korean medical doctors made use of this thought well.

한의학 관련 이미지 연구

김재익,명예슬,안수연,이영지,조충식,Kim, Jae-Ik,Myeong, Ye-Seul,Ahn, Soo-Yeon,Lee, Yeong-Ji,Cho, Chung-Sik 대한한방내과학회 2014 대한한방내과학회지 Vol.35 No.3

Objectives: Recently, the utility rate of Korean-Medical service has been a 6 percent of the domestic market share in medical service, so there is a lot of effort to increase utility rate of Korean medical service. However, in spite of the importance of image to promotion, there are still few studies about image of Korean medicine. Thus, the purpose of this study was to suggest ways to increase utility rate of Korean medical service by surveying and analysing recognition of image of Korean Medicine. Methods: People aged between 20s and 40s were targets of investigation. We divided respondents into three groups depending on relation approximation with Korean medicine (weak-related group, normal-related group, strong-related group). The questionnaire consisted of questions about images of Korean medicine, conducted through online and personal interviews. Results: In total, 282 members responded to the survey and the results of the analysis were as follows. The more a person was related to Korean medicine, the greater the tendency to experience Korean medical service. The most associated taste about Korean medical institutions was Bitterness, smell was smell of Korean medicine, color was yellow, feeling was warm, sound (instrument) was drum, and treatment pattern was Acupuncture, respectively. The most associated image of acupuncture was painful, and the most associated age of Korean medical doctors was 40s. The most associated general term of Korean medicine was physical constitution, and most associated pathological term was extravasated blood. Conclusions: This study can be very useful for future image marketing of Korean medicine because there have been no other studies about image on Korean medicine before now. But this study has also some limits like area, respondent selection, etc., so a more detailed and comprehensive survey is needed.

한의사 교의 사업 활성화를 위한 사업 신청 한의사 대상 설문조사

박정수,신선미,고호연,이동녕,김동수,이승환,황건순,성현경 대한예방한의학회 2019 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.23 No.3

Objectives : The study aimed to investigate the satisfaction, reasons for the progress, and the advantages of the school doctor of Korean Medicine (SDKM) program in the applied Korean Medicine doctors. Methods : The school doctor of Korean Medicine (SDKM) program has been conducted in 21 schools in Seoul since March 2018. The program was varied by school, included the introduction of Korean Medicine, sex education, and anti-smoking/drinking session. This survey was conducted as a paper-based questionnaire after the SDKM. Results : The SDKM results evaluation was better in the Korean doctors who applied for SDKM. The factors for negative progression of SDKM were ‘Bad cooperation of the schools’, ‘Lack of personal capabilities’, and ‘Lack of motivation’. The factors for the positive progression of SDKM were ‘Good cooperation of the schools’, ‘Support of Seoul Korean Medicine Association’. The question of prerequisites for activation SDKM Program included ‘Active cooperation of school’, ‘Expand teaching materials and programs’, ‘Support of Seoul Korean Medicine Association’. Conclusions : In order to activate the SDKM, it is necessary to cooperate with the schools, to support of Seoul Korean Medicine Association, and to expand the education program.