중국 인터넷 문화산업정책의 변천과정 연구

유봉구 중앙대학교 외국학연구소 2018 외국학연구 Vol.- No.44

The Internet culture industry policies have various names. As the name "Internet culture industry" suggests, the Internet culture industry in China has made growth along with the advancement of Internet technologies. It was on February 18, 1994 when China enacted its first Internet act, which created an opportunity for the Internet culture industry to develop as an industry. In China, the central government takes the initiative in the concepts and policies of the Internet culture industry all based on the "content industry." The definitions of the Internet culture industry are not unified with very complex patterns of their names across the globe, including in China. There are, however, several elements essential to the definition of the Internet culture industry: the first term is digital information; the second one is cultural content; the third one is digital technology; the fourth one is the fusion of cultural content and digital technology; and the final one is the distribution of content elements in a new form based on the fusion of cultural content and digital technology throughout the Internet. The Internet culture industry is defined as the total combination of these elements. The changing process of the Internet culture industry policies in China has gone through three periods: the first one is the period of early development (1994~2004); the second one is the period of intensive development (2005~2012); and the third one is the period of mobile Internet and Internet Plus(+)(2013~2018).

중국 ‘인터넷+ ’ 시대의 새로운 문화동력

오혜정(Oh, Hye-Jung) 동북아시아문화학회 2017 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.50

Entering 21st century, “internet” has already become a word attracting the biggest attention over the world. .This is reflecting new characteristics of the era, and it means that we can share process and culture of the world’s industrial development in the same space in the back ground of internet. The newly rising term “internet plus” represents diverse types of industry combined with internet, and the existing industrial development through the internet has induced development strategies and policies with new characteristics. Utilizing internet platform and info-communication technology, “internet plus” is a strategy to create a new ecosystem for economic progress through integration of every industry with internet, and it represents a new paradigm of economic progress in China. Chinese cultural industry, which was emphasized from the year 2000, is continuing its rapid progress. This was possible through the interactive combination via internet platform, which implies that the culture plays the key role of economic & social progress in the era of internet plus. Especially, various fields of cultural industry such as film, animation, video games, cartoons, and travel are exercising major influence via internet on Chinese culture’s emerge into international market. Internet plus culture industry is an important measure to build a new growth engine for national economy by total confusion of service industries such as cultural, creative, and design services into real economy. In the process, leading enterprises in China will form industrial chain in cultural field through internet, make their own professional platforms to dominate and supply their outstanding contents resources, and continue their growth as more competitive enter prises. Furthermore, this will work as a major engine to encourage globalization of Chinese culture products.

인터넷전문은행 도입에 따른 법적 쟁점에 관한 소고- 금산분리 완화 문제를 중심으로 -

박철호,윤창술 한국법정책학회 2018 법과 정책연구 Vol.18 No.4

인터넷전문은행은 기존의 일반은행과 달리 온라인을 기반으로 한 금융거래 방식을 택하면서 기존의 일반 시중은행들이 가지지 못하는 여러 가지 장점을 가진 금융기관으로 2017년 이후 인정되었다. 낮은 대출이자, 높은 예금금리, 저렴한 수수료와 같은 가격경쟁력과 거래의 시간적・장소적인 제약이 적다는 장점을 가진 인터넷전문은행은 도입 초기부터 선풍적인 관심을 받았다. 그러나 인터넷전문은행으로 인가받았던 케이뱅크나 카카오뱅크는 곧 자본금확충의 부족으로 많은 어려움에 직면하게 되었고 이러한 고충을 해결하기 위해 산업자본의 투자를 기대하게 되었다. 그렇지만 현행 은행법상 여러 가지 제약 중 특히 산업자본과 금융자본의 결합을 제한하는 금산분리의 원칙 등이 인터넷전문은행의 자본금 확충이 걸림돌로 작용하게 되었다. 이에 그 해결책으로 국회에서는 은행법을 개정하는 방안과 특별법을 제정하는 방안을 검토하다가 “인터넷전문은행 설립 및 운영에 관한 특례법”의 제정하기에 이르렀다. 동법은 비금융주력자(이른바 산업자본)가 은행의 발행주식 총수의 34%까지 소유할 수 있는 길을 열어주어 인터넷전문은행으로 하여금 자본금을 유치할 기회를 제공하게 되었다. 동법은 이와 동시에 금산분리를 완화함에 따라 나타나게 될 문제점에 대비해서 대주주나 재벌기업에 대한 신용공여를 제한 및 금지하는 규정, 대주주에 대한 편법적 신용공여나 대주주에 대한 부당지원 등을 원천봉쇄하는 규정 등도 아울러 규정하였다. 은행법이 금산분리의 원칙을 인정하여 산업자본과 금융자본을 나누고 서로 유기적인 투자를 차단했던 것은 재벌인 대기업이 은행을 소유함으로서 은행이 재벌의 사금고화하는 것을 막기 위한 것이었다. 동법은 이러한 금산분리에 대한 예외로서 산업자본이 은행에 자본을 투자하는 길을 열어주고 있는 것이다. 금산분리라는 규제방식은 외국의 입법례에서도 보기 드문 사례로서 금산결합을 통한 금융시장의 활성화를 저해할 우려가 있을 수 있다. 이에 세계 추세에 발맞추어 금산분리를 완화하는 방향으로 법적・제도적 장치들이 마련되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 그 일환으로 국내 금융산업에 대한 지나친 규제를 철폐하고, 금산분리에 관한 현행 금융관련법들의 중복적인 규제를 정리할 필요가 있다. 또한 국내 금융지주회사에 관한 규정들을 정리하고, 금융시장에 투자가 가능한 산업자본 즉 비금융주력자의 개념을 명확히 함으로써 장차 금산분리의 완화 내지 금산결합의 허용을 준비하여야 할 것이다. Internet Only Bank, which has been recognized since 2017, is a bank that trades online and has many advantages that ordinary commercial banks do not. In other words, Internet Only Banks received a lot of attention from the start because of the advantages of price competitiveness, such as low loan interest, high deposit rate and cheap fees, and of low time and location restrictions for financial transactions. However, K-Bank and Kakao Bank, which received approval from Internet Only Banks, soon met with difficulty in securing enough capital and came to expect investment from industrial capital to resolve these difficulties. However, among the various limitations of the Banking Act, the Principle of Separation of Finance and Industry, which limits the union of industrial capital and financial capital, has been an obstacle to the expansion of capital of Internet Only Banks. As a solution, the National Assembly enacted the "Special Act on Establishment and Operation of Internet Only Banking(IOBA)". The Act(IOBA) opened the way for industrial capital to own up to 34% of the total number of shares issued by banks, and Internet Only Banks had the opportunity to supplement their capital. The Act(IOBA) also stipulated that the restriction or prohibition of providing credit to major shareholders or chaebol corporation should be imposed because of the problems that would result from alleviating the principle of separation of finance and industry, and that the expedient provision of credit to major shareholders or unfair support to major shareholders is prohibited. The reason why the Banking Law separated the industrial capital and financial capital and prevented them from investing in each other in recognition of the principle of separation of finance and industry was to prevent banks from turning into private safes for chaebols through ownership of banks. The Special Act on the Establishment and Operation of Internet Only Banking (IOBA), as an exception to this Principle of separation and finance and economy, opens the way for industrial capital to invest capital in banks. However, the regulatory framework of separation of finance and industry is a rare example even in foreign law, which could hamper the revitalization of the financial market through a combination of finance and industry. Because of this, laws and regulations should be created and modified to mitigate separation of finance and industry in line with global trends. For this reason, it is necessary to abolish or reduce excessive regulations on the domestic financial industry and to organize redundant regulations under the current financial law related to the separation of the financial industry. In addition, the laws related to domestic financial holding company should be organized and the concept of industrial capital company that can be invested in the financial market should be clarified in order to prepare to mitigate the separation of finance and industry or to allow the union of the finance and industry in the future.

중국 인터넷 게임산업의 발전과 특징

장환조,김상욱 한국지식정보기술학회 2011 한국지식정보기술학회 논문지 Vol.6 No.4

This paper analyses the structure and characteristics of internet game industry in China. Along with the development of IT industry and cultural industry, the internet game industry becomes the new growth industry which lead the economic development. Generally speaking, the online game industry could classifies the internet game industry, mobile game industry and PC game industry. And, the internet game industry is most important industry in the online game industry. In the base of national government and local government policy support, the internet game industry take a good opportunity after 2000. In particular, the growth of the domestic enterprises more rapid than the foreign enterprises after 2005. The domestic internet game enterprises use the Chinese traditional culture concept, developed the game production. The domestic internet game enterprises mainly located in the economic development high level region, as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong region. The domestic internet game enterprises mainly use MMORPG pattern. And, in the base of domestic competitiveness, the domestic internet game enterprises entered the foreign game market.

A Study on the Recent Movement and the Policy on the Internet of Things of Japan

Jung-Hyun Song(송정현) 중앙대학교 한국전자무역연구소 2019 전자무역연구 Vol.17 No.1

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 일본의 사물인터넷(Internet of Things) 정책을 분석하는 것이다. 논의의 쟁점은 ICT산업이 센서 네트워크(RFID/USN)에서 1대1 통신의 사물지능통신(Machine to Machine, 이하 M2M), N대N 통신의 사물인터넷으로 빠르게 변화하고 있는 상황에서 세계시장 점유율 확대를 위한 일본의 정책동행과 과제를 분석하는 것이다. 논문구성/논리: 일본에서 사물인터넷은 2005년경부터 ICT업계 내에서 소개되기 시작하였다. 사물인터넷 용어는 무선센서 네트워크 및 관련기술 또는 디바이스의 정보를 기반으로 하는 다양한 어플리케이션에 이르기 까지 넓은 의미로 사용되고 있다. 본 연구가 살펴보고자 하는 바를 질문 형식으로 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사물인터넷의 출현이 무엇을 의미하는가? 이와 관련하여 본 연구에서는 사물인터넷 출현까지의 변화를 검토한다. 둘째, 사물인터넷 활용방안에 대한 정부정책은 무엇인가? 이와 관련하여 본 연구에서는 총무성, IT본부, 경제산업성의 사물인터넷 관련정책에 대해 검토하고자 한다. 결과: 본 연구는 사물인터넷 시장 확대를 위한 일본정부의 정책을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 전개하였다. 분석을 통해 다음과 같은 결과와 시사점을 도출하였다. 첫째, 사물 인터넷 산업이 급성장하고 있으며 2020년에는 3조 400억 달러로 확대될 것으로 예상 된다. 또한 2013년부터 2020년까지 연평균 13%의 성장률이 예상되고 있다. 둘째, 사물 인터넷 산업을 활용한 경제성장 전략이다. 일본은 사물인터넷 산업이 확대되면서 경제 성장 전략의 중심산업으로 설정하여 파급효과에 의한 산업구조 개혁과 전자정부을 도입하여 정부 효율성을 유인하려 하고 있다. 셋째, 사물인터넷 산업을 둘러싼 정부부처 간의 정책경쟁이다. 정부부처는 고유의 정책영역이 있다. 정책영역이 겹치는 부분이 있는 것도 사실이다. 정부부처는 정책영역이 겹치는 것에 대해 민감하게 반응한다. 각 부처는 겹치는 영역을 강조하여 자신들의 영역을 확고히 하려는 경향이 있다. 독창성/가치: 기존 사물인터넷 시장동향과 발전방향을 중심으로 전개하고 있는 선행 연구의 한계를 극복하고 사물인터넷 산업에 대한 정부의 발전방향을 모색했다는 점에서 의미를 부여할 수 있다. 사물인터넷 활용이 확대되면서 정부차원의 기술개발장려와 정책적 대응이 커지고 있다. 사물인터넷을 통한 생활의 질적 향상과 지속적 경제성장 및 국가경쟁력 제고의 역할이 기대되고 있기 때문이다. 이러한 목적에서 일본정부는 정책주진에 적극적인 자세를 취하고 있다. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the policy ‘internet of things’ of Japan. The focus of discussion is that analyze the recent movement of policy and the task of Japan to expand the market share as ICT industry is transformed from Sensor Network (RFID/USN) to Machine to Machine of one-to-one communication and Internet of thins of N to N communication. Composition/Logic: Internet of things of Japan has introduced since 2005. The terms of Internet of things are widely used from wireless sensor network and relative technique to various application which are based information of device. This study focus on these questions; First, what the appearance of internet of things does mean? This study reviews appearance of internet of things. Second, what s the government policy to utilize internet of things? This study review Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, IT headquarter, the policy of internet of thins of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Findings: This study aims at analyzing the policy of the internet of thins in Japan. These are the results and implications through analyzing. First, the industry of internet of things grows rapidly. World market size of internet of things on 2013 is about $1.3 trillion and is expected to expand to $3.04 trillion on 2020. Average annual growth rate is expected around 13% from 2013 to 2020. Second, there is economic growth strategies through utilizing internet of things. Japan intends to entice governmental effectiveness through adopting e-Government and industrial structure revolution as setting up internet of thing as economic growth strategy policy. Third, there is policy competition over internet of things industry among government ministry. Government ministry has its own policy sector which often overlap each other. Government ministry tends to fix its own policy sector emphasizing overlapping part. Originality/Value: This study is meaningful because it seeks for government s development strategy as overcoming the limitation of existing market trend of internet of things. As utilizing internet of things is expanded, encouraging the development of technology in government level and political countermeasures get bigger. Life qualitative improvement by internet of things, continuous economic growth and enhancing national productivity are expected. Japan government take up a positive attitude on policy enforcement.

일본의 사물인터넷 정책과 향후 전망

송정현 중앙대학교 한국디지털무역연구소 2019 전자무역연구 Vol.17 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the policy ‘internet of things’ of Japan. The focus of discussion is that analyze the recent movement of policy and the task of Japan to expand the market share as ICT industry is transformed from Sensor Network (RFID/USN) to Machine to Machine of one-to-one communication and Internet of thins of N to N communication. Composition/Logic: Internet of things of Japan has introduced since 2005. The terms of Internet of things are widely used from wireless sensor network and relative technique to various application which are based information of device. This study focus on these questions; First, what the appearance of internet of things does mean? This study reviews appearance of internet of things. Second, what's the government policy to utilize internet of things? This study review Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, IT headquarter, the policy of internet of thins of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Findings: This study aims at analyzing the policy of the internet of thins in Japan. These are the results and implications through analyzing. First, the industry of internet of things grows rapidly. World market size of internet of things on 2013 is about $1.3 trillion and is expected to expand to $3.04 trillion on 2020. Average annual growth rate is expected around 13% from 2013 to 2020. Second, there is economic growth strategies through utilizing internet of things. Japan intends to entice governmental effectiveness through adopting e-Government and industrial structure revolution as setting up internet of thing as economic growth strategy policy. Third, there is policy competition over internet of things industry among government ministry. Government ministry has its own policy sector which often overlap each other. Government ministry tends to fix its own policy sector emphasizing overlapping part. Originality/Value: This study is meaningful because it seeks for government's development strategy as overcoming the limitation of existing market trend of internet of things. As utilizing internet of things is expanded, encouraging the development of technology in government level and political countermeasures get bigger. Life qualitative improvement by internet of things, continuous economic growth and enhancing national productivity are expected. Japan government take up a positive attitude on policy enforcement.

인터넷플러스시대 중국 TV미디어산업의 현주소

이태형 한국국제문화교류학회 2017 문화교류와 다문화교육 Vol.6 No.4

본고는 21세기 중국 문화산업으로 새롭게 급부상하고 있는 TV미디어산업을 중심으로 그 현황과 과제를 살펴보았다. 중국 문화산업은 2000년대에 와서 매우 중시되었고급속도로 성장하고 있다. 이것이 바로 뉴노멀 즉 신창타이(新常態)이다. 2014년 중국에서 새로운 문화산업으로서 추진되고 있는 인터넷플러스(+) 사업이다. 2015년 3월에 국무원에서 “중국제조 2025” 프로젝트를 공표했다. 이것은 중국 제조업을 인터넷 기술 혁명을 통하여 국가 간의 경쟁에서 이겨내는 것이다. 이것이 바로 인터넷플러스(+) 개념의 핵심이다. 인터넷플러스(+) 전략은 문화정책을 시작하는 중요한 전환점이 되었다. 이것은 문화산업과 인터넷의 상호 융합을 통한 플랫폼이다. 중국 문화산업과 관련한 여러 부처 중에서 TV방송영상콘텐츠 산업 관련한 정책을 주로 담당하는 역할을 하는 부서는 국가광전총국(SARFT)이다. 여기서 방송 미디어 및 방송 프로그램, 영화 등의 미디어콘텐츠 관련 정책이나 규제 마련, 관리 및 감독 등의 업무를 수행한다. 최근에는 중국TV방송 규제 및 해외 방송콘텐츠 온라인 플랫폼으로 몰리면서 유통 규제를 하고 있다. 중국이 인터넷플러스(+) 시대에 TV미디어 산업이 발전하는데 중요한 역할을 했다. 새로운 인터넷플러스(+) 용어의 등장은 다양한 산업모델과 인터넷이 융합하여 산업 발전에 큰 반향을 불러일으켰다. 인터넷을 이용한 다양한 서비스의 등장과 확산, 그것을 이용할 수 있게 된 환경으로의 전환은 그것 자체로 사회적 변화이면서 동시에 또 다른 사회적 변화를 야기했다. 중국의 TV미디어산업에서 네트워크 플랫폼 기술과 콘텐츠를 개발하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 또한 인터넷+ 사고를 통하여 시청자와 제작자가 쌍방간 소통, 현장 디스플레이, 상호 작용, 재미와 경험, 가상현실과 같은 끊임없이 변화하는 새로운 미디어 디스플레이 기술로 문화를 전파해야 한다. 이처럼 ‘인터넷플러스시대 중국의TV미디어산업은 높은 시장가치와 높은 수익률을 특징으로 하는 새로운 형태의 산업 가치사슬로, 국경 없는 인터넷 플랫폼을 기반으로 하여 유망한 비전을 지향하는 비즈니스모델을 추구한다.중국 미디어 관련 기업들은 지속 가능한 경쟁력을 가지면서 다양한 변화에 대응할 수있는 인터넷 문화산업의 새로운 지평을 구축하기 위해, 플랫폼+콘텐츠의 혼합형, 자본결합의 통합 작용 그리고 네트워크 산업 사슬의 역방향 확장 등의 다양한 방법들을 모색하고 있다. In early period of 21st century, supported by the goverment, china cultural industry has developed in different scale in different areas. however, there exist some problems. This paper Summarizes the core issues and problems of the China's Internetplus(+) TV Media Culture Industry. Chinese cultural industry, which was emphasized from the year 2000, is continuing its rapid progress. it is becoming the ‘xinchangtai(新常態)’. China obtained an approval for its “Internetplus(+)” at the national level in 2014, and its State Council announced “China Manufacturing 2025” in May, 2015, making an attempt at a revolutionary transition of its manufacturing industry. The keyword of the “Internetplus(+)” concept, is the starting point of the Internetplus(+) policy in the cultural industry. Among various departments related to the culture industry, the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television(SARFT) is mainly in charge of policies on broadcasted TV contents. As the Chinese government strengthened the regulations on TV broadcasts, Lastly, the authority now focus on controling the importation of programs and program formats. This was possible through the interactive combination via internet platform, which implies that the culture plays the key role of TV Media progress in the era of internet plus. The newly rising term “internet plus” represents diverse types of industry combined with internet, and the existing industrial development through the internet has induced development strategies and policies with new characteristics. Especially, various fields of cultural industry such as television broadcasting is exercising major influence via internet on Chinese culture’s emerge into international market. The new generation of network TV & Mass media Platform business model shows revolutionary innovation power in today’s business. “Internetplus(+)” plan will encompass creations in entirely new meanings through the connection and fusion of the Internet and industry. Moreover, it is recommended for us to promote joint ventures with Chinese drama production companies after finding out sources preferred by the Chinese viewers, or target niche markets by developing video contents that cannot be produced by the local companies.

인터넷영화 관람의 순기능과 역기능에 대한 논의

김수남 ( Su Nam Kim ) 한양대학교 현대영화연구소 2010 현대영화연구 Vol.6 No.1

Nowadays the Internet of digital age its function has expanded to accessing portal and e-commerce sites that require the one section of information area in world. In the result of the development of the internet`s tecnic makes speedly change in the part of total cultures and social life. The Universality of using internet has an effect on the classical contents and the medea industry by the constructing new environment of information system. The strong new medea system creates new paradime of film culture off line. Especially a internet movie house and VOD are expanded through internet It`s makes change a film industry`s system. The very big facination of internet are autonomy and an alternating current and accessibility of internet. There is advantage that the netizen uses proper informations and community in the space of internet and they exchange between various peoples over the various space and time. A movies is a media which is closely connection with thechnologe. Recently many film makers and producers and audiences achive their purpose of film making by internet which is new internet technic with film. Now there are many right functions of the viewing internet movie. The right functions are a internet marketing and publicity, and the convenience of viewing movie and the activity of distribution channel. But the right functions of viewing movie are easily opened before the reverse functions. Which are illegal download and copy and distibution. It is very important point that how we make highlighting the advantage of the right functions by compensate the defect. Above all we must establish the correct internet film`s culture by growing heightened awareness on digital rights management. This discussion is studied on the right and reverse functions of the viewing internet movie changing by internet to keep the healthy internet film culture.

인터넷전문은행 도입이 국내 은행산업에 미치는 영향: 산업조직론적 관점에서의 분석

전주용 ( Joo Yong Jun ),여은정 ( Eun Jung Yeo ) 한국금융연구원 2015 금융연구 Vol.29 No.4

Recent developments in information and communications technology have led to the rapid emergence of innovative financial services, often termed FinTech. This trend also propels the introduction of the Internet-Banks, which provide banking services primarily via mobile and Internet channels. On one hand, the introduction of the Internet-Banks is being expected to revitalize the Korean banking industry, which has been stagnant nearly for twenty years. On the other hand, unlike other countries, Korea already possesses advanced consumer finance infrastructure with a high rate of online banking usage. Thus additional benefits would be limited while adverse effects would be larger due to a relaxation of separation of banking and commerce and an increased risk of the financial system with the spread of shadow banking In this paper, we analyze how the industrial organizational approaches can be used to investigate the effects of introduction of the Internet-Banks on the Korean retail banking industry and discuss regulatory implications and some perspectives for future research. Specifically, we overview issues regarding the Internet-Banks, and then theoretically examine the impact of the introduction of the Internet-Banks on the domestic banking industry under various scenarios from the perspective of Industrial Organizational approaches. Although the final outcome will vary depending on how FinTech services and the convergence of financial services will progress, the following three implications can be derived. First, the effects of consumer switching costs are as follows: If moderately high switching costs are incurred, the existing banks will delay innovation and lower investment costs while focusing on maintaining existing customers. Then they can choose to follow the entrants’ strategy if new entrants are introducing new products or services. In addition, if horizontal differentiation is not great as in lending markets and prices (or interest rates) appear to be strategic complements, the existing companies can choose strategies that allow entrance while the existing banks make appropriate investments. On the other hand, if the switching costs are so low that the share of the existing customers switching to new entrants is high and prices (or interest rates) are in a strategic substitute relationship, the existing banks may also more actively engage in service innovation activities. Second, the effects of network externality are as follows: Newly entering banks that have not reached some degree of economies of scale may reduce costs by outsourcing part of their businesses through cooperation with the existing banks and provide stable customer services. Not only newly entering banks but also the existing banks have motivation for cooperation. However, such cooperation is difficult to be maintained in the long term because all of them are in a competitive relationship. Meanwhile, for a competitor, various means-the rising cost of competitors, mergers and acquisitions, etc.―can be taken advantage of. If the new entrant has already a sufficient consumer base and utilizes network externality at least or better than existing banks, it will successfully enter the business without having any additional cooperation with the existing banks or will maintain an equal partnership. This case is likely to ultimately lead to the development of a comprehensive financial platform including the Internet banks. Third, the effects on consumer welfare are as follows: It is expected that mixed bundling among related products for synergies will be more active with the launch of the Internet banks. The impact on consumer welfare will be different depending on the degree of substitution of cross-products, and on the utility to the consumer from single-channel effects such as one-stop shopping. However, for those who want to use only some individual services, it may have negative effects due to high burden of costs. On the other hand, if there are economies of scope that can be implemented in a more open form, both competition and consumer welfare will increase without increasing costs of using individual services due to the similarities of business models focused on financial platform. This suggests that it may have positive effects for the existing banks to enter the field where the Internet banks are currently operating in terms of consumer welfare only.

「인터넷전문은행 설립 및 운영에 관한 특례법」의 제정 내용과 법률적 쟁점에 관한 검토

김병태 법무부 2019 선진상사법률연구 Vol.- No.86

Internet-only banks in Korea are now regulated under the 「Act on Special Cases concerning Internet-only Bank」(hereinafter, the ‘Act’) which was effective from January 17, 2019 and allows non-financial companies or industrial capital to exercise voting rights of up to 34 percent in shares they hold in internet-only banks, drastically up from 4 percent. The Act will also only allow companies with more than half of their businesses focused on information, communication and technology to hold as much as 34 percent of the rights of internet-only banks. The Act is in favor of a partially amended version of the current 「Banking Act」 under which non-financial companies cannot own more than 10 percent stake in banks. They are restricted from exercising voting rights in excess of 4 percent under the 「Banking Act」. However, the rule in Korea will not change to apply the law separating commerce and finance capital to block family-run conglomerates from owning or running conventional banks or even internet-only banks. It is now surely expected that Kakao in Kakao Bank and KT in K Bank will inject more capital into their internet-only banks as lawmakers passed the Act, enabling tech giants to increase their ownership in mobile lenders. Also, the Act will pave the way for Kakao and KT not only to become the biggest shareholders of their internet-only banks, but also to further finance them for expansion. Unfortunately, however, the Act is being blamed for no clear-cut guideline on 34% holding companies and possible breach of the principle for clear delegation of law. In turn, it is suggested for better regulations and supervision of internet-only banks in Korea that Korea needs to restructure the Act with regard to key factors to be 34% holding companies, and to provide them on the Act instead of its enforcement ordinance. It is noted that such reconstruction of the current Act will be able to make law-based safe and competitive banking regulations for internet-only banks. Only after that, Kakao and KT as well as possible other tech heavyweights such as SK Telecom or Naver will be guaranteed to jump into future internet-only banks in Korea. 지난 2018년 9월 20일 「인터넷전문은행 설립 및 운영에 관한 특례법」(이하 ‘인터넷전문은행법’)이 마침내 국회를 통과하여 2019년 1월 17일부터 시행되었고 동법 시행령 역시 같은 날 시행되었다. 인터넷전문은행법은 그동안 국회에 발의된 2개의 ‘은행법개정안’과 4개의 ‘인터넷전문은행 특례법안’ 등 총 6개의 법안을 모두 통합하여 단일의 대체입법 형식으로 이루어지면서 「은행법」에 대한 특별법이 되었다. 인터넷전문은행법이 제정되면서 인터넷전문은행의 법률적 근거와 주요 쟁점사항에 대한 정리가 이루어진 것은 매우 다행스러운 일이다. 그러나 입법의 졸속으로 인하여 여전히 인터넷전문은행과 관련된 일부 법적 규제사항들이 명확히 해결되지 못한 점은 아쉬운 부분으로 남는다. 특히, 인터넷전문은행법은 은산분리 규제 완화대상을 ‘경제력 집중에 대한 영향’ 또는 ‘정보통신업 영위 회사의 자산비중’ 등과 같은 모호한 내용으로 중요사항을 동법 시행령에 위임하였기 때문에 법률이 구체적인 사항과 범위를 한정하지 않은 이유로 헌법 제75조의 ‘포괄위임금지 원칙’에 위반한다는 지적을 받고 있다. 따라서 현행 인터넷전문은행법을 그대로 유지하면서 인터넷전문은행의 활성화를 기대하기에는 법 제도상 한계가 존재한다. 무엇보다 구체적인 기준 없이 은산분리 완화의 ‘적용대상’과 ‘ICT기업 규정’을 하위법령인 시행령에 위임함으로써 법체계상의 위법성 문제가 제기되고 있고 법률의 취지에 반하는 시행령의 변경 가능성도 존재한다는 것은 큰 문제이다. 이로 인하여 향후 국회의 고유 권한인 입법권이 크게 침해될 가능성이 있고 금융위원회의 입장과 기준변경에 따라 동법 시행령의 본질적 내용이 달라질 가능성도 완전히 배제하지 못한다. 비록 인터넷전문은행법이 다른 법령과 비교하여 대주주 요건을 구체적으로 정하고 있는 것은 사실이지만 은산분리 완화의 적용 대상기업과 같은 중요한 사항은 시행령에 위임할 것이 아니라 법률에서 정하는 것이 보다 바람직한 입법태도가 될 것이다. 또한, 인터넷전문은행의 주요 수입원인 대출업무 중 중소기업을 제외한 일반 기업대출이 인터넷전문은행법에서 금지되었기 때문에 인터넷전문은행은 소매금융 중심의 은행영업으로 전락될 수밖에 없으므로 오히려 핀테크 기반의 인터넷전문은행 산업의 규제 강화라는 비난도 받고 있다. 인터넷전문은행법 시행령 역시 졸속입법에 따른 부작용을 보완하는데 다소 부족한 부분이 있으며 시행령이 정교하지 못해 법률의 미비사항을 제대로 보완하지 못한 부분이 있는 것은 향후 법령의 개정에서 개선되어야 할 과제이다. 결국 현재의 법령체계와 틀 안에서는 인터넷전문은행의 특성화된 영업 확장이나 일반 시중은행과의 차별성은 크게 기대하기 힘들다. 인터넷전문은행의 파급효과에 따른 금융혁신이 제대로 이뤄질 수 있도록 인터넷전문은행법과 동법 시행령의 향후 개정에서는 제기된 문제점을 좀 더 신중하게 검토할 필요가 있다.