한국사회의 연령집단에 대한 유능함과 따뜻함 지각: 내집단 편향효과를 중심으로

박기완 ( Kiwan Park ),양혜경 ( Hae Kyung Yang ),옥경영 ( Kyungyoung Ohk ),주소현 ( So Hyun Joo ) 한국소비자학회 2015 소비자학연구 Vol.26 No.4

본 연구에서는 고정관념 내용 모델(stereotype content model)을 활용하여 한국사회의 연령집단에 대한 고정관 념 내용을 분석하였다. 각 연령집단에 대한 고정관념을 지적 특성인 유능함(competence)과 사회적 특성인 따뜻함 (warmth)의 2차원으로 분석하였는데, 특히 사회정체성 이론(social identity theory)에 근거하여 평가대상이 되는 연령집단이 내집단(in-groups)인 경우 내집단 편향효과(in-group bias)가 나타나는지를 가설화하고 검증하였다. 실증연구 결과, 연령집단에 대한 유능함과 따뜻함을 평정함에 있어 평가자집단과 평가대상집단 간 일치 여부가 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 평가대상집단이 내집단일 경우 유능함과 따뜻함을 보다 호의적으로 평가하는 내집단 편향현상이 나타났으며, 이러한 편향된 평가경향은 평가대상집단에 대한 동일시(identification) 수준이 높아지기때문인 것으로 매개효과 분석에서 검증되었다. 종합토론에서는 연구결과 요약 및 해석과 함께 이론적ㆍ실무적ㆍ정책적 시사점을 논의하고 있다. 본 연구는 연령집단을 연구 대상으로 함으로써 고정관념 내용 모델을 보다 폭넓게 이해할 수 있는 기회를 제공하는 한편, 내ㆍ외집단에 대한 고정관념의 차이와 그 심리적 기제를 밝힘으로써 사회정체성 이론을 확장하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. 또한, 연령집단에 대한 고정관념 및 내ㆍ외집단 간 차이 분석은 특정분야에서의 미시적 소비자 행동을 이해하고 연령집단이 중요한 상황에서의 마케팅 전략을 수립하는 데 이론적 기초를 제공할 것이다. 최근 한국사회에서 연령집단 간 갈등이 고조되고 있는 상황을 감안할 때, 연령집단에 대한 인식과 고정관념을 정확하게 이해하는 작업은 정책적인 차원에서도 매우 의미 있고 시사하는 바가 클 것이다. In this research, we investigated whether in-group bias would occur in perceiving competence and warmth about age groups in the Korean society. According to the stereotype content model (e.g., Cuddy, Fiske, and Glick 2008; Fiske, Cuddy, and Glick 2007; Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, and Xu 2002), the stereotype contents regarding social groups are systematically and succinctly captured by two dimensions, competence and warmth. To empirically uncover the stereotype contents about age groups in the Korean society, we measured perceived competence and warmth about the young (in their 20s and 30s), the middle-aged (in their 40s and 50s), and the elderly (in the 60s and older). Drawing on social identity theory (Brown 2000; Tajfel 1982; Tajfel and Turner 1986) that proposes self-categorization and its motivational consequences, we hypothesized that the respondents would exhibit more favorable perceptions of competence and warmth about their in-groups than about their out-groups, and that the biased perceptions would be explained by the level of the respondents’ identification with the age groups. We recruited 910 participants in their 20s to 60s from five major cities in Korea and administered a survey that consisted of a series of questions to measure demographic variables (such as age, occupation, education, and income), perceived competence and warmth about the three age groups, the perception of relative status and competition, and finally the level of identification with the groups. Perceived competence and warmth were measured on 5-point scales (1 = not at all; 5 = extremely): how [competent or warm] are members of [the young, the middle-aged, or the elderly]? (Cuddy, Fiske, and Glick 2007; Fiske et al. 2002). The relative status and competition (Fiske et al. 2002) were also measured on 5-point scales (status: how well-educated are members of [the young, the middle-aged, or the elderly]?; competition: if members of [the young, the middle-aged, or the elderly] get special breaks (such as preference in hiring decisions), this is likely to make things more difficult for people who belong to the same age group as me). The level of cognitive identification with the age groups was measured on a 7-point pictorial scale which had two circles varying in the extent of the overlap between the two (Bergami and Bagozzi 2000). The one circle represented the self and the other represented each of the rated age groups. After responding to the demographic variables, the participants answered to which age groups they belonged. We eliminated those participants whose selfreported in-groups were different from their real in-groups based on their age and entered 801 participants to subsequent analyses. The participants provided all ratings about the young first, then the middle-aged, and finally the elderly. First, we found that perceived competence was highest for the middle-aged, followed by the young and the elderly, while perceived warmth was highest for the elderly, followed by the middle-aged and the young. Second, to test hypothesis 1, we conducted 3 (target: the young, the middle-age, or the elderly) × 3 (evaluator: the young, the middle-age, or the elderly) mixed analyses of variance on competence and warmth respectively, treating the former as a withinparticipants factor and the latter as a between-participants factor. The two-way interaction was significant in both analyses (competence: F(4, 1596) = 2.93, p = 0.0198; warmth: F(4, 1596) = 12.49, p < 0.0001). Overall, the perceptions of competence and warmth were higher when the evaluators provided ratings for their in-groups than for their out-groups. Third, to test hypothesis 2, we conducted the same 3 (target: the young, the middle-age, or the elderly) × 3 (evaluator: the young, the middle-age, or the elderly) mixed analyses of variance on identification. The two-way interaction between the two factors was also significant (F(4, 1596) = 167.30, p < 0.0001), revealing that overall, the level of identification with the in-groups was higher than with the out-groups. Finally, we investigated whether the level of identification with age groups would account for in-group bias observed in perceptions of competence and warmth about the groups. The mediational analyses using a bootstrapping procedure confirmed the statistical significance of the indirect effect of the evaluator groups on perceived competence and warmth via identification. This research is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of the stereotype content model by expanding its scope to age groups and integrating the phenomenon of in-group bias to the stereotyping of social groups. It also widens the applicability of social identity theory by focusing on age-based social identity. The findings of this research offer important future research directions and implications to consumer research topics such as social exclusion and intergroup helping, to effective marketing strategies of services, media, and brands in relation to age-based segmentation, and to policies to address inter-group conflicts that have recently emerged in many areas in the Korean society.

적극적 조치에 대한 찬성 태도 이끌어내기: 내집단 규범 정보의 관련성을 중심으로

심지수,김혜숙 한국사회및성격심리학회 2018 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격 Vol.32 No.2

This study examined whether the persuasive effect of the in-group norm would be stronger when the persuasion topic was relevant to the in-group category than when it was not. In Study1, both male and female college students read an article about the affirmative action policy for the promotion of women, after which they received an information indicating that their in-group (i.e., Male In-group vs. Female In-group vs. College Students In-group) showed either favorable or neutral attitude toward the issue. As expected, the results demonstrated that the favorable norm information of the gender in-group was more influential than the favorable norm information of the college students in-group. However, the stronger persuasion effect of the norm information of the gender in-group was limited only to th male participants. In Study2, we attempted to replicate the stronger persuasion effect of the relevant in-group category to the persuasion topic shown in Study 1, this time using the College Student Category as the key category. More specifically, participants read an article about the affirmative action policy for the permission of the minority group members to universities, and afterwards they received an normative in-group (i.e., Male In-group, Female In-group or College Students In-group) information, showing either favorable or neutral attitudes. The results demonstrated that as hypothesized, the participants who were provided with the in-group normative information of university students changed their attitudes more than those who were presented with the in-group normative information of gender in-group. This finding replicated the results in Study1, indicating the importance of the relevance of the persuasion topic to the in-group category in using the normative information of the in-group in the persuasion context for the affirmative action policy. The theoretical and practical implication of these findings were discussed. 본 연구는 설득 주제 관련성에 따라 내집단 규범의 설득 효과가 달라지는지 확인하였다. 연구1에서 남녀 대학생 참여자들은 여성 승진 관련 적극적 조치에 대한 지문을 읽은 뒤, 할당된 내집단 유형(남성 내집단vs.여성 내집단vs.대학생 내집단)에 따라 내집단이 여성 관련 적극적 조치에 대해 찬성 혹은 중립 태도를 보인다는 정보(도표)를 받았다. 분석 결과, 가설대로 여성 관련 적극적 조치가 주제인 경우 성별 범주가 대학생 범주보다 더 점화되고, 그에 따라 성별 내집단의 규범 정보가 대학생 내집단 규범 정보보다 더욱 영향을 미쳐 참여자들의 적극적 조치에 대한 태도가 변화되었다. 그러나 이는 남성 조건의 참여자들에게만 나타난 결과이다. 연구2에서는 연구1의 결과를 반복․확인하기 위하여 대학 입학 관련 적극적 조치 주제에 관하여 관련 내집단의 설득 효과를 검증하였다. 이를 위해 연구2에서 참여자들은 대학 입학 관련 적극적 조치에 대한 지문을 읽은 뒤, 할당된 내집단 유형(남성 내집단vs.여성 내집단vs.대학생 내집단)에 따라 내집단이 대학 관련 적극적 조치에 대해 찬성 혹은 중립 태도를 보인다는 정보를 받았다. 분석 결과 예상대로 참여자들은 성별 내집단 조건에 비해 대학생 내집단 조건에서 내집단 규범 정보에 의해 더 많이 영향을 받아 태도를 바꾸었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 적극적 조치의 대상 집단에 따라 효과적인 내집단 규범 정보의 유형이 달라진다는 사실을 밝혀냄으로써 이론적 함의를 가질 뿐 아니라 실제 설득 장면에서 사용할 수 있는 설득 방안을 제안하고 있다.

근대 계몽기 지식인 단체 네트워크 분석 -학회보 및 협회보(1906~1910)를 중심으로

전성규,허예슬,이여진,최장락 상허학회 2022 상허학보 Vol.65 No.-

The purpose of this study was to analyze the network of intellectual groups in the academic journals published in the Modern Enlightenment(1906~1910). First, the total number of members of each of the 11 groups, which had been estimated so far, was accurately identified based on the member list of each academic journal. Based on this database, network analysis was attempted using the network visualization program Gephi. Through this, it was possible to check the topographical maps of all 11 groups. Among the 11 groups, the Daehan-Hyeobhoe is the most central node and the hinge that mediates heterogeneous groups. This position itself represents the moderateness and expandability of the Korean Association to become a representative institution of the people. It is necessary to pay attention to the position of the Daehan-Hyeobhoe as a hub that mediates several hubs between multi-centric hubs. In addition, the cluster analysis of 11 groups was conducted through modularity measurement. As a result, the computer classified groups of international students in Japan into one small group. Because the overlap of members of these groups was higher than that of other societies, it was judged that they had a single sequence. However, when the analysis was carried out in detail, it was confirmed that many of the overlapping members of the international student groups in Japan belonged to the members of the domestic branch. In the past, Daehan-heung-hakhoe was mainly meant as an integrated organization of foreign students in Japan, including Daehan-hakhoe and the Taegeuk-hakhoe. However, it is judged that branch members account for a significant portion of the ratio of duplicate members, and relatively few members of the main body in Japan have flowed into the Daehan-heung-hakhoe. Through network analysis, it is confirmed that a significant number of new people migrated at the time of the establishment of the Daehan-heung-hakhoe. As a result of examining information on some of the people who joined only the Daehan-heung-hakhoe, some of them included groups that were actively involved in the social and cultural movement of the 1920s. There is very little information about the future activities of those who actively participated in the Modern Enlightenment Society movement. If the information on people who were active in various aspects of literary fields and cultural and social movements is added, the limitations of research on modern Enlightenment journal materials will also be overcome. Finally, information on some of the people who were listed in various groups and actively participated in the movement through the Out-Degree figure was investigated. Among those who were active in 3-5 groups, many were from Ham-gyeong-do (province) and Pyeong-an-do(province). As a result of regional statistics of people with high out-degree, Yeongheung and Yeongyu regions in Pyeong-an-do were the most prominent. In particular, this area has been a place where enthusiasm for civilization and modernization has been high, and economic movement was promoted due to abundant resources such as mines. These groups started their movement based on the region and some classes at first, but they are gradually expanding the base of participation classes and mobility. They put their efforts into the expansion of branches, and through the production of media such as newspapers and magazines, they formed the basis of public opinion. At that time, the group movement was considered a movement for the country and the people. With various directions and purposes, various groups intended to reach all parts of the Korean Peninsula. 본 연구는 근대 계몽기(1906~1910)에 발간된 학회보 및 협회보를 대상으로 지식인 단체 네트워크 분석을 수행하는 것에 목적을 두었다. 우선 각 학보의 회원명부란을 중심으로 그간 추정에 머물러 왔던 11개 각 단체의 전체 회원수를 정확도 높게 파악하였고 이 데이터베이스를 기반으로 하여 네트워크 시각화 프로그램 Gephi를 사용해 네트워크 분석을 시도하였다. 이를 통해 우선 11개 전체 학회 지형도를 확인할 수 있었다. 11개 학회 중 대한협회는 가장 중심성이 높은 노드이자 이질적인 그룹을 매개하는 연결점으로 역할을 하고 있다. 이러한 위치는 대한협회가 인민의 대표기관이 되고자 표방한 중도성, 확장성을 그 자체로 대변하고 있다. 다 중심적 허브들 사이에 여러 허브를 매개하는 허브로서 대한협회라는 위치에 주목할 필요가 있다. 또한 모듈성(modularity) 측정을 통해 11개 단체의 소집단 분석을 진행하였다. 그 결과 컴퓨터는 대한학회, 태극학회, 대한흥학회 등 재일유학생 단체를 하나의 소집단으로 분류하였다. 이들 단체의 회원의 겹침이 다른 학회들보다 많았기 때문에 하나의 계열성을 가진 것으로 판단한 것이다. 하지만 이에 대한 분석을 구체적으로 진행하였을 때 재일유학생 단체끼리 겹치는 회원 중 상당수가 국내 지회 회원 소속으로 확인되었다. 그간 대한흥학회는 대한학회와 태극학회를 비롯한 재일유학생의 통합 단체로 주로 의미화되었다. 하지만 지회 회원이 중복회원의 비율 중 상당수를 차지하고 상대적으로 일본에 있는 본회 회원들 중에는 대한흥학회로의 유입이 적었다고 판단된다. 재일유학생단체 네트워크 분석을 통해 그동안 일본 유학생의 흡수와 통합으로 설명된 커뮤니티의 성격이 재의미화될 필요가 있다. 또한 근대 계몽기 학회 운동에 활발히 참여한 사람들의 이후 행적에 대해서는 정보가 매우 소략한 실정이다. 실업이나 교육 외에도 문학운동, 문화와 사회 운동의 다양한 측면에서 활동한 인물들에 정보가 추가될 경우 근대 계몽기 학보 자료의 연구의 제한성 또한 재고될 것으로 보인다. 마지막으로 Out-Degree 수치를 통해 여러 단체에 이름을 올리며 학회 운동에 높은 관심을 가진 인물들 중 일부에 대한 정보를 조사하였다. 3~5개 단체에서 활동한 사람들 중에는 함경도와 평안도 지역 출신이 많이 포함되어 있었다. Out-Degree가 높은 인물들의 출신지역 통계를 내본 결과 평안도 영흥, 영유 지역이 가장 두드러졌다. 이 지역은 특히 예전부터 문명개화와 근대교육에 대한 열의가 높았던 곳이었을 뿐만 아니라 광산 등 자원이 풍부해 실업이 진흥되던 곳이었다. 그러한 이유로 대한자강회, 대한협회, 서우학회, 서북학회 등 여러 학회들이 지회 설립에 공을 들였던 곳이기도 하다. 실업가들이 다양한 학회 운동에 참여하고 있는 상황을 확인할 수 있다. 근대계몽기 학회 및 협회는 처음에는 지역을 기반으로, 일부의 계층을 중심으로, 그 움직임을 시작하였지만 점차 참여계층과 활동의 기반을 넓혀나가는 운동성을 띠고 있다. 많은 단체들이 지회와 지교의 확장에 힘을 쏟았고 신문이나 잡지와 같은 매체의 생산을 통해 담론적 실천으로서 여론의 기반을 만들어 나갔다. 이 당시 단체운동은 국가와 국민을 위한 운동으로 사념되었다. 다양한 방향성과 목적성을 가지고 여러 단체들은 자신이 개척하는 언로가 한반도 곳곳에 닿기를 기도하였다. 단체와 회원을 중심으로 ...

갈근 열수 추출물이 알루미늄을 투여한 흰쥐의 혈청 효소 활성도와 호르몬에 미치는 영향

한성희,신미경 한국식생활문화학회 2005 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.20 No.1

This study was designed to investigates the effects of Korean pueraris radix water extract in Al(Aluminum) administered rats. Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100±10g were used for this experiment and divided into following 6 groups; control group, 3% pueraria radix in water extract group, 1000 and 2000ppm Al group, 1000 and 2000ppm Al group with 3% pueraria radix in water extract group. The Al administered rats were given 1000 and 2000 ppm of Al₂(SO₄)₃ disolved in the distilled water. The Al content in the rats tissue of Al administered group was lower than in the rats tissue of AI group with 3% pueraria radix in water extract group. Plasma levels of renin and aldosterone activity was increased by Al administration group, compared with 3% pueraria radix in water extract group and Al administred group. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase(GOT) and Glutamate pyruvate transaminase(GPT) were increased in Al-administered group and lower in the 3% extracts of pueraria radix in water extract group. Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) was lower in the 3% extracts of pueraria radix-Al group than in the Al group. This results suggested that pueraria radix in water extract group has a lowering effects on the accumulation of Al and it is belived that the pueraria radix in extracted water group has some protective effects to Al administered in rats, but the mechanism of these effects was obscure.

카드뮴을 급여한 흰쥐에서 갈근 열수 추출액의 해독작용효과

정영희,한성희,신미경 한국식생활문화학회 2002 韓國食生活文化學會誌 Vol.17 No.4

3% 갈근 열수 추출액 급여와 카드뮴을 흰쥐에게 4주 동안 급여 한 후 간과 신장 조직의 카드뮴 함량, renin 호르몬 농도, 혈청중의 GPT, GOT 및 LDHase의 함량을 조사하였다. 식이섭취랑에서 대조구인 24.62g에 비하여, 3% 갈근 열수 추출액 급여군은 23.41g으로 카드뮴 급여군은 23.76g에 비하여, 갈근 열수 추출액급여군과 카드뮴 병합 급여군은 22.25g으로 감소하였으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 체중 증가량은 대조군이 124.5.g이고, 3% 갈근 열수 추출액급여군은 127.22g으로 대조군에 비하여 감소하였다. 카드뮴 급여군은 107.57g에 비하여, 갈근 열수 추출액급여군과 음용수의 카드뮴 병합 급여군은 128.80g으로 유의적으로 증가하였다. 식이효율은 카드뮴 급여군과 갈근-카드뮴 병합 급여군 간에는 유의성이 인정되었다. 간의 무게에서 대조군에 비하여 갈근 열수 추출액 급여군이 약간 감소하였으나 유의한 차이는 없었으며 카드뮴 공급군에 비하여 갈근-카드뮴 병합 급여군이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 신장 무게는 카드뮴 공급군에 비하여 갈근-카드뮴 병합 급여군이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 간 조직내에서의 카드뮴 함량은 대조군이 0.15ug/g으로 갈근 열수 추출액급여군은 0.14ug/g에 비하여 별다른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 카드뮴 급여군은 3.04ug/g에 비하여 갈근-카드뮴 음용수 병합 급여군은 2.87ug/g 유의적으로 감소하였다. 신장 조직내에서 대조군은 0.21ug/g이었으나, 갈근 열수 추출액급여군은 0.23ug/g으로 별다른 차이는 없었다. 카드뮴 급여군은 6.48ug/g에 비하여 갈근 열수 추출액급여군과 카드뮴 병합 급여군은 4.42ug/g 4.57ug/g으로 유의적으로 감소하였다. 혈장 호르몬인 renin 농도는 갈근차 음용수군은 16.73ngAl/mL/hr으로 대조군인 15.89ngAl/mL/hr에 비해서 증가하였다. 카드뮴 급여군은 25.72ngAl/mL/hr으로 카드뮴과 갈근 열수 추출액 병합 급여군인 18.57ngAl/mL/hr에 비하여 유의성 있게 증가하였다. GOT는 대조군이 96.16U/L에 비하여 갈근차 단독 급여군은 96.44U/L로 약간 증가하였다. 카드뮴 급여군은 154.40U/L인데 비하여 카드뮴과 갈근 열수 추출액 병합 급여군이 118.80U/L으로 유의적으로 감소하였다. GPT는 대조군이 56.50UL에 비하여, 갈근 열수 추출액 급여군은 63.46U/L으로 약간 증가하였으나 유의한 차이는 없었다. 카드뮴 급여군은 73.54U/L인데 비하여 갈근 열수 추출액 급여군과 카드뮴 병합 급여군은 69.80U/L으로 유의적으로 감소하였다. LDHase는 대조군이 179.00U/L, 갈근 열수 추출액급여군은 198.60U/L으로 대조군에 비하여 감소하였으나 유의한 차이는 나지 않았다. 카드뮴 급여군은 264.30U/L인데 비하여 갈근 열수 추출액급여군과 카드뮴 동시 병합 급여군은 227.30U/L으로 유의적으로 감소하였다. 카드뮴에 중독된 흰쥐에 대한 갈근 추출물의 해독 효과를 알아보는 본 연구에서 50ppm카드뮴액과 함께 3% 갈근 추출액 급여한 흰쥐의 체중증가량과 사료 섭취 효율을 50ppm의 카드뮴만을 급여한 흰쥐의 이들 측정값과 비교할 때 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 50ppm의 카드뮴액과 함께 3% 갈근 추출액을 급여한 흰쥐군은 50ppm의 카드뮴액만을 급여한 흰쥐군과 비교하여 신장내 카드뮴 함량과 GPT 및 LDH 활성도, reinn 활성도가 유의적으로 감소되었고 신장 무게는 정상 흰쥐와 같은 수준으로 회복하였고 GOT 활성도 역시 정상 흰쥐와 같은 수준으로 감소를 보여 갈근이 카드뮴 중독 흰쥐에게 신장 등의 장기내 카드뮴 축적의 감소로 카드뮴 중독 작용의 경감 효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. This study was designed to investigates the effects of Korean pueraris radix water extract in Cd(cadmium) administered rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100±10g were used for this experiment and divided into following 4 groups; control group, 3% pueraria radix in water extract group, 50 ppm Cd group, 50 ppm C group with 3% pueraria radix in water extract group. The Cd administered rats were given 50 ppm of CdCl_2 · 2H_2O disolved in the distilled water. The Cd content in the rats tissue of Cd administered group was lower than in the rats tissue of Cd group with 3% pueraria radix in water extract group. Plasma levels of renin activity was increased by Cd administration group, compared with 3% pueraria radix in water extract group and Cd administred group. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase(GOT) and Glutamate pyruvate transaminase(GPT) were increased in Cd-administered group and lower in the 3% extracts of puerariz radix in water extract group. Lactate dehydrogenase(LDHase) was lower in the 3% extracts of pueraria radix-Cd group than in the Cd group. This results suggested that pueraria radix in water extract group, has a lowering effects on the accumulation of Cd and it is belived that the pueraria radix in water extract group has some protective effects to Cd administered in rats, but the mechanism of these effects was obscure.

백제 무왕 대와 의자왕 초기 정치 세력의 변화 -사씨(沙氏)와 익산세력을 중심으로-

남정호 ( Jung Ho Nam ) 역사교육학회 2015 역사교육논집 Vol.56 No.-

This paper examined the change of political group in Period of King Mu and early years of King Euija in Baekje, focusing on the relationship between Sa family group and Iksan group trend. First of all, the former part of King Mu was the period when the king strengthened royal authority in earnest after Fortress Amak and Wang family, Ye family, Iksan group and etc had mainly grown as royal secretaries (內朝), but Sa family was relatively weak. In the latter part of King Mu, the absolute authority of the king was stronger than any period of Baekje, Sa family group cooperated with royal authority and became a leading force of state affairs again. Sa family group supported Pungjang (豊璋) who was a son of Queen Satak and his son Gyogi (翹崎) and conflicted with Euija for next succession to the throne. Euija who won the competition with Pungjang and was fully invested as a crown prince conducted state affairs as much as to be considered as the King of Baekje, but it didn`t mean that the authority of King Mu became weak. It just meant that the old King Mu delegated his authority to the crown prince, Euija. Conflicts between Sa family group mainly with Queen Satak and Euija were revealed as a political change in the second year after King Euija ascended, but it didn`t mean that Sa family group had become weak. It is hard to think that this political change removed whole Sa family group, but only the family of Queen Sata had damaged. The family of Queen Satak and Sataekjijuk might be divided while Sataekjijuk kicked out in early of this political change was sent to Japan again to relieve their doubts whether they doubted the qualification of diplomatic delegations like Gyogi and others. In other words, it seemed that the family of Sataekjijuk used the other family name (砂宅) to differentiate themselves with the family of Queen Satak (沙탁). About Iksan group trend, the period of Iksan administration was the latter period of King Wideok in the late 6 century, and the leading group of Iksan administration was the royal family of King Hye (King Hye, King Beop, King Mu) and Iksan group. The characteristics of Ilksan administration might be that Iksan was ideologically considered as ‘independent town (別部)’ because Iksan region was developed. In the period of King Mu, Iksan was considered very important that Royal Palace and many Buddhist temples like Jeseok Temple, Mireuk Temple and etc were built in consideration of transferring the capital, but in the period of King Euija, it was changed into religious center because Royal Tomb of King Mu was built and large official residence was built in the place of Royal Palace to pray for the response of his soul. Meanwhile, in the period of King Mu, royal secretaries had high status and royal secretary group such as Wang Hyo~rin, Ye family, Naejapyong Gimi and etc advanced to the highest official rank, Japyong. Especially Iksan group developed a lot in the period of King Mu, and Naejapyong Gimi might be one of Iksan group. In the latter period of King Mu, Euija was fully invested as a crown prince and he considered Sabi as the capital of a kingdom. Sa family group with Queen Satak as the center inherited Iksan administration like Mireuk Mountain Saribongan and etc to extend their power in Iksan area and Iksan group also had same political stances while they embraced Iksan group. In this situation, there was a political change in the early days of King Euija, Sa family group against King Euija, Gyogi related to Queen Sata and Naejapyong Gimi (岐味) who was one of the Iksan group were expelled and King Euija strengthen his royal authority with direct line.

베를린 한인 청소년무용단 변천과정에 대한 연구

현주 ( Ju Hyun ) 한국체육사학회 2012 체육사학회지 Vol.17 No.1

본 논문은 베를린에서 1987년 가야 어린이무용단의 창단을 시작으로 24년간 발달한 한인 청소년무용단의 발달과정을 연구하였다. 1987년 창단된 가야 어린이무용단은 베를린 최초로 한인 2세로 구성된 한인 청소년무용단이자, 베를린 최초의 한인 2세 문화단체로 지금까지 베를린 한인 문화발전의 중심에 있다. 이후 1990년대 중반부터 아리랑 청소년 무용단(1995~2008)이 창단되어 베를린의 한인2세 무용단은 가야 청소년무용단(1990년대 추정)과 아리랑 청소년 무용단으로 재편성되어 선의의 경쟁을 통해 많은 발전을 하였다. 이러한 발전은 2003년에 또 하나의 청소년무용단인 소나무 무용단이 자유베를린대학교 한국학과 학생들을 중심으로 창단이 되어 베를린에서 다양한 한인 2세 무용문화가 형성되었다. 그러나 2008년에 아리랑 청소년무용단이 해체되고 자유베를린대학 한국학과 학생들로 구성된 소나무무용단이 해체위기에 처해 있어서 베를린 한인 청소년무용단의 발전은 오래가지 못하였다. 이에 본 논고에서는 베를린의 한인 청소년무용단의 역사와 현재의 문제점을 파악하고, 그 해결방안을 제시해 보고자 한다. This study is about process of growth of Korea Youth Dance Groups in Berlin for 24 years since Kaya Children Dance Group was established in 1987. Kaya children Dance Group is the first group which consists of second generations of Koreans in Berlin. As a first group which consists of second generations of Koreans in Berlin, It was at the center of growth of Korean cultures in Berlin till now. Since that, in the middle of 1990, Arirang Youth Dance Group (1995~2008) was established. Dance Group of second generation of Koreans in Berlin was reorganized to Kaya Youth Dance Group and Arirang Youth Dance Group. Those Youth Dance Groups of second generations of Koreans in Berlin had competitions in faith. through this competition, those Dance Groups grown up together. In 2003, Sonamu Dance Group was established behind students of Korean department of FU. But this cultural growth couldn`t be sustain because of Arirang Dance Group dissolved in 2008 and Sonamu Dance is in a crisis. So this study examines about the history of Korean Youth Dance Grops in Berlin and suggests the solutions.

집단회상이 노인의 심리적 안녕에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

하양숙 서울대학교 간호대학 간호과학 연구소 1993 간호학 논문집 Vol.7 No.1

Reminiscence has been defined by many scholars as the consideration of one's especially meaningful past experience (McMahon & Rhudick,1961). As the past remembered by reflecting oneself historically, or as the normal life review of general and developing matters and the internal experience or mental process reviewing one unconscious and unchosen life (Butler, 1964). And this reminiscence is actively being used in solving the psychological problems and increase psychological well-being of the elderly. This study attempts to identify the usefulness and feasibility of the group reminiscence to give it a solid foundation as a technique of nursing intervention. For this, this study raises such questions as 1) Will the group reminiscence have any effect on the psychological well-being of the elderly? 2) Will the effect of the group reminiscence be affected by locus of control in personality? 3) How is the psychological well-being of the elderly women and what variables will affect it?, and to work out above questions it tries to 1) analyze the effect of the group reminiscence 2) clarify the relation between the group reminiscence and locus of control personality 3) confirm the level of aged women's psychological well-being and the variables influencing it, which are the goals of this study. Non-equivalent control group with a pre-post test design was used in the study, and the group reminiscence was tested with experimental group which has tested the reminiscence and the control group which has not. For the variables which influence the effect, internal-external locus of control in personality and demographic variables were also measured. A total of 80 women aged over 60 were studied who were registered from October, 1989 to July, 1990 in E consultation office located at Changan-dong, Dongdaemoon-ku, Seoul, Korea, which included 40 women who tested the group reminiscence (Experimental group) and other 40 women who didn't (Control group). As for the tool for this study, a group reminiscence schedule devised by the researcher was used to practice the session, a life satisfaction, a life satisfaction scale (Yoon, 1982) and Zung's (1974) depression status inventory(DSI), which has been translated by the researcher and was used after a due pilot study and reliability test to measure the effect of the group reminiscence, and to measure the basic character of the elderly Cha et al.'s(1973) internal-external locus of control in personality, and a inventory for measuring demographic variables. As for the process of the study, demographic variables, blood pressure, life-satisfaction, depression status, and internal-external locus of control were tested with both the experimental and control group a week prior to the group reminiscence. And total 6 sessions of the group reminiscence was performed to the experimental group for an hour at a time once a week from the first to the sixth week. A week after the finish of the group reminiscence of 6 sessions life satisfaction and depression status of the each group were measured. Each experimental group had a group reminiscence session with the researcher and two assistant researchers once a week for 6 weeks, and the number of reminiscence group was five, which consisted of 8-12 members. The contents of group reminiscence of the experimental groups were all recorded in the tape recorder, and were used as materials for the analysis of group reminiscence with the record of other details. The data analysis of this study was computerized by using SPSS/PC+, and the homogeneity which may be affected by various variables was verified with Chi-square and t-test, the reliability of the tools with Cronbach's α, the comparison of life satisfaction and depression status according to locus of control in personality and demographic variables with ANCOVA, respectively. Descriptive statistics of frequency and distribution were used in analyzing of the content of reminiscence. The result of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. The effect of group reminiscence 1) The life satisfaction of the experimental group was higher than of control group(P<0.05). Therefore it was made clear that the group reminiscence can surely increase the life satisfaction of the elderly. 2) The depression status of the experimental group was reduced compared with control group, but it was not statistically significant. 3) The group reminiscence according to the characteristics of Internal-External locus of control in personality had no significant effect on the psychological well-being either in the experimental or control group. 2. The demographic variables influence psychological well-being(life satisfaction). The one's health status perceived subjectively and of one's economic status turned out to be demographic variables that influence the psychological well-being (life satisfaction)(P<.01). The group reminiscence, however proved to affect the psychological well-being affirmatively without being influenced by the above two variables(P<.01). The significance of this study through the above results shows that the grasp of the level psychological well-being of elderly woman of in Korea can present an effective way for finding out the psychological well-being state of the elderly at the time of care them afterwards, and the group reminiscence attempted first in Korea can be a good nursing intervention in that it increased the life satisfaction of the elderly. Besides the fact that the one's health status perceived subjectively and of one's economic status proved to be variables influencing the psychological well-being explains it is the physical, social and financial factors rather than one's character such as a locus of control in personality that affect the psychological well-being of the elderly. And it is confirmed that to maintain the psychological well-being and to increase their mental health, the nursing intervention strategy for the elderly is necessary and important for holistic well-being of the elderly in psychological, physical, social respects etc., and therefore that the assessment and intervention in whole sides are absolutely important for the gero-psychiatric nursing process of the elderly.

진로집단상담 프로그램이 다문화 가정 아동의 진로인식과 진로결정자기효능감에 미치는 효과

최현주,김희수 한국다문화교육학회 2017 다문화교육연구 Vol.10 No.3

The purpose of this study is to determine how a career group counseling program affected career awareness and career decision-making self-efficacy of children in multicultural families. For this purpose, eight children in multicultural families who participated in after-school activities at a community children center in N City, North Jeolla Province, were randomly allocated to the experimental group and the other eight children at the same center were allocated to the control group. To determine the effects of a career group counseling program, pretest was performed to assess career awareness and career decision-making self-efficacy both in the experimental and control groups before the program. The experimental group was provided with six sessions of a career group counseling program for three weeks from August 1 to 22, 2014; in the final session, posttest was performed to determine its effects. The control group received no treatment but went through pretest and posttest. The control group participated in the institutional program lessons and conducted the same time posttest. The results showed that there was a significant increase in career awareness in the experimental group participating in the career group counseling program compared to the control group. In addition, there was a significant increase in career decision self-efficacy in the experimental group participating in the career group counseling program compared to the control group. We conclude the career group counseling program is useful for career awareness and career decision-making self-efficacy’s increase of children in multicultural families. 본 연구에서는 다문화 가정 아동에게 진로집단상담 프로그램을 실시한 후 진로인식과 진로결정자기효능감에 어떠한 효과를 미치는가를 검증하였다. 본 연구의 대상자는 전라북도에 위치한 N시 지역아동센터에서 방과 후 활동에 참여하는 다문화 가정 아동 8명을 실험집단으로 무선배정하고, 같은 동일센터의 아동 8명을 통제집단으로 무선배정하여 총 6회기의 프로그램을 실험집단에 실시하였다. 먼저 진로집단상담 프로그램의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 프로그램을 실시하기 전에 진로인식과 진로효능감에 대한 사전검사를 실시하였다. 실험집단은 2014년 08월 01일부터 2014년 08월 22일까지 3주 동안 주 2회, 회기 당 50분 총 6회기의 진로집단상담 프로그램을 실시하였고, 프로그램 마지막 회기에는 사후검사를 실시하여 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 통제집단은 기관 내 프로그램 수업에 참여하여 같은 날 사후검사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 진로집단상담 프로그램을 참여한 실험집단이 통제집단에 비해 진로인식이 유의미하게 증가하였다. 둘째, 진로집단상담 프로그램을 적용하여 실험처치를 받은 실험집단이 통제집단에 비해 진로결정자기효능감이 유의미하게 향상되었다. 따라서 다문화가정 아동을 대상으로 한 진로집단상담 프로그램은 다문화 가정 아동의 진로인식과 진로결정자기효능감 향상에 효과가 있다.

고대일본어의 모음체계 시론 ― 네 자료에 나타난 イ단(갑류)음의 표기운의 비교를 중심으로 ―

김대성 ( Kim Daesung ) 한국일본어교육학회 2021 日本語敎育 Vol.- No.98

This paper is the first study of a series of tentative studies on the vowel system of Old Japanese. This dealt with the estimation of the conservatism in writing in the four sources and the comparison of the notational rimes (including the initials) in the sounds of i column (excluding type B or 乙, otsu) used in them. the results are as follow. First, in the case of the conservatism in writing, Yasumaro has many similarities to Okura. But Okura's notation of /diㆍ ri/ is similar to α group, and the fact that he uses only one Zhen (眞) rime except for Zhi (止) rime group is consistent with the α group. In this respect, Yasumaro is more conservative. Contrary to what was mentioned in the introduction, β group is not close to Yasumaro or Okura. In the β group, the notation method of α group scribes was greatly accepted, and the change of the sound at that time was tried to be expressed. In the notation of /diㆍsiㆍFiㆍmiㆍiㆍri/ for group β, a more α-group notation is seen than for group α. Second, in the case of notational rimes, Yasumaro and Okura did not focus on a specific rime. In particular, Okura used only one rime for 9 syllables, and did not use 3 rimes. Also, whereas Yasumaro used 6 rimes except for Zhi (止) rime group, Okura used only 1 (Zhen (眞) rime) which is similar to α group. This seems to reflect some of Okura's experience of studying abroad in the Tang Dynasty. ; Group α reflected the sounds of Northern Regions in Tang Era like the merger of 3 rimes of Zhi (止) rime group in the dentals (including superadental stops) and apical sibilants (including superadental and palatal sibilants), and at the same time, used laryngeal /i/ without the merger of them as a merger. ; Because β group used a conservative notation of ZhenㆍJiㆍQiㆍZhong rime(眞祭齊鍾), it has a very conservative notation like Yasumaro. In β group, the reflection of the sounds of Northern Regions in α group was used more diversely depending on the notation of certain syllables. Therefore β group includes a more α-group notation than α-group. Third, the correlation of the number of usable characters in the rime and the number of their examples is absent in Yasumaro and Okura, but half in the α and β groups. Fourth, despite the fact that Yasumaro and Okura did not use many kinds of characters in the selection of Ongana's(using characters for their Chinese sounds) characters, their selection of characters showed a fairly similar tendency. Fifth, although limited to the results of the sounds of i column (excluding type B), there is a possibility that the characteristics of the β group mentioned by Hiromichi Mori need to be supplemented.