맹방해안에서 관측되는 Beach Cusp의 일 년에 걸친 대순환 과정과 계절별 특성 여러 생성기작 중 포획모드 Edge Waves를 중심으로

조용준 한국해안,해양공학회 2019 한국해안해양공학회 논문집 Vol.31 No.5

Using the measured data of waves and shore-line, we reviewed the grand circulation process and seasonal variation of beach cusp at the Mang-Bang beach from the perspective of trapped mode Edge waves known as the driving mechanism of beach cusp. In order to track the temporal and spatial variation trends of beach cusp, we quantify the beach cusp in terms of its wave length and amplitude detected by threshold crossing method. In doing so, we also utilize the spectral analysis method and its associated spectral mean sand wave number. From repeated period of convergence and ensuing splitting of sand waves detected from the yearly time series of spectral mean sand wave number of beach cusp, it is shown that the grand circulation process of beach cusp at Mang-Bang beach are occurring twice from 2017. 4. 26 to 2018. 4. 20. For the case of beach area, it increased by 14,142 m 2 during this period, and the shore-line advanced by 18 m at the northen and southern parts of the Mang-Bang beach whereas the shore-line advanced by 2.4 m at the central parts of Mang-Bang beach. It is also worthy of note that the beach area rapidly increased by 30,345 m 2 from 2017.11.26. to 2017.12.22. which can be attributed to the nature of coming waves. During this period, mild swells of long period were prevailing, and their angle of attack were next to zero. These characteristics of waves imply that the main transport mode of sediment would be the cross-shore. Considering the facts that self-healing capacity of natural beaches is realized via the cross-shore sediment once temporarily eroded. it can be easily deduced that the sediment carried by the boundary layer streaming toward the shore under mild swells which normally incident toward the Mang-Bang beach makes the beach area rapidly increase from 2017.11.26. to 2017.12.22. 파랑관측 자료와 실측된 해안선 위치를 활용하여 맹방해안에 형성되는 beach cusp의 일 년에 걸친 대순환 과정과 계절별 특성을 포획모드 Edge waves와 beach cusp의 인과 관계를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 맹방표사 계에 출현 하는 beach cusp의 시공을 통한 변화 추이를 가늠하기 위해 threshold 상향통과 법으로 특정된 각 beach cusp의 파 장과 진폭을 활용하여 정량화하였으며, 스펙트럼 해석의 경우에는 spectral mean sand wave number를 도입하여 정 량화하였다. Spectral mean sand wave number의 시계열자료로부터 sand wave의 융합과 분할이 반복되는 주기를 산 출하는 경우 beach cusp의 대순환과정은 일 년에 두 번에 걸쳐 진행되는 것으로 보인다. 해빈면적의 경우 해빈 대순 환 과정이 완성되는 일 년을 기준으로 14,142 m 2 정도 증가하였으며, quadratic 회귀 분석하여 얻은 평균 해안선의 경우 맹방해안 남단과 북단에서는 18 m, 맹방해안 중앙부에서는 2.4 m 내외로 전진하였다. 해빈면적은 2017.11.26부 터 2017.12.22 사이에 30,345 m 2 내외로 급속하게 증가하였으며, 이렇게 급속한 해빈면적 증가는 상당히 예외적인 것으로 11월 26부터 12월 22일 사이에 맹방해안으로 내습한 파랑의 성격에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 전술한 기간 은 온화한 장주기 너울이 지배적이며, 대부분의 파랑이 영의 영각에 가깝게 맹방해안으로 내습한다. 이러한 파랑조 건은 주 표사 이송모드가 횡단 표사라는 것을 의미하며 자연 해빈의 자기 치유능력이 횡단 표사를 통해 구현된다는 사실을 상기하면 전술한 해빈면적의 급속한 증가는 영의 영각으로 진입하는 파랑의 경계층 streaming에 의해 해안방 향으로 회귀되는 표사가 누적되어 발생하는 것으로 판단된다.

Beach Area Changes and Resilience of the Eastern Coasts Before and After Typhoon Goni

강태순,유호준,김기현 한국해양공학회 2024 한국해양공학회지 Vol.38 No.5

<i>Due to climate change, waves have become increasingly stronger, making the analysis of beach changes before and after typhoons crucial for addressing beach erosion. This study utilized low-cost, high-efficiency video monitoring to analyze beach changes at 14 locations along Korea's east coast before and after typhoon impacts. Shorelines were extracted from 180 s average orthoimages using the Pixel Intensity Moving Average Extraction technique, and beach areas were calculated. The study focused on the recovery period following typhoon-induced erosion. During Typhoon Goni (2015), erosion reached up to 38% at Bongpo Beach, with a maximum affected area of 7,741 m² at Goraebul Beach. Post-typhoon recovery exceeded 89%, with most beaches returning to pre-typhoon conditions. The erosion period averaged 7 d, while recovery took approximately 27 d. Erosion was significantly influenced by natural forces such as waves, tides, and wind. The erosion period showed minimal correlation with wave energy, whereas the recovery period exhibited some correlation. Further long-term analysis, incorporating additional wave data and typhoon impact periods, is needed. Future research will aim to collect extensive typhoon data to systematically analyze erosion and recovery cycles in relation to external forces.</i> Due to climate change, waves have become increasingly stronger, making the analysis of beach changes before and after typhoons crucial for addressing beach erosion. This study utilized low-cost, high-efficiency video monitoring to analyze beach changes at 14 locations along Korea's east coast before and after typhoon impacts. Shorelines were extracted from 180 s average orthoimages using the Pixel Intensity Moving Average Extraction technique, and beach areas were calculated. The study focused on the recovery period following typhoon-induced erosion. During Typhoon Goni (2015), erosion reached up to 38% at Bongpo Beach, with a maximum affected area of 7,741 m2 at Goraebul Beach. Post-typhoon recovery exceeded 89%, with most beaches returning to pre-typhoon conditions. The erosion period averaged 7 d, while recovery took approximately 27 d. Erosion was significantly influenced by natural forces such as waves, tides, and wind. The erosion period showed minimal correlation with wave energy, whereas the recovery period exhibited some correlation. Further long-term analysis, incorporating additional wave data and typhoon impact periods, is needed. Future research will aim to collect extensive typhoon data to systematically analyze erosion and recovery cycles in relation to external forces.

제조된 자연, 해수욕장: 한국 근대 시각 매체로 본 해변 공간의 변화

김지혜 사단법인 한국문학과예술연구소 2025 한국문학과 예술 Vol.53 No.-

해수욕장은 바다와 육지가 서로 접하는 지대이자 인간이 즐기며 놀 수 있는 환경과 시설이 갖추어진 해변 공간을 말한다. 한국은 삼면이 바다로 오늘날 약 300개의 해수욕장이 지정되고 운영될 정도로 쉽게 해수욕장을 접할 수 있는 자연적 지리적 여건을 갖추고 있다. 그러나 해안선을 따라 파도와 연안류가 모래나 자갈을 쌓아 올려 만든 자연적인 퇴적 지형을 해수욕장이라 명명하고 물놀이를 위한 안전시설과 탈의실, 샤워실 등 인간의 편의를 위한 설비를 마련하기 시작한 역사는 그리 오래되지 않았다. 역사적으로 해안은 어렵과 조업의 장소이자 외래 문물과 문화의 교역 창구였다. 해수욕장은 이러한 산업 및 상업적 목적에서 벗어나 온전히 인간의 여가와 휴양을 위해 선택되고 인공적으로 변형된 해변 공간이라 할 수 있다. 근대기 해수욕장의 탄생은 탐승의 전통을 넘어서 인간이 자연에 적극적으로 개입하며 바다가 수영과 피서, 휴양과 결부되는 공간으로 변화되는 과정을 보여준다. 또한 이를 통해 자연이 인간에 의해 인위적으로 조성되고 개발되는 현상을 목견할 수 있다. 근대기 신문과 잡지에 게재된 사진과 삽화, 광고는 해수욕장이라는 공간에 대한 이미지를 형성하고 재현하며 근대인들에게 해수욕장을 선망하게 했다. 본고에서는 한국 근대 시각 매체를 중심으로 근대기에 자연으로 선택되고 부상한 해수욕장과 인간에 의해 제조된 해변 이미지의 변화 양상을 살펴보며 해수욕장이 근대 해변 공간을 어떻게 운영했으며 어떤 방식으로 근대인들에게 향유되었는지 고찰한다. A beach is a place where the sea and land meet and is equipped with an environment and facilities for people to enjoy and play. Korea is surrounded by the sea on three sides, and today, there are about 300 designated and operated beaches, which provides natural geographical conditions that make it easy to access beaches. However, the history of naming the natural sedimentary terrain created by waves and coastal currents along the coastline as a beach and establishing facilities for human convenience such as safety facilities for water play, changing rooms, and showers is not that long ago. Historically, the coast was a place for fishing and fishing, as well as a window for trade of foreign cultures and cultures. Beaches can be said to be beach spaces that were selected and artificially transformed for human leisure and relaxation, free from these industrial and commercial purposes. The emergence of modern beaches shows the process of humans actively intervening in nature, going beyond the tradition of exploration, and changing the sea into a space associated with swimming, vacation, and relaxation. In addition, through this, we can observe the phenomenon of nature being artificially created and developed by humans. The photographs, illustrations, and advertisements published in modern newspapers and magazines formed and reproduced the image of the space called the beach, and made modern people long for the beach. This paper examines the changing aspects of the beach image that was selected and emerged as nature in the modern period and the beach image manufactured by humans, focusing on modern Korean visual media, and examines how the beach operated the modern beach space and how it was enjoyed by modern people.

강원도 동해안의 해변관광 활성화 방안

허중욱 ( Chung Uk Heo ),심상화 ( Sang Hwa Shim ),이광옥 ( Gwang Ock Lee ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2010 한국도서연구 Vol.22 No.3

With increasing leisure time, income and institutional support, beach and bathing-related management has become an important factor for the regional development. Despite the increased awareness of positive influence of social, economic and ecological issues at the beach and bathing area, search for alternatives in activating such areas is only slightly regarded. This article provides such alternatives based on the survey of tourists who have visited the beach of Gangwon Province and an analysis on the supply side including the intervention of local government, the popular committee and artist federation. The results of this paper are the followings: First, local government should establish a management system for the tourism environment on the basis of regional government, cities and counties, and association of town. It needs to expand the clean beach certification, and establish legislations on beach management and facilities for culture and leisure in order to construct a beach management system. Secondly, it needs to sustain the strategic efforts of activating the beach tourism in Gangwon Province so as to enhance tourist`s satisfaction level. Local government should establish a system which includes an entrance fee collection, lodgings certification, consumer watchdog and human network for the guard and publicity. Thirdly, in order to activate the beach tourism of coastal area in Gangwon Province, it is necessary to develop local-based tourism products by combining the tourist`s needs and local attractiveness. This procedure results in pump-priming effects with development of new local products, linkage program between beach and mountain village and promotion of training course for leisure, sport and tourism in the beach. To conclude, local government should make an effort to secure a reasonable system on the activation of the beach tourism so as to sustain tourism of the region. The viable approach for the small and medium sized cities is to attract tourists who must animate the beach area to induce upward trend of floating population in limited settler.

한반도 서해남부 임자도 해빈 퇴적작용의 계절적 변화

류상옥,장진호,조주환,문병찬 한국해양학회 2004 바다 Vol.9 No.3

A continuous monitoring of textural characteristics of surface sediments, sedimentation rates and beach profile was carried out to investigate the seasonal variations of sedimentary processes in the Imjado beach, southwestern coast of Korea for two years. The beach profiles consist of steep beach face and relatively flat middle and low tide beaches. The slope of the beach face increases in summer and decreases in winter, in good accordance with the standard beach cycle. Ridge and runnel systems are well developed in the middle and low tide beaches during the summer, but these structures are replaced by mega-ripples during the winter. The sediments are fining southward as well as landward. The mean grain-size tends to be increasingly coarser during seasons of autumn and winter on the north beach and during seasons of winter and spring on the south one. In addition, the sediments are eroded on the north beach and accumulated on the south one as a whole. These are probably due to southward transportation of the sediments as long-shore current (NE-SW) runs around the coastal line of the beach. However, the seasonal variations in accumulation rates are very complex and irregular. It is considered that the Imjado beach represents in non-equilibrium state, as a result of coastal and submarine topographic changes by artificial agents and sea-level uprising associated with global warming.

한반도 서남해안 중조차 송호해빈 연안에서 표층퇴적물의 분포와 중장기적 입도변화

이명선,장진호 한국해양학회 2025 바다 Vol.30 No.1

중조차 해빈 연안의 퇴적물 분포 및 변화 특성을 밝히기 위해 2007년과 2022년에 송호해빈 연안의 65개 동일 정점에서 표층퇴적물을 채취하여 입도를 분석하였다. 그 결과 송호해빈 연안의 조간대에서는 해빈모래가 해안을 따라 좁고 길게 분포하고, 바다 쪽 조하대에서는 실트와 점토가 혼합된 펄이 넓게 분포하여 해빈모래의 유입과 이동이 주로 해안을 따라 이루어짐을 보여주었다. 송호해빈 연안에서 지난 15년 동안(2007-2022) 퇴적물의 입도 변화를 분석한 결과, 해빈모래가 분포하는 조간대에서는 모래가 감소(평균 -2.3%)하면서 자갈 함량이 증가(평균 +1.6%)하여 평균입도가 0.2Ø만큼 조립해졌고, 펄이 우세한 조하대에서도 점토 함량이 감소(평균 –4.0%)하고, 실트 함량이 크게 증가(평균 +8.6%)하면서 평균입도가 0.3Ø 정도 조립해진 변화를 보였다. 또한 조간대의 해빈모래는 송호해빈의 북측 해안에서 감소하고, 남측해안에서 서측의 조하대 방향으로 증가하는 변화를 보여 해빈모래가 북쪽에서 남쪽으로 이동하여 조하대로 유출됨을 나타내었다. 실트는 송호해빈 서측의 넓은 조하대와 북측 및 남측의 조간대에서 크게 증가하는 변화를 보여 실트 분포가 조하대에서 조간대 해빈 쪽으로 확장됨을 나타내었다. 그리고 점토는 주로 송호해빈의 남서쪽 조하대에서 감소하는 특징을 보였다. 이러한 송호해빈 연안의 중장기적 퇴적물 분포 변화는 해빈으로 유입되는 하천 및 연구지역 주변 강수량의 감소, 조하대 양식장의 면적 증가, 매년 진행되는 양빈, 그리고 남측 해안선의 변형(축제식 양식장 축조)에 따른 파랑에너지 환경의 변화 등의 영향을 받은 것으로 판단된다. In order to reveal the sediment distribution and change characteristics in the mesotidal beach coast, surface sediments were collected from 65 stations of Songho Beach area in 2007 and 2022, and the grain size was analyzed. As a result, beach sands of the intertidal zone show the narrow and long distribution along the coast, and muds mixed with silt and clay are widely distributed in the subtidal zone of the Songho Beach area, thus showing that the inflow and movement of beach sands mainly occur along the coast. As a result of analyzing the change in sediment grain size in the Songho Beach area over past 15 years (2007-2022), in the intertidal zone where beach sand is distributed, sand content decreased (average –2.3%) and gravel content increased (average +1.6%), showing the coarsening change in mean grain size by 0.2Ø, and even in the subtidal zone, where muds are dominant, the clay content decreased (average –4.0%) and the silt content increased significantly (average +8.6%), showing the coarsening change in mean grain size by 0.3Ø. In addition, beach sand in the intertidal zone decreased on the northern coast of Songho Beach and increased the southern coast toward the western subtidal zone, indicating that beach sand moved from north to south and discharged into the subtidal zone. Silt showed a significant increase in the wide subtidal zone to the west Songho Beach and the intertidal zone to the north and south, indicating that the distribution of silt was expanding from the subtidal zone toward the intertidal beach. And clay showed a characteristic of decreasing content mainly in the subtidal zone southwest of Songho Beach. These mid- to long-term changes in sediment distribution along the coast of Songho Beach appear to have been influenced by many factors such as changes in inflow river and precipitation, increase in subtidal seaweed farm area, beach nourishment every year, changes in wave energy environment due to deformation of the southern coastline.

섬 해수욕장의 경관과 관리현황 - 신안군 자은도를 대상으로 -

김성경,김재은,김종욱,홍선기 국립목포대학교 도서문화연구원 2024 도서문화(島嶼文化) Vol.- No.64

신안군은 섬으로 이루어진 지자체로 섬 해수욕장은 접근성이 떨어져 섬이 아닌 지역보다 이용객이 적다. 그러나 연륙이 되고 교통편의가 증가하면서 해수욕장 이용객이 증가하고 있다. 특히 자은도는 신안군에서 해수욕장이 가장 많아 9개에 이른다. 해수욕장은 사빈과 사구의 발달과 상호작용으로 인한 시스템으로 유지되는데, 그동안의 연구는 사빈과 관련된 연구이거나 침식 방지 등과 관련된 물리적 연구가 많았다. 따라서 이 연구는 선행연구와 현지 조사를 통해 자은도 해수욕장의 지속가능한 생태적 관리 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 자은도에 9개 해수욕장 중 둔장해수욕장이 가장 길이가 넓고 시설이 비교적 잘 마련되어 있다. 그러나 신성해수욕장, 외기해수욕장 등은 진입로 안내가 제대로 되어 있지 않아 이용객이 찾기 어려움이 있다. 둔장해수욕장, 양산해수욕장, 분계해수욕장 등은 사구 손실을 방지하기 위한 시설을 하고 있다. 지속가능한 생태적 해수욕장의 관리는 위해서는 사빈과 사구의 상호작용을 위해 시설물 설치에 주의해야 한다. 또한, 사구보호를 위해 사구식물의 식재를 고려해야 하며, 쓰레기 관리와 해수욕장 시설물의 관리 및 설치에 대하여 논의할 필요가 있다. 이 연구는 섬의 해수욕장 관리를 위한 개략적 조사를 바탕으로 연구되어, 지자체의 해수욕장 현황 파악과 관리에 도움이 될 것이다. 이 연구 이후 장기적으로 해수욕장의 사빈과 사구의 상호작용이외에도 주변 토지이용과의 관계 등 다각적인 조사와 연구가 필요하다. Shinan-gun is a local government consisting of islands, and the accessibility of the island beaches is poor, so there are fewer visitors than in non-island areas. However, as the islands become connected to the mainland and transportation convenience increases, the number of visitors to the beaches is increasing. In particular, Jaeun-do has the most beaches in Shinan-gun, with nine. Beaches are maintained as a system through the development and interaction of sand and dunes, but most of the previous research was related to sand or physical research related to erosion prevention. Therefore, this study aims to propose a sustainable ecological management plan for Jaeundo beaches through previous research and on-site investigation. Among the nine beaches in Jaeundo, Dunjang Beach is the longest and has relatively good facilities. However, Shinsung Beach and Oegi Beach do not have proper entrance guides, making it difficult for visitors to find them. Dunjang Beach, Yangsan Beach, and Bungye Beach have facilities to prevent sand dune damage. In order to manage sustainable ecological beaches, we must pay attention to the installation of facilities for the interaction between sand and dunes. In addition, we must consider planting dune plants to protect the dunes, and we need to discuss waste management and the management and installation of beach facilities. This study was conducted based on a general survey for the management of island beaches, and will be helpful for local governments to understand and manage the current status of beaches. After this study, in the long term, we need to conduct multifaceted investigations and studies on the interaction between sand and dunes in beaches, as well as the relationship with surrounding land use.

혼합해빈의 퇴적물 분포 특성과 미지형 경관변화 -태안해안국립공원 파도리 해빈을 중심으로-

이원영 ( Won Young Lee ),성효현 ( Hyo Hyun Sung ) 한국지형학회 2013 한국지형학회지 Vol.20 No.4

Padori beach is one of the representative composite mixed beach in Korea and shows divert geomorphic landscape change. It belongs to the Taean National Park. The purpose of this study is to clarify movement mechanism of sediments from sediment distribution of Padori beach associated with morphology. In addition, it is to explain morphological landscape change under different wave and tide condition in the composite mixed beach consisting of a dissipative low tide terrace and a reflective beach face with a high tide range of 5 to 7m. The results of this study are: First, the mean grain size of sediments becomes smaller from the south of the beach, where there is a wide wave-cut platform, to the north because gravels are supplied from the wave-cut platform as well as sea-cliff in the south of the beach. A sedimentation pattern of the sandy gravel on the beach face and gravel on the berm, and gradation phenomena of grain size on cross-shore and alongshore direction in the beach can be explained with a pattern of sediment movement, overpassing, in the composite mixed beach. Second, microtopography on beach face and berm were changed depending on effects of wave height and tide. As a result, in low-wave energy environments, a berm is developed in large size, and beach cusps are formed on the upper beach face, while in high-wave energy environments, a berm is built up in relatively small size, and mixture of sediments occur on the upper beach face.

동양의 나폴리, 송도해수욕장의 형성과 변천과정

김승(Kim, Seung) 한국해양대학교 국제해양문제연구소 2013 해항도시문화교섭학 Vol.0 No.8

Songdo Beach was established in 1913 as the first public beach of Korea. This year, it will celebrate its 100th birthday along with the development with Busan Port. Songdo Beach is the only beach located near the city center along with its long history which still plays roles as a beach. Songdo Beach is not only a beach but also history of the city as a seaport. It is also the spring of memories and nostalgia for Busan citizens. Studying the formation and development processes of Songdo Beach, often referred to as a Naples in Asia which enjoyed national popularity until the 1960s and 1970s will be a very critical task to understand another cultural layers of Busan as a seaport. Sondo Beach was close from the downtown, becoming a resting place for citizens exhausted from daily life and also worked as a park. Therefore, Sondo Beach worked as a place for students of Busan for physical training under the colonial rule, a destination for picnics, and a venue for gatherings of members from various public agencies, local groups, and youth clubs. Various infrastructure facilities of Songdo established under the colonial rule were transferred after the national independence. Especially, during the Korean War, Songdo invited many politicians, writers, and schools, playing important roles to supplement the original downtown of Busan both in cultural and physical or spatial terms. Later, Songdo Beach became the country’s best beach in the 1960s and met its peak as more than 100,000 visitors came on July 26, 1964. The reasons that Songdo Beach played various complex roles as a comprehensive leisure town in the 1960s include geographic proximity to the original downtown, cable cars, pedestrian overpasses, and play facilities unavailable in other areas, and streamline ships for amusement, and conger sashimi dishes with tastes excellent enough to be exported to Japan. Sondo deteriorated with water pollution from the mid 1970s and was reborn after ceaseless efforts since 2000. The revival of Songdo, actually, witnesses the flow of original downtown redevelopment of Busan. If we aim at another 100 years of Songdo Beach, we already have answers as to the attitudes of Busan citizens in relation to development of Songdo Beach as well as redevelopment of seaside and waterside areas such as Bukhang Port.

겨울철 서해안 사취형 해빈의 지형과 퇴적물 특성의 변화 - 안면도 백사장 해빈을 중심으로 -

김찬웅,신영호,유근배 국토지리학회 2015 국토지리학회지 Vol.49 No.1

We focused on changes of beach profiles and sediment properties during winter, especially sand spit beaches. Overall erosion prevailed on Baeksajang beach due to strong wave processes during winter, whereas sedimentation occur in some parts which are connected to the sandspit. The upper and middle part of central Baeksajang beach had been eroded and the sediment transported to the lower part. Sedimentation of the lower part is due to nearshore bar formation processes or tidal sedimentation processes caused by the nearby inlet. The sedimentation environment of the upper part of the northern Baeksajang beach was affected by ridge movement to the land. It is due to longshore currents from the central Baeksajang beach. Therefore, changes of beach profiles and sediment properties on the sandspit beach is distinct from those of pocket beaches or linear-shaped beaches on west coast of Korea. 겨울철동안 서해안의 사취형 해빈을 대상으로 해빈 단면과 퇴적물 입도 특성 변화를 확인하였다. 백사장 해빈은 겨울철 동안 강화된 파랑조건으로 인해 전반적으로 침식이 발생하였지만, 사취와의 연결성에 따라 퇴적이 발생한 구역도 관찰되었다. 연구지역 중앙부의 간석지 하부에서는 연안사주 형성 프로세스 또는 인접한 조수로의 영향으로 퇴적이 발생된 것으로 판단된다. 연구지역 북측의 사취와 연한 구역에서는, 간석지 상부에서 사주둔덕이 육지 방향으로 이동하여 퇴적이 발생하였다. 이는 연구지역 중앙부에서 침식된 퇴적물이 연안류에 의해 이동되어 퇴적된 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 서해안의 포켓형이나 직선형 해빈에서 관찰되었던 겨울철동안의 단면 및 퇴적물 특성변화와는 구별되는 사취형 해빈의 특수성을 확인할 수 있었다.