충청지역 신종교와 그 문화적 특징

김탁(Kim, Tak) 충남대학교 충청문화연구소 2017 충청문화연구 Vol.18 No.-

계룡산은 조선(朝鮮)의 개창자인 태조 이성계가 새로운 도읍 후보지의 하나로 선택했던 곳이다. 조선의 태조는 즉위 2년(1393)에 계룡산(鷄龍山)으로 행차하여 새로운 도읍 후보지로 삼는다. 이 일이 후대에 이씨(李氏) 조선을 대신할 새 왕조가 계룡산에 건국될 것이라는 {정감록}류의 예언으로 흡수되는 결정적 계기가 되었다. 이후 선조(宣祖) 때에는 정여립(鄭汝立)이 계룡산이 새 왕조가 세워질 중심지라고 주장했다. 인조(仁祖) 때 유효립(柳孝立)의 역모사건에서 계룡산에서 새 임금이 등극할 것이라고 주장했다. 또 권대진의 역모사건에도 계룡산이 새 도읍지로 부각되었다. 영조 때에는 {정감록}이 등장하는데, 계룡산이 진인(眞人) 정씨가 새 나라를 세울 곳이라고 주장되었다. 정조 때 이경래와 문인방 등이 계룡산을 중심으로 새 왕조가 세워질 것이라고 강조하였다. 이후 {정감록}의 십승지(十勝地)에도 계룡산이 언급된다. 그리고 동학(東學)에서도 계룡산 중심의 왕조건설이 믿어졌고, 전봉준과 최시형도 계룡산을 신성시했다. 일제강점기에도 계룡산은 새 왕조가 건설될 중심지로 믿어졌으며, 그곳으로 사람들이 모여들었다. 보천교에서도 계룡산을 신성시했고, 많은 신종교 교단이 계룡산을 정씨 진인의 새 도읍지로 믿었다. 해방 이후에도 천진교, 동학회, 천지대안도, 금강대도, 삼령교, 삼신당, 무량천도, 정도교 등의 교단에서 계룡산에 새 왕조가 건설될 것이라고 믿었고, 계룡산을 교단의 중심지로 삼고 이곳에서 기도에 열중하였다. 그리고 기독교 계통의 신종교 교단에서도 계룡산은 성스러운 지역으로 이해되었다. Gyeryongsan is the place where Taejo Lee Sung-gye, the founder of Joseon, selected as one candidate of new capitals. Taejo in Joseon visited Gyeryongsan and took it as a new candidate of the capital in the second year of enthronement. This became a crucial clue to the prophets like Jeonggamrok that a new dynasty to replace Joseon of the Lees would be founded in Gyeryongsan. Later, Chung Yeo-rip in Seonjo insisted that Gyeryongsan be the center where a new dynasty would be founded. It was also argued that a new king would be made in Gyeryongsan at Yu Hyo-rip"s conspiracy in Injo. And Gyeryongsan stood out as a new capital at Gweon Dae-jin"s conspiracy. In Youngjo, Jeonggamrok appeared, where it was said that Gyeryongsan would be a new country by a true man of Chung. Later, Gyeryongsan was referred to in 10 beautiful places of Jeonggamrok. Also in Donghak, the dynasty founding in the center of Gyeryongsan was believed. Jeon Bong-jun and Choe Si-young also took Gyeryongsan as holy. Also in the Japanese occupation, Gyeryongsan was believed to be the center of a new dynasty being founded, and people gathered there. Bocheon-gyo took Gyeryongsan as holy, and a lot of new religions believed Gyeryongsan to be a new capital of a true man of Chung. Also after the liberation, in the religions of Cheonjin-gyo, Donghak-hoe, Cheonjidaean-do, Geumgangdae-do, Samryeong-gyo, Samshin-dang, Mooryangcheon-gyo, Jungdo-gyo, and so on, it was believed that a new dynasty would be founded in Gyeryongsan, which was regarded as the center of the religions and their followers prayed earnestly there. Also in the new religions of Christianity, Gyeryongsan was regarded as a holy place.

조선초 천도 논의에 관한 고찰 -『지리신법』 적용에 의한 재조명-

김연호 영남대학교 민족문화연구소 2008 민족문화논총 Vol.39 No.-

I studied the reason of new capital construction retraction in Gyeryongsan, based on 『THE ANNALS OF THE CHOSEON DYNASTY』, and studied the justifiability yes or no and a consistency yes or no of the theory application, the propriety yes or no of the reason of new capital construction retraction in Gyeryongsan. The retraction reasons of new capital construction in Gyeryongsan are two things. First, the site of Gyeryongsan is leaning on the south. Second is the reason of the JIRI, that is, the mountain come from the 乾 direction and because the water flow 巽 direction, if it goes according to the 『Jirisinbeob(地理新法)』 written by Ho of Song country, it corresponds to 長生, therefore the site wll be perished. As they were already knowing the reason of retraction that was leaning on the south when new capital construction was decided, I think that the reason dose not becomes. I studied intensively on the reason of JIRI. It was a serious affair which decided the capital of country in Gyeryongsan or Hanyang and Muak(毋岳) but they didn’t apply in case of Hanyang and Muak the most impotant reason which retracted new capital construction in Gyeryongsan. I think that the theory of Ho was used politically. I studied the reason of new capital construction retraction in Gyeryongsan, based on 『THE ANNALS OF THE CHOSEON DYNASTY』, and studied the justifiability yes or no and a consistency yes or no of the theory application, the propriety yes or no of the reason of new capital construction retraction in Gyeryongsan. The retraction reasons of new capital construction in Gyeryongsan are two things. First, the site of Gyeryongsan is leaning on the south. Second is the reason of the JIRI, that is, the mountain come from the 乾 direction and because the water flow 巽 direction, if it goes according to the 『Jirisinbeob(地理新法)』 written by Ho of Song country, it corresponds to 長生, therefore the site wll be perished. As they were already knowing the reason of retraction that was leaning on the south when new capital construction was decided, I think that the reason dose not becomes. I studied intensively on the reason of JIRI. It was a serious affair which decided the capital of country in Gyeryongsan or Hanyang and Muak(毋岳) but they didn’t apply in case of Hanyang and Muak the most impotant reason which retracted new capital construction in Gyeryongsan. I think that the theory of Ho was used politically.

예언과 공간: 『정감록』의 공간과 그 유형을 중심으로

고마리 ( Koh Marie ) 한국종교학연구회 2023 宗敎學硏究 Vol.41 No.-

This paper analyzes the relationship between prophecy and space by focusing on the spaces depicted in the Jeonggamnok and categorizing them into four types. Jeonggamnok has exerted significant influence on the thought and actions of the people since its oral transmission in the early Joseon period, continuing through the turbulent times of 20th century in Korea. Despite being a genre of prophecy literature, it provides practical guidelines by referring to spaces that exist in reality. There is a need to focus on spaces where meaning is generated through human practice rather than treating them as empty backgrounds. New Capital Sites (新王都), the first type, is the new center to replace Hanyang, exemplified by Gyeryongsan. This reflects the traditional idea that political power originates from the land, which makes the type most expressing the desire for regime change. Second, Ten Haven Places (十勝地) denote ten lands where one can escape from war and epidemics. This type does not directly challenge political power, but it has a subversive nature in terms of self-preservation for a new world. Third, Places of Refuge (避障處) are places suitable for hiding to live, featuring more extensive lists and detailed descriptions than the second type. Fourth, Disaster Areas (凶地) are places where wars, plagues, and famine are frequent and should be avoided. Because these are signs of the decline of the dynasty, the bleakness of reality coexists with expectations for the future in the spaces. Each type exists within complex relationships of homogeneity or opposition, contributing to completing the narrative of prophecy by presenting various ways to recognize and address despairing realities.

현대시에 나타난 계룡산의 시학

오홍진(Oh, Hong-jin) 충남대학교 충청문화연구소 2014 충청문화연구 Vol.12 No.-

This study tried to identify the meaning of Gyeryongsan represented in the contemporary poetry of Korea. Gyeryongsan(mountain) were important objects in traditional poetry. The representation of the Gyeryongsan in the contemporary poetry of Korea is closely related to a specific seeing approach. The Gyeryongsan is expressed by the de-perspective seeing approach, in other words, the traditional aesthetic attitude of contemplation. By this attitude a poetic subject and the Gyeryongsan see each other. The poetic subject sees the Gyeryongsan around it from the perspective of the object oneself. The object is oneself. One breaks the moving self with the unmoving oneself. Accordingly, the existence of Gyeryongsan is not exposed by the perspective around the poetic subject. It is to the aesthetic signification of the life poetics in the contemporary poetry of Korea. Besides, Gyeryongsan reminded poets of tragic wounds in the modern and contemporary history of Korea. For instance, the poetic subject of Lee eungbong represents Gyeryongsan as historical context, that is aesthetic perspective of the wounded in tragic history of Korea.

분청사기 문양에 나타난 회화적 표현 연구- 계룡산 철화분청사기의 물고기문양(魚文)을 중심으로 -

박현주 한국도자학회 2018 한국도자학연구 Vol.15 No.2

The buncheong ceramics of Korea developed toward the end of the Goryeo dynasty. It continued into the early part of the Joseon Dynasty, reaching its pinnacle around the reign of King Sejong (1419~1450). Buncheong ceramics is a type of high-fired stoneware which developed from the celadon toward the end of the Goryeo dynasty, however its existence was short-lived and it reached its end around the latter part of the 15th century. Buncheong ceramics is known for its many surface decoration methods, particularly with the application of white liquified clay known as ‘slip’. The clay body for making buncheong is high in iron content and therefore it produces a grayish-brown color when fired in a reduction firing. Once the white slip is applied, the surface is decorated in many different ways. This study looks in particular at the brown and white surface decoration method using iron oxide which was historically centered around the Gyeryongsan Mountain area of Korea. The buncheong ceramics focusing on surface decoration technique using iron oxide, was mainly produced around Gyeryongsan Mountain – to be more precise Gongju-gun Banpo-myeon Hakbong-ri of Chungnam Province which is around Gyeryongsan Mountain. As a result it was also known as ‘Gyeryongsan Mountain buncheong ware’. This was produced in abundance around the end of the 15th century and into the 16th century. The technique applied for this particular buncheong type was using oxidized iron as the main material for surface decoration. However iron spreads easily on clay surfaces therefore precision was difficult to maintain. Brush strokes required to be swift and exact on top of a surface already applied with white slip. Density of iron oxide mixed with water, was therefore important in order to maintain precision and accuracy. The advantage of the material was that it gave a certain amount of freedom to create painting-like effects on clay surfaces. The distinct feature of Gyeryongsan Mountain Hakbong-ri iron oxide buncheong was the simplified and strong linear qualities found in motifs such as fish, lotus flower and peony. This study focuses on fish motifs applied onto Gyeryongsan Mountain buncheong ceramics. These motifs are compared to fish paintings of the period known as ‘Urhaedo(魚蟹圖)’ in Korean. The objective is to research on the distinct characteristics of the method in which fish motifs were drawn on buncheong ceramics of this particular region. In the second part of the study, the aethetics in terms of understanding the tendency of the period depicted in paintings is examined simultaneously as observing the way in which motifs are painted on buncheong ceramics. In the third part, the scholarly nature of Joseon paintings is examined in order to understand the techniques applied in paintings of the time. The period toward the end of the Joseon dynasty is also taken into consideration for research investigation. In the fourth part of the study, the diverse method in which the iron oxide patterns were applied is examined. Here the focus is mainly on the fish motif. In the final fifth part, the symbolic aspects of the fish motif as a sign of good omen and opulence is observed. Many of Korea’s ceramics over centuries have applied the fish motif. The study focuses on the development of buncheong around the Gyeryongsan Mountain region, simultaneously as concentrating on the fish motif depicted in buncheong ceramics. The historical background on the significance of the fish motif is researched both in ceramics and in paintings. In order to conduct this study, I have interviewed the necessary specialists additionally as looking at researched materials on the subject. I sincerely hope that this research will attract much attention and I hope that many more will expand the field for further research work on the same subject. 분청사기는 고려 후기에서 조선 전기에 걸쳐 제작된 자기의 일종으로 세종 연간(1419~1450) 을 전후해 절정을 이루다가 15세기 후반부터 쇠퇴하기 시작했다. 그러나 이 시기에 분청사기의 한 종류로써 백토분장 후 철분이 함유된 안료로 문양을 그리는 철화분청은 계룡산 지역을중심으로 성행했다. 분청사기 철화기법은 충남 공주군 반포면 학봉리 계룡산 기슭에서 주로 제작되었기 때문에‘계룡산 분청사기’라고 하며, 15세기 후반부터 16세기에 걸쳐서 많이 제작되었다. 철화기법은 산화된 철분이 포함된 철사안료를 주로 사용하는데 이 안료는 물에 닿으면 빨리 퍼지기때문에 아주 빠른 필치로 그려야하므로 백토 위에 그림을 자유롭게 그려 표현할 수 있었다. 특히 계룡산 학봉리 철화분청사기는 간소하고 강렬한 몇 개의 선으로 물고기를 비롯해 연꽃, 모란 등 다양한 문양을 표현했다. 본 연구에서는 분청사기의 여러 문양 중 계룡산 분청사기의 물고기 문양과 비슷한 시기의그려진 어해도(魚蟹圖)를 비교 연구함으로서 물고기 문양을 통해 나타난 계룡산 철화분청사기이어지는본인의 연구에서 도자기를 회화적 관점으로 확장하는 도자작품 창출에 활용하고자 한다.

계룡산 삼신당굿 무경의 구조와 의미

안상경(An Sang-gyeong) 우리말글학회 2010 우리말 글 Vol.50 No.-

Gyeryongsan Samsindang Shamanic ritual was in existence in 1983, conducted by two cutting in maintenance. But the memory of Gyeryongsan Samsindang Shamanic ritual desire for succession continued. Eventually re-emerged in May 2010 to Gyeryongsan Samsindang Shamanic ritual. This paper has tracked developments in the structure of Gyeryongsan Samsindang Shamanic ritual, its identity was extracted. Especially the origin of human beings to God Gyeryongsan Samsindang Shamanic ritual Shaman bible spindle is formed. Through analysis of the Gyeryongsan Samsindang Shamanic ritual Shaman Bible's sacred shamanic Kyeryongsan the fact that two can be seen.

古蹟調査委員會의 계룡산록 도요지군 발굴이력과 조사의 본질

엄승희 한국도자학회 2018 한국도자학연구 Vol.15 No.2

This study aims to give the whole picture of the excavations of the ceramic kiln sites at the foot of Gyeryongsan that was the biggest gathering and distribution hub for Chulhwa-Buncheong ceramics in the period of Chosun dynasty by analyzing the report from the Historic Remains Investigation Committee affiliated to the Japanese Government General of Korea and the Museum of Japanese Government General of Korea which made the first investigation, and by examining the intrinsic meaning of the investigation report, based on the analyzed result. The Gyeryongsan kiln sites played the decisive role in determining the future of the Buncheong ceramics in the central part of Korea in the period of Chosun dynasty. However, the major sites were considerably damaged by Japanese officials before and during the period of Japanese occupation. The investigation of 1927 when the first excavation was being advanced began when Nomori Ken and other research staff at the Museum of Japanese Government General of Korea discovered 12 kiln sites after the Historic Remains Investigation Committee had been set up. However, most of the layers of the sites was disturbed by increased grave robbery at that time and the unskilled Japanese investigators. The disturbed layers was closely related to the process of collecting artifacts. Their main purpose was to indiscriminately collect Buncheong ceramics that Japanese people liked rather than to achieve the proper result of the unprecedented excavations, which inevitably led to the destruction of the kiln sites. For this reason, there are still severe limitations on clarifying the proofs and characteristics about the retrieved artifacts. These excavations in the period of Japanese occupation began on the pretext of preserving Korean cultural assets, but it can be construed as a part of Japan's cultural policy. In this study, the result from the excavations of Gyeryongsan kiln sites is viewed as one that largely reflected the situation under the Japanese occupation, and the kiln sites are considered as a classic example of a kiln site from which we could learn lessons of history. 본 연구는 조선조 철화분청사기의 최대 집산지였던 계룡산록 일대 도요지군의 발굴상황에대한 전모를 밝히기 위해, 최초 조사에 착수한 조선총독부 산하 古蹟調査委員會와 조선총독부박물관의 조사내역을 분석하고 그 결과를 토대로 이 조사가 지니고 있는 본질적 의미를 분석하는데 목적을 두었다. 계룡산록 도요지군은 조선조 중부지역 분청사기의 맥락을 결정짓는 주요한 곳이다. 그러나이 도요지군은 이미 일제강점기를 전후하여 일본인 관료들이 주축이 되어 일대 주요 가마터를 상당부분 훼손시켰다. 1차 발굴이 진행되던 1927년의 조사는 고적조사위원회의 발족과 더불어 총독부박물관의 노모리 켄(野守健)을 중심으로 한 조사원들에 의해 12기의 요지를 발견하면서 시작되었다. 당시는 도굴이 심화된 데다 발굴조사에 미숙했던 일본인 연구진에 의해가마층위가 대부분 교란되었다. 가마층위의 교란은 실제 발굴품의 수습과정과 밀접한 관련이있었다. 즉 계룡산록 도요지군의 조사 본질이 새로운 가마터 발굴 성과를 위한 목적에 있었다기보다, 일제강점 당시 일본인들이 선호하던 분청사기의 무작위적 수습에 주목적이 있었기 때문에 가마터는 심각하게 파괴될 수밖에 없었다. 이에 따라 현재까지도 당시의 수습유물에 대한 명확한 근거와 특징을 정리하는데 많은 한계가 있다. 따라서 일제강점기에 시행된 계룡산록 도요지군 발굴은 한국 문화재의 보호, 보존차원에서시작되었지만, 그 본질은 문화정책의 일환으로 해석된다. 본 연구를 통해 계룡산록 도요지군의 발굴성과는 그 자체가 일제 강점이라는 시기적 상황이 크게 반영된 것이라고 보았으며, 역사적 교훈을 일깨워주는 대표적인 가마터로 인식했다.

계룡산의 자원식물상 연구

도재화,김동갑,김주환,태경환 한국자원식물학회 2005 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.18 No.1

Gyeryongsan(845m) is located at 36˚18’02”- 36˚23’38”in latitude, at 127˚11’60”-127˚17’86”in longitude and on Nonsan City and Gongju City in Chungnam Province.Gyeryongsan shows the typical vegetation patterns including the middle area of temperateregion represented by the secondary forests of Quercus mongolicaand Q. serrata. And wetried to discuss on the distribution and availability of vascular plants including economicalplants. The results of plant collection and their investigation from April in 1998 to Octoberin 2002 are as follows : The vascular plants consist of total 684 taxa; 3 hybrids, 12 forms, 84varieties, 1 subspecies, 584 species, 357 genera, 100 families, 34 orders, 4 classes, 3 subphyla.In this area useful resources plants were 277 taxa(40.5%) forage source, 261 taxa(38.2%)edible source, 204 taxa(29.8%) medicinal source, 80 taxa(11.7%) ornamental source, 20taxa(2.9%) timber source, 3 taxa(0.4%) industrial raw material source respectively. Also,the Korean endemic plants are 29 taxa(4.2% among total 684 taxa); 5 varieties, 24 species,27 genera, 20 families. And rare and endangered plants are 2 taxa; Paeonia obovata,Gastrodia elata. Also, the naturalized plants are 31 taxa(4.5% among total 684 taxa and13.7% among the total naturalized plants in Korea). 계룡산(845m)은 전형적인 온대중부에 속하는 신갈나무군락, 소나무군락으로 대표되는 2차식생이 계룡산의 자원식물상 연구 발달한 지역으로 신원사, 갑사, 동학사등의 사찰과 관광단지 조성 후 식생의 보존상태 및 그 영향에 대하여 정밀한 조사가 미비하고, 자원식물의 분포양상 과 유용성에 대하여 조사된 바 없다. 본 연구에서는 계룡산에 자생하는 관속식물을 대상으로 식물상을 조사하여 식생의 보존상태와 귀화식물의 유입상태, 자원식물의 분포와 유용성에 대해 검토하였다. 양치식물 이상의 관속식물을 대상으로 1998년 4 월부터 2002년 10월까지 채집조사한 결과 소산식물은 3아문 4강 34목 100과 357속 584종 1아종 84변종 12품종 3잡종 등 총 684분류군으로 나타났다. 유용 식물자원 중 목초자원(forage source)은 277종류(40.5%), 식용자원(edible source)은 261종류(38.2%),약용자원(medicinal source)은 204종류(29.8%), 원예 자원(ornamental source)은 80종류(11.7%), 목재자원(timber source)은 20종 류 (2.9%), 공 업 용 자 원(industrial raw material source)은 3종류(0.4%)의 기타 잡용자원 28종류(4.0%)로 나타났다. 한국특산식물은 20과 27속 24종 5변종의 총 29종류로 소산식물의 약 4.2%이며, 희귀 및 멸종위기식물은 산작약, 천마의 2종류로 나타났다. 식물구계학적 특정식물 중 Ⅲ·Ⅳ·Ⅴ등급 식물은 12과 15속 14종 1변종의 총15종류로 소산식물의 약 2.2%이며, 또한 귀화식물은 13과 26속 30종 1변종의 총 31분류군으로 우리나 라 전체 귀화식물종 225종류의 13.7%이며, 소산식물의 4.5%로 나타났다.

계룡산 산신제의 역사성과 구비성 연구

안상경 한국구비문학회 2007 口碑文學硏究 Vol.0 No.24

계룡산 국립공원 산림생태계의 탄소축적량 산정에 관한 연구

장지혜 ( Ji Hye Jang ),이준석 ( Joon Seok Yi ),정지선 ( Ji Sun Jeong ),송태영 ( Tae Young Song ),이경재 ( Kyeng Jae Lee ),서상욱 ( Sang Uk Suh ),이재석 ( Jae Seok Lee ) 한국하천호수학회 2014 생태와 환경 Vol.47 No.4

Understanding and quantifying of carbon storage in ecosystem is very important factor for predicting change of global carbon cycle under the global climate change. We estimated total ecosystem carbon in Gyeryongsan National Park with naturally well preserved ecosystem in Korea. Vegetation of Gyeryongsan National Park was classified with mainly four communities with Quercus mongolica (1,743.5 ha, 38.0%), Quercus variabilis (1,174.0 ha, 25.6%), Quercus serrata (971.9 ha, 21.2%), Pinus densiflora (695.2 ha, 15.2%). Biomass and soil carbons were calculated from biomass allometric equations based on the DBH and carbon contents of soil and litter collected in quadrat in each community. The tree biomass carbon was in Quercus variabilis (130.1 tCha-1), Pinus densiflora (111.1 tCha-1), Quercus mongolica (76.2 tCha-1), Quercus serrata (39.0 tCha-1). Soil carbon storage was in Quercus mongolica (159.7 tCha-1), Quercus serrata (121.0 tCha-1), Pinus densiflora (110.5 tCha-1), Quercus variabilis (90.8 tCha-1). Ecosystem carbon storage was Pinus densiflora (239.9 tCha-1), Quercus mongolica (235.9 tCha-1), Quercus variabilis (226.0 tCha-1), Quercus serrata (165.9 tCha-1), total amount was 867.7 tCha-1. The area of each vegetation carbon storage was Quercus mongolica (411,200 tCha-1), Quercus variabilis (265,300 tCha-1), Pinus densiflora (166,800 tCha-1), Quercus serrata (161,200 tCha-1) and the total ecosystem carbon amount estimated 1,045,400 tCha-1 at Gyeryongsan National Park. Theses results indicate that different in naturally well preserved ecosystem.