제2형 당뇨병 남성 환자에서 유리 테스토스테론과 성호르몬 결합 글로블린 농도

남기덕,김영설,박철영,오승준,김덕윤,우정택,김성운,양인명,김진우,최영길 대한당뇨병학회 2002 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.24 No.6

연구배경:인슐린저항성은 제2형 당뇨병과 심혈관질환의 주요한 위험 인자로 성호르몬과 상호 관계가 있다고 알려져 있다. 그러나 여성과는 달리 남성에서는 연령과 인슐린저항성에 따른 유리 테스토스테론과 성호르몬 결합 글로블린 농도의 변화에 대한 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 그러므로, 본 저자등은 제2형 당뇨병 남성 환자에서 정산인과 비교해서 유리 테스토스테론과 성호르몬 결합 글로블린 농도를 측정하고 연령에 따른 변화 정도를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법:대상 환자 모두에서 연령과 체질량지수, 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 공복혈당과 인슐린 농도를 측정하였다. 혈중 유리 테스토스테론 농도는 방사면역측정법(radioimmunoassay)을 이용해서 측정하였고, 혈중 성호르몬 결합글로불린은 면역방사계측측정법(immunoradiometric assay)을 이용해서 측정하였다(Diagnostic System Laoratories, Wbster, TX, USA). 결과:1)제2형 당뇨병 남성 환자에서 정상 대조군 남성에 비해 성호르몬 결합글로불린은 104.1±35.0 vs 25.7±3.5 mole×10??로 의미 있게 높았으나(p<0.001), 유리 테스토스테론은 13.7±9.5 vs 13.6±6.5 ng/dL로 차이가 없었다. 2)연령과 성호르몬 결합 글로블린 사이의 상관 계수는 제2형 당뇨병 남성 환자에서 0.40로 중등고의 양의 상관 관계를 보였고(p<0.001), 정상 대조군 남성에서 0.11로 유의한 상관 관계를 보이지 않았다. 연령과 유리 테스토스테론 사이의 상관 계수는 제2형 당뇨병 남성 환자에서 0.08, 정상 대조군 남성에서-0.17로 모두에서 유의한 상관 관계를 보이지 않았다. 3)연령과 체질량지수를 보정한 후에 제2형 당뇨병 남성 환자와 정상 대조군 남성에서 혈중 인슐린 농도, 유리 테스토스테론과 성호르몬 결합 글로블린 사이에는 상관 관계가 없었다. 결론:제2형 당뇨병 남성 환자에서 정상 남성에 비해 성호르몬 결합 글로블린 농도가 증가되어 있었으며, 유리 테스토스테론은 차이가 없었다. 연령이 증가함에 따라 성호르몬 결합 글로블린이 제2형 당뇨병 남성 환자에서 정상 남성에 비해 증가 폭이 의미있게 컸으며, 유리 테스토스테론은 변화가 없었다. Background: Insulin resistance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. There are many previous studies indicating that insulin lowers serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels, and there is inverse correlation between insulin resistance and serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in women. However, in men, a limited number of studies are available to explain the effect of sex hormone on age and insulin. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship among free testosterone, hormone-binding globulin and age in type 2 diabetic men and control subjects. Method: Age, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood sugar, and insulin concentrations were examined on 89 type 2 diabetic men and 47 control subjects. The free testosterone level was measured by commercially available double-antibody system (Radioimmunoassay). The sex hormone-binding globulin level was also measured by commercially available double-antibody system(Immunoradiometric assay). Results: 1) Sex hormone-binding globulin level was significantly increased in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, there was no significantly difference in free testosterone level between the two groups. 2) Sex hormone-binding globulin was positively correlated with age (r=0.4, p <0.001) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sex hormone-binding globulin and free testosterone were not correlated with age in control sujects. 3) Free testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations were not significantly related to serum insulin concentration after adjusting for age and body mass index. Conclusions: We observed increased sex hormone-binding globulin concentration in diabetes man, and was a positively related to age. Further studies are needed to understand the relationships between age, insulin resistance, testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations(J Kor Diabetes Asso 24:699~707,2000).

Impaired Cortisol and Growth Hormone Counterregulatory Responses among Severe Hypoglycemic Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

유영아,장주영,박수연,안지현,김동림,김숙경,송기호 대한내분비학회 2019 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.34 No.2

Background: Elevated levels of cortisol and growth hormone are critical counterregulatory responses to severe hypoglycemia. However, the proportion and clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) who fail to show appropriate cortisol and/or growth hormone secretion in response to severe hypoglycemia have not been investigated. Methods: We measured plasma cortisol and growth hormone levels in type 2 DM patients with severe hypoglycemia who visitedthe emergency department between 2006 and 2015. Results: Of 112 hypoglycemic patients, 23 (20.5%) had an impaired cortisol response (<18 μg/dL) and 82 patients (73.2%) had animpaired growth hormone response (<5 ng/mL). Nineteen patients (17.0%) had impaired responses to both cortisol and growth hormone. The patients with impaired responses of cortisol, growth hormone, and both hormones were significantly older and more likely to be female, and had higher admission rates, lower growth hormone levels, and lower adrenocorticotropic hormone levels thanthe patients with a normal hormonal response. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that an impaired growth hormoneresponse was significantly associated with advanced age, shorter DM duration, a higher admission rate, and a higher body mass index (BMI). An impaired cortisol response was significantly associated with growth hormone levels. Patients with an impairedgrowth hormone response had higher admission rates than patients with a normal response. Conclusion: A considerable number of type 2 DM patients had impaired cortisol and/or growth hormone responses to severe hypoglycemia. Advanced age, shorter DM duration, and higher BMI were independently associated with an abnormal growth hormoneresponse.

배지 및 첨가호르몬이 돼지난포란의 체외발생능에 미치는 영향

박병권,이규승,Park, Byung Kwon,Lee, Kyu Seung 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 1999 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.26 No.2

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of media and hormones on in vitro maturation and development of porcine follicular oocytes. Basic media were used to TCM-199, Waymouth MB751/1 and BMOC-II, and hormones were used to hCG and FSH in each medium. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. The maturation rates of oocytes cultured in TCM-199 medium containing hCG, FSH and hCG+FSH were 78.05, 72.50 and 67.50%, respectively. The maturation rates of oocytes with hormones were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of oocytes cultured without hormone. However, the cleavage rate(hCG 46.88%, FSH 31.04%. hCG+FSH 37.04%) of embryo cultured in TCM-199 containing hormone was significantly(P<0.05) lower than that(89.47%) of oocytes cultured without hormone. 2. The maturation rates of oocytes cultured in Waymouth MB751/1 medium containing hCG. FSH and hCG+FSH were 69.77, 71.43 and 80.00%, respectively. The maturation rates of oocytes with hormones were significantly(P<0.05) higher than those of oocytes cultured without hormone. However. the cleavage rate(hCG 46.67%. FSH 36.00%, hCG+FSH 35.71%) of embryo cultured in Waymouth MB751/1 containing hormone was significantly(P<0.05) lower than that(60.00%) of oocytes cultured without hormone. 3. The maturation rates of oocytes cultured in BMOC-II medium containing hormone were 66.67(control). 66.67(hCG). 91.89(FSH) and 81.82(hCG+FSH)%. respectively. showing the highest rate in FSH treatment. And, the cleavage rates of oocytes cultured in BMOC-II medium containing hormone were 81.82 (control, 79.17(hCG), 50.00(FSH) and 66.67(hCG+FSH)%, respectively.

대두와 현미 추출몰이 호르몬 의존형 및 비의큰형 유방암세포의 성장에 미치는 영향

성미경,박미영 한국식품영양과학회 2002 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.31 No.3

대두(백태,흑태)와 현미의 메탄올과 아세톤 추출물이 호르몬 의존형 유방암세포(MCF-7)와 호르몬 비의존형세포(MDA-MB-231)의 세포독성과 apoptosis에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다 각 추출물별 25, 50, 100 ug/well의 농도로 24, 48, 72시간 배양 시 배양시간과 사용된 시료 모두 농도 의존적으로 유방암 세포생존율을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 호르몬 의존형 세포인 MCF-7 에서는 현미의 아세톤 추출물이 낮은 농도에서 짧은 배양시간에도 그 효과가 나타났고 호르몬 비의존형 세포주 MDA-MB-231에서는 현미의 아세톤 및 메탄올 추출물의 효과가 다른 시료들에 비해 높게 나타났다. Apoptosis에 미치는 영향에서는 호르몬 비의존형 세포(MDA-MB-231)에서 메탄올추출물 처리군이 대조군에 비해 apoptosis된 세포가 유의적으로 증가한 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 그러나 세포생존율 결과와는 다르게 호르몬의존형 세포와 호르몬비의존형 세포 모두에서 아세톤 처리군은 대조군에 비해 apptosis에 유의차를 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 결과에 의하면 이들 화합물이 소유한 암세포 성장억제 기전은 추출물내 함유된 화합물의 종류와 세포성장의 호르몬 의존도에 따라 다양한 것으로 사료된다. A number of experimental and epidemiological studies have implicated that antiestrogenic effects of estrogen-like compounds in legumes and plant seeds are responsible for lowering breast cancer risk in human. However, few studies have been conducted to illustrate the possible chemopreventive effects of Korean traditional food materials. This study was performed to determine the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of yellow soybeans, black soybeans and brown rice extracts on hormone-dependent and hormone-independent human breast cancer cells. Methanol-or acetone-soluble fractions of soybeans or brown rice were incubated with hormone-dependent cells (MCF-7) or hormone-independent cells (MDA-MB-231). Cell cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay at 24, 48 and 72 hrs of incubation. Apoptotic effects of these extracts toward breast cancer cells were also determined at 48 hrs of incubation by measuring DNA fragmentation. Results indicated that the acetone-soluble fraction of brown rice exerted strongest cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 ceIls, although other fractions also reduced the number of viable MCF-7 cells after 48 hrs of incubation. Both acetone and methanol soluble fractions of all samples exerted a significant cytotoxicity towards MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 hrs of incubation, and acetone and methanol soluble fractions of brown rice were especially effective in these cells. At 48 hrs of incubation, methanol fractions of all three samples induced apopotosis of MDA-MB-231 cells. These results indicate methaol or acetone soluble fractions of yellow soybeans, black soybeans and brown rice induce cytotoxicity in both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent breast cancer cells. Therefore, possible mechanisms of cell cytotoxicity do not necessarily include antiestrogenic effects of soybean or brown rice extract. A possible anticarcinogenic effect of brown rice methanol-soluble fraction may mediated through their apoptotic effect. Further studies are requried to elucidate responsible compounds and mechanisms involved in observed anticarcinogenesis.

성장호르몬 결핍증에 의한 발기부전

최만수,남현종,강양호,하홍구,방성익,박남철,김영진,박현준 대한남성과학회 2008 The World Journal of Men's Health Vol.26 No.4

Growth hormone deficiency is the medical condition of inadequate production of growth hormone. Growth hormone deficiency in adults is not common, but it may feature a diminished, lean body mass, poor bone density and a number of physical and psychological symptoms, including poor memory, social withdrawal and even depression. Abnormally low growth hormone levels in adults typically result in a diminished quality of life and it can even be disabling. The physical symptoms include loss of strength, stamina, and musculature. Growth hormone deficiency can also impair the biological and physiological/functional substrate of penile erection, which can be, at least in part, restored by the normalization of the plasma levels of growth hormone. This is a report on a 63-year-old man who suffered with severe erectile dysfunction and loss of libido due to growth hormone deficiency. Upon growth hormone administration, his erectile function improved dramatically.

Hormone-related Factors Associated with Dry Eye Syndrome in Postmenopausal Korean Women: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES), 2010-2012

Young-Ju An,Jung-Hee Kim 대한시과학회 2018 대한시과학회지 Vol.20 No.1

목적: 한국 폐경기 여성에서 호르몬 관련 요인과 건성안의 연관성에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 본 인구 기반 단면 연구는 제5기 국민건강영양조사(2010-2012)를 완료한 총 4,586명의 폐경기 여성을 대상으로 복합표본설계 프로시저를 구성하여 분석을 시행하였다. 폐경기 여성을 대상으로 건성안 유병 률을 산출하였고, 공변량을 보정한 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하여 내생적 및 외생적 호르몬 관련요인 과 건성안의 연관성을 평가하였다. 결과: 폐경기 여성에서 건성안의 가중된 유병률은 14.2%(95% 신뢰구간: 13.0-15.8)이었다. 사회 인구학 적 요인, 건강행태 요인, 동반질환을 보정한 후에도 경구피임약을 23개월 이상 복용한 경우 건성안 발생 위 험이 1.47배(95% 신뢰구간: 1.03-2.09) 증가하였으며, 여성호르몬제를 36개월 이상 복용한 경우 건성안 발생 위험이 1.70배(95% 신뢰구간: 1.17-2.47) 증가하였다. 결론: 한국 폐경기 여성에서 장기간의 경구피임약과 여성호르몬제의 복용은 건성안의 위험을 유의하게 증가시켰다. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association between hormone related factors and dry eye syndrome (DES) in postmenopausal Korean women. Method: This population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted by analyzing a complex sample design procedure for 4586 postmenopausal women who completed the 5th National Health and Nutrition Survey (2010-2012). The prevalence of dry eye was calculated for postmenopausal women. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between DES and hormone related factors (exogenous and endogenous), and we also adjusted for possible covariates(possible covariates were adjusted). Result: The weighted DES prevalence (95% CI) in postmenopausal women was 14.2% (13.0-15.8). Even after adjusting for socio-demographic factors, lifestyle factors, and medical factors, the risk of DES was increased when taking oral contraceptives for more than 23 months (odds ratio = 1.47, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-2.09) and for women over 36 months of hormone replacement therapy (odds ratio = 1.70, 95% confidence interval = 1.17-2.47). Conclusion: Long-term oral contraceptive use and hormone replacement therapy in Korean postmenopausal women were significantly associated with increased DES.

호르몬구이(ホルモン焼き), 재일한국인·조선인의 변용과 갱생의 표상

연윤희(延允禧) 동북아시아문화학회 2014 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.39

This report, based on the analysis of “Grilled Hormone”, analyzed the life of Zainichi’s (Koreans living in Japan) who came to Japan during the Chosun era. During the Meiji era, the Japanese began to accept western cultures and meat-eating culture. It was the beginning era of accepting new culture and Japanese followed western cultures. One of the culture that they followed was meat-eating culture, which they only used the portion of red meat because Japanese never learned how to eat meat and it was not part of their culture. Thus, the Japanese did not used any of the intestines. When Chosun was colonized by the Japanese, many of the people from Chosun migrated to Japan. Those migrant had to settle in Japan by selling eating those intestines parts from the meat or pork. Controversially, animal intestines that Japanese people avoided became familiar food ingredient for Zainichis and they could live by with the intestines. During this period of time, the “grilled hormone,” represents the poverty and discrimination of Zainichis. Soon, the Zainichi’s begin to create their own style of food culture and when Japan was reaching its high growth of economic the “grilled hormone” became one of the high-quality food even for Japanese. The “grilled hormone” once used to be known as low-quality food transformed into a high-quality food. The negative image of “grilled hormone” have reformed through a movie called, “The Yakiniku movie: Bulgogi, 2007.” In this movie, the “grilled hormone” was portrayed as the positive image to Japanese. Not only had the movie showed the positive side of “grilled hormone,” but it definitely converted the recognition of Zainichi’s.

소아에서 성장호르몬 치료 중 발생한 특발유두부종과 결합된 가성유두부종

이희철(Hee Chul Lee),박찬금(Chan Keum Park) 대한안과학회 2020 대한안과학회지 Vol.61 No.12

목적: 성장호르몬 치료 중 특발유두부종과 결합된 가성유두부종이 발생한 소아 환자 1예를 보고하고자 한다. 증례요약: 특별한 기저질환이 없는 11세 여아가 3개월간 성장호르몬 치료를 받고 발생한 일시적 시야흐림, 암순응 장애 및 무기력감을 주소로 타원에 내원하였다. 이학적 검사상 20/20에서 20/25로의 시력저하와 안저검사에서 양안에 유두부종이 발견되었고, 즉시 성장호르몬 치료를 중단하였다. 4주 후, 본원에 방문하였을 때 안저검사상 유두부종은 양안에 비슷한 정도로 관찰되었고 우안의 경미한 적록 색각이상만 보였다. 성장호르몬 투여로 인한 특발유두부종과 결합된 가성유두부종을 의심하였고, 성장호르몬 투여 중단을 지속하며 유두부종에 대하여 경과 관찰하기로 하였다. 결론: 성장호르몬 치료 중 안저검사상 양안 유두부종이 관찰되어, 성장호르몬 치료를 중단하였고, 4주 후 시력장애는 호전되었지만 경도의 유두부종과 결합된 가성유두부종이 그대로 남아있는 환자를 보고하는 바이다. Purpose: We report a case of pseudopapilledema combined with idiopathic papilledema in a pediatric patient receiving growth hormone treatment. Case summary: An 11-year-old girl without any underlying disease presented with bilateral transient visual obscurations, a dark-adaptation disorder, and helplessness that developed while she had been on growth hormone therapy for 3 months at a local clinic. Reduced visual acuity (from 20/20 to 20/25) was observed on physical examination and bilateral optic disc edema on fundus examination, growth hormone was immediately discontinued. Four weeks later, fundus examination revealed papilledema of both eyes with mild red-green dyschromatopsia. Recombinant growth hormone-associated idiopathic papilledema combined with pseudopapilledema was suspected. Although growth hormone, had been discontinued, we scheduled further observation of the papilledema. Conclusions: Papilledema was observed on fundus examination during growth hormone treatment and four weeks after discontinuation thereof. The symptoms improved, but mild papilledema combined with pseudopapilledema remained.

갑상선 호르몬의 자가항체에 의한 갑상선 호르몬(T3)의 비정상적인 상승의 1례

이인규,류성열,권기민,황준영,이상준,신동우 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1999 계명의대학술지 Vol.18 No.4

Anti-thyroid hormone autoantibodies were reported in the Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases. Most of these autoantibodies are IgG. Immunologically, the thyroid hormone can be considered hapten and as such are unable to induced antibody production. But thyroid hormone can present to the immune system when this hapten is coupled with carrier protein such as thyroglobulin. Anti-thyroid hormone autoantibodies in serum will give falsely high or low thyroid hormone values in radioimmunossays. When the methods based upon absorption of free thyroid hormone or precipitation of all hormone-antibody complex are used, low values in favor of hypothyroidism will be found, whereas high values will be obtained with double-antibody of solid-phase technics. When these autoantibodies bind with thyriod hormone, abnormal elevation or decreased titers of thyroid hormone is seen in radiommunoassay. The interference gives clinicians inappropriate information about the patient's thyroid status. As a result, patients may receive unnecessary treatment from physicians who are unaware of the presence of the autoantibody. We report a case of abnormal elevation of T3 and TSH by anti-T3 autoantibodies in the serum of hypothyroid patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

제1형 탈요오드효소 유전자 갑상선호르몬 반응요소에서 T₃자극에 따른 갑상선호르몬 수용체 역동학 모델

이성진,박철영,정인경,홍은경,최철수,김현규,김두만,유재명,임성희,최문기,유형준,박성우,Larsen, P. Reed 대한내분비학회 2003 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.18 No.3

연구배경: 제1형 탈요오드효소의 발현에 관여하는 hdiol 유전자는 5 flanking region 내 서로 다른 특성을 가진 두 종류의 갑상선호르몬 반응요소, 즉 TREI과 TRE2를 가지고 있음이 알려져 있다. 사람의 간암세포주인 HepG2 세포에서 T₃를 투여하였을 때 hdiol유전자의 전사작용이 급격하게 증가하는데 hdiol mRNA가 충분히 발현하기 위해서는 두 종류의 갑상선호르몬 반응요소가 모두 필요함이 보고 되어 있으나 T₃ 투여시 갑상선호르몬 반응요소와 결합하는 갑상선호르몬 수용체의 역동학에 대해서는 아직까지 연구된바 없다. 한편 현재까지 보고 된 연구 결과들은 갑상선호르몬 자극이 없더라도 갑상선호르몬 수용체와 갑상선호르몬 반응요소가 서로 지속적으로 상호작용 한다는 전제 조건을 바탕으로 하고 있는데 아직까지 이러한 가정은 간접적으로만 증명되어 있는 상태이다. 이에 저자들은 본 연구에서 사람의 간암세포주인 HepG2세포를 대상으로 염색체 면역침전법과 중합효소연쇄반응을 이용하여 갑상선호르몬 자극 전·후 hdiol 유전자의 갑상선호르몬 반응요소에 결합하는 갑상선호르몬 수용체의 결합양상 변화를 분석함과 동시에 갑상선호르몬 자극 전에도 갑상선호르몬 수용체와 갑상선호르몬 반응요소가 서로 결합된 상태로 존재함을 직접적으로 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 사람의 간암세포주인 HepG2 세포를 대상으로 100 nM T₃를 투여하기 전과 투여한 후 12시간 뒤 TRα1, TR 1, TR 2 항체와 IREI, TRE2에 상보적인 시발체를 이용하여 염색체 면역침전법과 고식적 중합효소연쇄반응 및 정량적 중합효소연쇄반응을 시행하였다. 100nM T₃를 투여하기 전과 투여한 후 12시간 뒤 hdiol mRNA 발현량의 변화를 정량적으로 측정하기 위하여 역전사 중합효소연쇄반응을 시행하였다. 100 nM T₃를 투여하기 전과 투여한 후 12시간 뒤 TR4'1, TR 1, TR 2 단백질의 발현량을 알아보고자Western blot을 시행하였다. 결과: 100 nM T₃를 투여하기 전과 투여한 후 12시간 뒤 염색체 면역침전법과 TREI 시발체를 이용한 고식적 중합효소연쇄반응을 시행하였을 때 T₃ 투여 전후 TREI 부위에는 TRgl이 결합하였으며 T₃를 투여한 후 TRal 결합이 감소하였다. 정량적 중합효소연쇄반응으로 TR4'1 결합량을 측정하였을 때 T₃ 투여 전3.74에서 T₃ 투여 후 1.97로 감소하여 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(Δ=-47.3%, p<0.05). T₃ 투여 전 ·후 TRβl과 TRβ2의 결합은 관찰되지 않았다. 100 nM T₃를 투여하기 전과 투여한 후 12시간 뒤 염색체 면역침전법과 TRE2 시발체를 이용한 고식적 중합효소연쇄반응을 시god하였을 때 T₃ 투여 전ㆍ후 TRE2 부위에는 TRα1, TR 1, TR 2가 모두 결합하였으며 T₃를 투여한 후 TRα1과 TR 1의 결합은 감소하였으나 TR 2의 결합은 증가하였다. 정량적 중합효소연쇄반응으로 갑상선호르몬 수용체의 결합량을 측정하였을 때 TRαl은 T₃ 투여 전 10.41에서 T₃ 투여 후 3.01, TRβl은 T₃ 투여 전 12.56에서 T₃ 투여 후 2.93으로 유의하게 감소하였으며 TRβ2는 T₃ 투여 전 9.17에서 T₃ 투여 후 9.84로 증가하는 경향을 보였다(TRα1, Δ=-71.1%, p<0.05; TR 1, Δ=-76.7%, p<0.05; TR2, Δ=+7.3%). 정량적 중합효소연쇄반응으로 측정한 갑상선호르몬 수용체의 전체 결합량은 T₃ 투여 전 32.14에서 T₃ 투여 후 15.78로 감소하여 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(Δ=-50.9%, p.0.05). 갑상선호르몬 수용체 항체를 1.5μL와 4.5μL 첨가한 후TREI과 TRE2에 대하여 염색체 면역침전법 및 정량적 중합효소연쇄반응을 각각 시깡하였을 때 첨가한 갑상선호르몬 수용체 항체의 양에 따른 갑상선호르몬 수용체 결합량의 차이는 없었다. 100 nM T₃를 투여하기전과 투여란 후 12시간 뒤 역전사 중합효소연쇄반응 및 hdiol cDNA 시발체를 이용한 정량적 중합효소연쇄반응을 시행하였을 때 T₃를 투여한 후 hdiol mRNA발현량은 2.03배 증가하였다(p<0.001). 100 nM T₃를 투여하기 전과 투여한 후 12시간 뒤 Western blot을 시행하였을 때 갑상선호르몬 수용체 발현량은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론: 현재까지 갑상선호르몬 수용체의 역동학에 대한 연구가거의 이루어지지 않았던 실정을고려하여볼 때 본 연구는 제한적이나마 일정한 농도의 갑상선호르몬 자극 전 · 후 갑상선호르몬 수용체 결합양상의 변화, 특히 T₃ 자극 전 hdiol 유전자의 TREI 부위에서 TRal이 억제자 (silencer)로서 작용할 가능성 및 T₃자극 전 · 투 TRE2 부위에서 갑상선호르몬 수용체 교대현상을 처음으로 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있으며 향후 다른 종류의 세포주 및 체내에서 갑상선호르몬 자극 전 후 갑상선호르몬 수용체 결합양상의 변화 및 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향을 연구할 필요가 있으리라 생각된다. 한편 염색체 면역침전법을 통해 HepG2 세포에서 T₃ 자극이 없더라도 갑상선호르몬 수용체와 갑상선호르몬 반응요소 사이에 지속적인 상호작용이 존재할 뿐 아니라 갑상선호르몬 반응요소에 대한 갑상선호르몬 수용체의 결합이 교대로 이루어지고 있음을 직접적으로 확인할 수 있었으며 향후 T₃ 자극 전 · 후 갑상선호르몬 수용체를 통한 유전자 전사조절기전에 관여하는 전사인자와 역동학적 기전을 규명함에 있어서 염색체 면역침전법과 정량적 중합효소연쇄반응이 매우 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것이다. Background: Type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase (Dl), the product of the hdiol gene, is involved in thyroid hormone activation by the deiodination of thyroxine (T4) to form 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). Recent studies have identified two thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the 5 ' flanking region of the hdiol gene. TRE1, proximal to TRE in the hdiol gene, consists of a direct repeat of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) binding octamers with 10 bp separating the two TR binding sites. The upstream TRE, TRE2, is a classical direct repeat of retinoid X receptor (RXR)/TR binding half-sites with a 4-bp separation. There are few studies clarifying the TR dynamics in the TRE of a specific gene with or without the exposure of activated thyroid hormone. We evaluated TR binding patterns in the proximal and distal TREs of the hdiol gene before and after T₃ stimulation. Methods: We employed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technique to investigate the TR- TRE interaction before and after T₃ stimulation in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line. Following cross-linking and sonication of the cells, immunoprecipitation was performed overnight at 4℃ with TRαl, TRβ1 and TRβ2 antibodies. We analyzed the binding patterns and amounts of TRαl, TRβl and TRβ2 to TREl and TRE2 before and after 12 hours stimulation with 100 nM T3 by using conventional and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (RQ-PCR). Reverse transcriptional PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot with TR 1, TR 1 and TR 2 antibodies were performed to measure the levels of hdiol mRNA and TR 1, TR 1 and TR 2 proteins before and after 12 hours exposure to l00nM T3. Results: In TRE1, TRαl binding was significantly decreased after 12 hours stimulation with l00nM T3 (3.74→97, Δ=-47.3%, p<0.05), but TRβ1 and TRβ2 bindings were not detected by conventional PCR and RQ-PCR. Although all TR isoforms were bound to TRE2, the binding patterns were quite different. While TRα1 and TRβ1 bindings to TRE2 after 12 hours stimulation with 100 nM T3 were significantly decreased (10.41→3.01, Δ=-71.1%, p<0.05; 12.56 →2.93, Δ =-76.7%, p<0.05, respectively), TRβ2 binding was increased but not significantly (9.17 →9.84, Δ =+7.3%). Total TR bindings in TRE2 were significantly decreased after 12 hours stimulation with 1OOnM T₃ (32.14 →15.78, Δ=-50.9%, p<0.05). The TR bindings to TREl and TRE2 were not significantly different by the amounts of TR antibodies used during ChIP assays. The levels of hdiol mRNA were significantly increased, 2.03 times, after 12 hours exposure to l00nM T3 (p<O.001). Western blot showed no significant change of the level of each TR isoform protein before and after 12 hours exposure to 100nM T3. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the dynamics of TRal at proximal TRE (TRE1) and the switching phenomenon of TR isoforms at distal TRE (TRE2) of the hdiol gene after T3 stimulation. Further investigation, however, is needed to clarify the mechanisms of these observations (J Kor SOC Endocrinol 18:283-295, 2003).