한국 서해안 표층수 온도와 기온의 상관성 연구

김정철 ( Kim Jung-chul ),김도균 ( Kim Do-gyun ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2018 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.30 No.1

본 연구는 1982년부터 2014년 사이의 국립수산과학원 해안정지관측 표층수온 자료와 서해안 주요 해안지역 및 섬지역의 AWS 기온자료를 이용하여 우리나라 서해안 주요지역과 섬지역의 해수 표층수온과 기온의 상관관계를 파악하고 수온과 기온의 계절별 차이, 지역별 차이를 고찰하고, 그 차이를 발생하게 만드는 원인과 경향성을 조사·분석 하였다. 서해안 해수 표층수온과 기온의 상관관계는 높았고, 상관계수가 매우 높은 것은 평균기온, 최저기온, 최대기온, 평균수온, 최저수온, 최대수온 등으로 상관계수 0.92이상 이었다. 해수의 표층수온과 기온은 지역별로 차이가 있었다. 유사한 위도에서도 가까운 바다와 먼 바다의 표층수온과 기온의 분포가 다르게 나타났다. 수온은 위도 방향으로 겨울철에 남쪽 바다에서 높았고 북쪽 바다에서 낮았으나, 차가운 하천수가 유입되는 지역은 수온이 낮았다. 유사한 위도에서 먼 바다와 해안가 수온이 높았고, 해안에서 20~40km 떨어진 섬지역의 수온은 낮았다. 생물서식에 민감하게 작용하는 섬지역 및 해안지역의 극최저기온은 위도별로 -17.90∼-7.70℃로 북에서 남으로 갈수록 높아지나, 해안에서 거리별로는 먼 바다로 갈수록 따뜻하지만, 해안선에서 40∼60km 떨어진 지역에서는 바다의 수온에 따라 기온이 영향을 받아 기온이 낮아지는 지역이 있었다. 겨울철 표층수온과 기온의 영향관계를 회귀분석한 결과 해수 평균수온이 -2.94℃의 절편에서 기울기 1.124이었고, 극최저수온이 -7.24℃의 절편에서 기울기 1.262이었고, 유의확률 값은 0.00으로 유의하였다. 서해안은 수심이 비교적 얕고 겨울철에 북서계절풍에 의한 취송류(吹送流)인 서해연안류가 한류를 형성하여 남하함에 따라 해안가와 인접한 섬지역의 기온은 급격한 변동성을 나타내며, 일부 먼 바다에서는 북상하는 황해난류의 영향을 받는 등 수온분포가 불규칙적으로 나타나는 경향으로 추정되었다. 결론적으로 서해안의 표층수온과 기온은 상관성을 가지며, 지역별로 수심, 해류의 영향, 도시화 정도에 따라 수온과 기온의 변화가 다양하였다. 이는 장래 기후변화 예측에서 내륙지방과 달리 해안이나 먼 섬지역에서는 수온과 상관성을 가지며 복잡하게 전개될 가능성을 시사하였다. This study investigated and analyzed the correlation between sea surface temperature and air-temperature. Using sea surface temperature data observed between 1982 and 2014 from the yellow sea. The correlation between sea surface temperature and air-temperature was high with a correlation coefficient equal to or greater than 0.92. The highest correlation coefficients were average air-temperature, minimum air-temperature, maximum air-temperature, average sea surface temperature, minimum sea surface temperature, and maximum sea surface temperature. Sea surface temperature and air-temperature differed by region. The distribution of sea surface temperature and air-temperature in near and distant seas from a similar latitude was different. The extreme lowest air-temperature in the coastal area was between -17.90 ∼-7.70℃ based on latitude and the air-temperature was higher from north to south. It was warmer as the sea surface temperature became more distant from the coast, but the area which is 40-60 km away from the coast showed lower air-temperatures due to the influence of sea surface temperature. Regression analysis of sea surface temperature and air-temperature in winter showed that at the mean sea surface temperature intercept of -2.94℃, the slope was 1.124 and at the extreme lowest sea surface temperature intercept of -7.24℃, the slope was 1.262. In the west coast, the water level was shallow and the air-temperature of the islands rapidly fluctuated due to the influence of Yellow Sea-Littoral Current (cold current) in winter. However, in the distant seas, warm regions influenced by the northward Yellow Sea warm current were also detected.

산지계류의 계절적 수온변동 특성 및 영향인자 분석

남수연,최형태,임홍근 한국물환경학회 2019 한국물환경학회지 Vol.35 No.4

The objective of this study was to investigate mountain stream water and air temperatures, area, latitude, altitude, and forest coverage in headwater catchments located in Kangwon-do, Mid-eastern Korea from 2015 to 2017. Daily mean value of mountain stream water temperature was approximately 6 ℃ lower than the daily mean value of air temperature on the monitoring sites during the observation period. Monthly mean value of mountain stream water temperature increased with increasing monthly mean value of air temperature from May to August during the observation period. Seasonal variations of mountain stream water temperature were dependent on air temperature rising and falling periods. Correlation analysis was conducted on mountain stream water temperature to investigate its relationship with air temperature, area, latitude, altitude, and forest coverage of air temperature rising and falling periods. The correlation analysis showed that there exists a relationship (Correlation coefficient: -0.581 ∼0.825; p<0.05), particularly the air temperature showed highest correlation with mountain stream water temperature. Regression equations could be developed due to contribution of air temperature to affect mountain stream water temperature (Correlation coefficient: 0.742 and 0.825; p<0.01). Therefore, a method using various parameters based on air temperature rising and falling periods, could be recommended for predicting mountain stream water temperature.

여름철 도시 인근 산림에 의한 냉각효과의 정량화에 대한 연구

이호진,조성식,강민석,김준,이훈택,이민수,전지현,이채연,Britta Jänicke,조창범,김규랑,김백조,김현석 한국농림기상학회 2018 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.20 No.1

여름철 도시의 친환경적 기온 저감 방안으로 고려되는 산림에 의한 기온 저감 효과를 정량화 하기 위해 광릉 침⋅활엽수림과 인근 포천시의 도시 지역과의 기온차를 기온, 바람, 일사, 잠열 등의 미기상 인자를 이용하여 분석하였다. 2016년과 2017년의 6, 7, 8월 3개월 동안 산림 상⋅하부와 산림과 도심 지역의 평균 최대 기온차는 각각 -1.9℃, -3.4℃로 17시경에 나타났으며, 침⋅활엽수림 간의 차이는 없었다. 산림에 의한 기온 저감 효과는 14시부터 17시까지 누적된 증발산량, 일사량과 양의 상관관계를 나타냈으며, 풍속과는 음의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 이를 이용해 산림의 기온저감 효과를 정량화하는 모델을 개발하였다. 산림에 의한 야간 기온 저감 효과는 복사냉각으로 인한 찬공기의 생성과 생성된 찬공기가 산지의 하류로 이동하면서 발생하는 기온역전 현상에 의한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 서울시내 28개 AWS를 이용해 검증해 본 결과, 서울시 각 지역 주간의 기온은 식생의 증발산에 영향을 미치는 AWS 주변 식생 면적 및 규모와의 음의 상관관계를, 그리고 야간의 기온은 주변 식생 규모 및 인근 산림의 높이와 유의한 음의 상관관계를 재확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 도시림의 조성과 관리 및 산으로부터 바람길의 조성이 도시 온도 저감에 중요함을 알 수 있다. A variety of micro meteorological variables such as air temperature, wind, solar radiation and latent heat at Gwangneung forests (conifer and broadleaved forests) and AWS (Automated Weather Station) of Pocheon urban area were used to quantify the air temperature reduction effect of forests, which is considered to be an eco-friendly solution for reducing the urban heat island intensity during summer. In June, July and August of 2016 and 2017, the average maximum air temperature differences between above and below canopy of forests, and between the forests and urban areas were -1.9℃ and -3.4℃ respectively, and they occurred at 17:00. However, there was no difference between conifer and broadleaved forests. The effect of air temperature reduction by the forests was positively correlated with accumulated evapotranspiration and solar radiation from 14:00 to 17:00 and showed a negative correlation with wind speed. We have developed a model to quantify the effect of air temperature reduction by forests using these variables. The nighttime air temperature reduction effect by forests was due to the generation of cold air from radiative cooling and the air temperature inversion phenomenon that occurs when the generated cold air moves down the side of mountain. The model was evaluated in Seoul by using 28 AWSs. The evaluation shows that the air temperature of each district in Seoul was negatively correlated with the area and size of the surrounding tall vegetation that drives vegetation evapotranspiration during the day. During the night, however, the size of the surrounding tall vegetation and the elevations of nearby mountains were the main influencing factors on the air temperature. Our research emphasizes the importance of the establishment and management of urban forests and the composition of wind roads from mountains for urban air temperature reduction.

포그분사 및 공기유동에 의한 온실재배 토마토의 엽온 변화

남상운,김영식,서동욱 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2014 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.23 No.1

To investigate the influence of surrounding environment on the plant temperature and examine the effectof plant temperature control by fogging and airflow, plant temperature of tomato, inside and outside air temperatureand relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed were measured and analyzed under various experimental conditionsin plastic greenhouse with two-fluid fogging systems and air circulation fans. According to the analysis of planttemperature and the change of inside and outside air temperature in each condition, inside air temperature and planttemperature were significantly higher than outside air temperature in the control and shading condition. However, inthe fogging condition, inside air temperature was lower or slightly higher than outside air temperature. It showed thatplant temperature could be kept with the temperature similar to or lower than inside air temperature in fogging andairflow condition. To derive the relationship between surrounding environmental factor and plant temperature, we didmultiple regression analysis. The optimum regression equation for the temperature difference between plant and airincluded solar radiation, wind speed and vapor pressure deficit and RMS error was 0.8oC. To investigate whether thefogging and airflow contribute to reduce high temperature stress of plant, photosynthetic rate of tomato leaf wasmeasured under the experimental conditions. Photosynthetic rate was the highest when using both fogging and airflow,and then fogging, airflow and lastly the control. So, we could assume that fogging and airflow can make bettereffect of plant temperature control to reduce high temperature stress of plant which can increase photosynthetic rate. It showed that the temperature difference between plant and air was highly affected by surrounding environment. Also, we could estimate plant temperature by measuring the surrounding environment, and use it for environmentcontrol to reduce the high temperature stress of plant. In addition, by using fogging and airflow, we can decreasetemperature difference between plant and air, increase photosynthetic rate, and make proper environment for plants. We could conclude that both fogging and airflow are effective to reduce the high temperature stress of plant. 주변 환경이 작물의 엽온에 미치는 영향을 규명하고,포그분사 및 공기유동에 의한 엽온조절의 효과를 검토하기 위하여 이류체 포그시스템 및 공기유동 장치를 설치한 토마토 재배온실에서 다양한 실험조건하에 작물의 엽온과 실내외 온습도, 일사량, 풍속 등의 환경을 계측하여 분석하였다. 처리조건별 엽온 및 실내외 기온의 변화를 분석한 결과, 무처리와 차광조건에서는 실내기온과엽온 모두 외기온보다 상당히 높았으나, 포그분사 조건에서는 실내온도가 외기온보다 낮거나 약간 높은 정도를유지하는 것으로 나타났고, 포그분사와 공기유동 조건에서는 엽온을 실내온도와 비슷하거나 더 낮게 유지할 수있는 것으로 나타났다. 일사량, 풍속 및 포차에 따른 엽기온차의 변화를 분석하였으며, 주변 환경요인과 엽온과의 관계를 도출하기 위하여 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 엽기온차에 대한 최적의 회귀방정식은 일사량, 풍속, 포차를 모두 고려한 것으로써 RMS 오차는 0.8oC였다. 본회귀방적식을 이용하여 온실의 온습도, 일사량, 풍속을측정하면 엽온을 추정할 수 있으며, 토마토 재배온실의고온기 작물 스트레스 경감을 위한 환경조절에 활용할수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 처리조건별 광합성 속도는 포그분사와 공기유동의 병행 처리에서 가장 컸고, 포그분사, 공기유동, 무처리 순으로 나타났다. 포그분사에 공기유동까지 병행하면 체온조절 효과가 증대하여 작물의 고온 스트레스를 경감할 수 있으며 결국 광합성을 증대시킬 수 있는 것으로 판단된다. 이상을 종합해보면 엽온과기온의 차이는 주변 환경에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 주변 환경을 계측함으로써 엽온을 추정할 수있고, 그것을 고온 스트레스 경감을 위한 환경조절에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 포그분사 및 공기유동을 통해 엽기온차를 줄이고 광합성 속도를 증가시켜작물생장에 유리한 환경을 조성할 수 있으며, 고온 스트레스를 경감시키는데 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

시간스케일에 따른 해양표면수온과 기온의 변동 및 상관연구

장이현,강용균,서영상 한국환경과학회 2000 한국환경과학회지 Vol.9 No.4

The relationship between air temperature and sea surface temperature are studied using the daily air temperature and sea surface temperature data for 25 years (1970∼1994) at 9 coastal stations in Korea. Seasonal variations of air temperature have larger amplitudes than those of sea surface temperature. The seasonal variations of air temperature leads those of sea surface temperature by 2 to 3 weeks. The anomalies of sea surface temperature and air temperature are positively correlated. The long term anomalies of sea surface temperature and air temperature with time scales more than 1 month are more highly correlated than those of short term, with time scales less than 1 month. Accumulated monthly anomalies of sea surface temperature and air temperature for 6 months showed higher correlation than the anomalies of each month. The magnitudes of sea surface temperature and air temperature anomalies are related with the duration of anomalies. Their magnitudes are large when the durations of anomalies are long.

양생온도가 경량기포토의 강도에 미치는 영향

이민아,김성원,최대경,최대근,김태형 한국지반공학회 2012 한국지반공학회논문집 Vol.28 No.4

There are many factors that can cause problems in the application of the lightweight air-trapped soil in the field. Temperature is one of them. However, the effect of temperature on the characteristics of lightweight air-trapped soil has not been studied. Thus, this experimental study is conducted. This study considers three different unit weights of lightweight air-trapped soils, 6, 8, and 10 kN/m³ which are mostly applied to the field. The lightweight air-trapped soil specimens are cured in the condition of different temperatures based on the characteristic of temperature of Korea. The unconfined compression tests are conducted on the prepared specimens. The settlement behavior of lightweight air-trapped soil on temperature is observed. A ph tograph is taken using SEM to determine the transformation of air-foams inside the lightweight air-trapped soil on curing temperature. As the results, the effect of curing temperature on the characteristics of lightweight air-trapped soil including compressive strength, settlement, and formation of air-foams is confirmed. Finally, based on this study, the allowable curing temperature of 8℃~25℃ which can guarantee the quality of lightweight air-trapped soil is proposed.

서울시 도시기온 변화에 관한 모델 연구

김학열,김운수 한국조경학회 2003 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.31 No.3

Under the assumption that the temperature of one location is closely related to land use characteristics around that location, this study is carried out to assess the impact of urban land use patterns on air temperature. In order to investigate the relationship, GIS techniques and statistical analyses are utilized, after spatially connecting urban land use data in Seoul Metropolitan Area with atmospheric data observed at Automatic Weather Stations (AWS). The research method is as follows: (1) To find out important land use factors on temperature, simple linear regressions for a specific time period (pilot study) are conducted with urban land use characteristics, (2) To make a final model, multiple regressions are carried out with those factors and, (3) To verify that the final model could be appled to explain temperature variations beyond the period, the model is extensively used for 5 different time periods: 1999 as a whole; summer in 1999; 1998 as a whole; summer in 1998; August in 1998. The results of simple linear regression models in the pilot study show that transportation facilities and open space area are very influential on urban air temperature variations, which explain 66 and 61 percent of the variations, respectively. However, the other land use variables (residential, commercial, and mixed land use) are found to have weak or insignificant relationship to the air temperatures. Multiple linear regression with the two important variables in the pilot study is estimated, which shows that the model explains 75 percent of the variability in air temperatures with correct signs of regression coefficients. Thus, it is empirically shown that an increase in open space and a decrease in transportation facilities area can leads to the decrease in air temperature. After the final model is extensively applied to the 5 different time periods, the estimated models explain 68 ∼ 75 percent of the variations in the temperatures is significant regression coefficients for all explanatory variables. This result provides a possibility that one air temperature model for a specific time period could be a good model for other time periods near to the period. The important implications of this result to lessen high air temperature we: (1) to expand and to conserve open space and (2) to control transportation-related factors such as transportation facilities area, road pavement and traffic congestion.

일기변화에 따른 녹지내의 기온변화

윤용한 대한국토·도시계획학회 2002 國土計劃 Vol.37 No.2

In this study, we observed air temperature around green space and weather. This purpose is to know how does the weather affect between air temperature and green space. We used this data for analyzing the relation between air temperature distribution in green space or land coverage ratio and air temperature, number or green volume of trees and air temperature, effect relationship by weather. This used regression analysis. According to the results, lowering air temperature area formed forest and pond, and high temperature area formed around paved surface and barren ground. This is not related to the weather. Specially around arbor+subarbor area became the most lowing temperature. The area temperature difference is proportioned by green volume of trees. This phenomenon is remarkably in that the fine weather became lowering air temperature more than cloudy weather.

천장형 냉방기를 이용한 교실의 온열환경 개선에 관한 연구

황정하(Jung-ha Hwang),이용호(Yong-ho Lee),윤준진(Jun-Jin Yun) 한국생활환경학회 2006 한국생활환경학회지 Vol.13 No.1

The purpose of this study is to deduce the optimal operating plan for the classroom ceiling air conditioning system based on air supply variables at the time of cooling operation. To carry out this objective, measuring experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were performed with variables including supply air temperature, air supply volume and air supply angle of a ceiling air conditioning system. Based on a comparison of the results, classroom temperature and velocity distribution are analyzed, so the air volume distribution can be improved according to the heat generating load of the occupants. Ultimately, through the evaluation and analysis of the occupants' Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), an optimal operating plan for the summer is proposed. Room temperature and velocity distribution stayed in the most stable condition at the temperature setting of 26°C, air supply volume of 4320CMH, and air supply angle of 30°, With regard to the improvement plans based on the occupants' heat generating load, the air supply volume is reduced in the less populated front area, and raised in the more populated right and left sides of the room. Among the proposed improvement plans [ALT-3] in which the air supply volume is reduced by 40% in the front area and 20% at the south and north, exhibited the least difference in room temperature. The occupants' PMV stayed in the comfortable zone ± 1, and the occupants feel comfortable in the range of ±0.5 throughout the entire room.

퍼지로직을 이용한 바이오 클린룸 실내온도 제어알고리즘

한도영(Doyoung Han),신승철(Seungchol Shin) 대한설비공학회 2011 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.7

In order to recover the heat from the exhaust air of a bio-cleanroom system, an air-to-air heat exchanger is generally used. Due to its lower heat recovery rate and higher maintenance cost, an air-to-air heat exchanger may be replaced by a heat pump. In this study, a heat pump is selected as the heat recovery unit for a bio-cleanroom. The indoor temperature control algorithm, which consists of a supply air temperature setpoint algorithm and a supply air temperature control algorithm, was developed by using a fuzzy and proportional-integral logic. In order to identify the effectiveness of the control algorithm, the standard regulation performance test and the indoor thermal load step change test were performed. Test results showed that the control algorithm was appropriate for the control of an indoor temperature. Therefore, it may be concluded that the indoor temperature control algorithm developed for this study may be effectively applied for the control of the indoor temperature of a bio-cleanroom heat pump air conditioning system.