『화사집』에 나타난 구어적 상상력

김정배 ( Jeong Bae Kim ) 영주어문학회 2012 영주어문 Vol.23 No.-

This paper considered a colloquial imagination in Seo, Jeong-Joo`s first book of poems, ?Hwasajip? from the following four perspectives. Firstly, it ``accepts an oral language through a body language``. It proves that an oral language is ``a straightforward(Jikjeong) language emphasizing and reflecting physical phenomena``, beyond the concept of a simple and individual dialect. Seo, Jeong-Joo``s poetic language has spontaneous properties and intactly shows properties of spoken language. This is worthy of notice as a poetic language unique to Seo, Jeong-Joo. Secondly, it ``repeats and expands a colloquial language``. Repeated effects of sound and a conscious repetition of a poetic language are recognized as media to exteriorize poet``s inner state. It was found that this process was helpful for the poetic narrator to express his poetic consciousness more solidly. Thirdly, it ``discovers ecriture and a poetic will``. Seo, Jeong-Joo releazed ecriture`s aesthetic beauty using non-sensuous similiarity and his own unique sense of language. Particularly, he frankly conveyed his mental state to readers, by using punctuation marks intensively. Lastly, it ``expresses the feelings of despair based on poetic self-consciousness``. As a result, a colloquial language used in Seo, Jeong-Joo`s poems is associated with the feelings of despair. It represents that the poet`s personal experience promoted using the colloquial language. It was also found that the poetic selfconsciousness inside him was embodied in a literary way.

구어성 언어 단위의 설정과 그 유형

이현희 한글학회 2014 한글 Vol.- No.303

This paper is a study of the postulating of ‘colloquial linguistic units’ and the establishment criteria of ‘colloquiality linguistic units’ which are used especially in spoken language. They are usually treated as non-standard forms or the objects of correction. However, people use these forms very much in spoken language so that means we must explain these forms as linguistic units in grammar. We suppose a continuum that consist of spoken language and written language and some texts or discourses are typical spoken language or written language but others are mixture of spoken and written language. In conclusion, we have three types of colloquiality linguistic units which are phonological variation type, phonological integration type, lexical entry type. They have specific sound forms, distributions, and functions compared with standard normal morpheme which are usually used in written language. 이 논문은 ‘구어성 언어 단위’를 하나의 문법 단위로 설정하고 구어 자료에 주로 나타나는 언어 단위들을 추출, 이들의 특징과 유형을 살핀 것이다. 그동안 구어성 언어 단위들은 주로 비표준어나 잘못된 표현 등으로 처리되어 문법에서 잘 다뤄지지 않았다. 그러나 언중이 구어라는 제한적인 상황에서 특정한 용법으로 사용하고 있다면 이들 역시 문법 단위의 하나로 처리되어야 할 것이다. 이에 본고는 특정 음운 자질이 더해져서 나타나는 음운 변이, 형태 통합을 통해 새롭게 형성되는 형태소나 단어, 형식 변형으로 만들어지는 구어성 단어 등으로 나누어 이들의 유형과 특징을 살펴보았다. 이렇게 추출된 구어성 언어 단위들은 텍스트나 담화의 성격이 구어에 가까운 것인지 문어에 가까운지를 밝히는 기준으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

구어적 문어의 구어성에 관하여: 음운론적 측면을 중심으로

이향원 ( Lee Hyangwon ),하영우 ( Ha Youngwoo ) 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2021 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.42 No.-

The aim of this study is to find out how the colloquial written language reflects the oral features of the corresponding spoken language. For this purpose, phonological reduction found in messenger corpora has been analyzed in phoneme and syllable units and compared with that found in spoken language using a quantitative method. Some words show a similar reduction pattern as spoken language patterns. However, it is also observed that the weakening applies selectively or in a different direction than in spoken language. An unfamiliar form that does not appear in spoken language is also observed. To sum up, phonological reduction in messenger corpora is partly similar to that in spoken language, but it also has an independent aspect that is difficult to incorporate into the orality framework. This result implies that colloquial written language should be considered as an independent register.

포스트-소비에트 미디어 언어의 변화 양상 : 대화성을 중심으로

남혜현 중앙대학교 외국학연구소 2010 외국학연구 Vol.14 No.1

This study observes the many different techniques of dialogicity in the language of the mass media in the Post-Soviet era and attempts to determine how these techniques realize the new strategies of the Russian mass media and what kind of role they play in democratizing the language of the media in general. A typical journalist in the Post-Soviet era expresses himself in a language that is rather emotional and free from the stylistic limitations of the past. Through the use of such language the journalist makes active attempts to affect the reader's consciousness. The journalist would seek innovative language rather than follow stock expressions or styles; as a result he often relies on colloquial language or even uses slang. In order to affect the reader's consciousness most effectively, the journalist actively utilizes the techniques of giving dialogicity to a basically monologue-style text. Most frequently used technique in Post-Soviet era journalism presents the text in the style of a conversation that sets up the journalist as the speaker and the reader as the listener. Other techniques include posing various questions, quoting from others, and reductions in syntax. The journalist, using these techniques, gets linguistically closer to his readers and gains the effect of equal communication. Such techniques of dialogicity not only helps the journalist achieve his goal of involving the readers in his text, but also appears as a way of democratizing the language of the Russian mass media. The said democratization process, which started at the end of the 20th century, has changed the reader's position from that of a passive listener to an equal and active participant in the conversation with the speaker. Today the language of the media greatly affects the literary language as the model of language use of the general public. It also plays the role of producing the standard language norms, which was once the role of the language in works of literature by writers. In addition, the language of the media opens up vocabulary from various spheres to be integrated into literary language, presents new genres of media texts, creates sophisticated techniques in discourse and debate, and enriches the Russian language in general. Therefore it is also necessary to acknowledge and justly appreciate the achievements of the language of the media in the Russian literary language. This study observes the many different techniques of dialogicity in the language of the mass media in the Post-Soviet era and attempts to determine how these techniques realize the new strategies of the Russian mass media and what kind of role they play in democratizing the language of the media in general. A typical journalist in the Post-Soviet era expresses himself in a language that is rather emotional and free from the stylistic limitations of the past. Through the use of such language the journalist makes active attempts to affect the reader's consciousness. The journalist would seek innovative language rather than follow stock expressions or styles; as a result he often relies on colloquial language or even uses slang. In order to affect the reader's consciousness most effectively, the journalist actively utilizes the techniques of giving dialogicity to a basically monologue-style text. Most frequently used technique in Post-Soviet era journalism presents the text in the style of a conversation that sets up the journalist as the speaker and the reader as the listener. Other techniques include posing various questions, quoting from others, and reductions in syntax. The journalist, using these techniques, gets linguistically closer to his readers and gains the effect of equal communication. Such techniques of dialogicity not only helps the journalist achieve his goal of involving the readers in his text, but also appears as a way of democratizing the language of the Russian mass media. The said democratization process, which started at the end of the 20th century, has changed the reader's position from that of a passive listener to an equal and active participant in the conversation with the speaker. Today the language of the media greatly affects the literary language as the model of language use of the general public. It also plays the role of producing the standard language norms, which was once the role of the language in works of literature by writers. In addition, the language of the media opens up vocabulary from various spheres to be integrated into literary language, presents new genres of media texts, creates sophisticated techniques in discourse and debate, and enriches the Russian language in general. Therefore it is also necessary to acknowledge and justly appreciate the achievements of the language of the media in the Russian literary language.

박목월 시어의 현대성

김용희 ( Yong Hee Kim ) 한국언어문화학회 2008 한국언어문화 Vol.0 No.36

Mokwol tried to find modern daily life through poem language in the reality of post-war full of nihilism, excessive existence and intellectual humanism. A poet tries to make experiment of the modernity of poem language in the rivalry between tradition and modern. The meaning of `tradition` to Mokwol is `how to survive the modern time` and the recognition of modern subject is the road to realization of concrete experience world after making every day of modern times to be recovered from abstraction. When the member of 〈The latter half of the year〉 showed the self-shutting up, Mokwol created modern sensitivity by `translating` a native tongue of traditional food into poem language. He suggested the issue of `personal taste` by concretization of `collective native tongue` into `sensuous` thing. By making `what is trivial`, `what is vulgar` and `subjective experience of person` concrete, the traditional aesthetics works as `a modern subjective personal signature`. By reproducing `colloquial style` and `oral situation`, he tried to show `the feeling` and `sympathy` of our language as a native tongue. However the sensuous `dialect` is awakening the sense of modernity, an ear for music and the sense of sound symbol. Finally the poet reveals aesthetic self-consciousness with modern subject as searching for identity and self-reflection as a poet. He makes experiment of his meta method by calling his own name as a common noun and showing his writing. The symbolizing of tradition food symbol, colloquial style and dialect means the birth of strange native tongue against literary style. It is `the native tongue` and `collectively colloquial style` found out just by the birth of modern language and cultural language. The method of `symbolizing in a strange way what is familiar` is the one which reveals aesthetic autonomy of modern poem language. Additionally it reveals modern retrospective self-consciousness and crock by calling the name of poet out of text as a poem language inside text. It can be considered to be a modern experiment of self-consciousness. Eliot said that modernity is `the present of the past` and can be said to be the process in which tradition and modernity interfere together in the most organic way. On the basis of it, `the modernity of poem` can jump out of the schematism and limit of tradition severance theory and tradition absence theory. It is, the fact the tradition language is called as a modern strange poem language and the process to find `native tongue` composed of new the other through the other called modern times, can be shown. Mokwol tried to express in a creative way that modern poem language is the process of symbolization of language, creative individuality and sensational process of ego.

광복 후 구어 표현 변화의 경향성

구현정 한글학회 2015 한글 Vol.- No.310

This research aims at identifying the major changes of speech norms during the past 70 years since the nation's liberation from the colonial control. Spontaneously uttered authentic texts in the past are largely unavailable, and therefore, the material used for analysis was taken from the archived texts of News Library offered by Naver Corp. and TV broadcast texts and scenario manuscripts offered by the Korea Creative Content Agency (KOCCA). The research reveals three major trends of the change during the given time period, i.e., purging Japanese terms, purification of the Korean language, and speech norm standardization. These represent the diverse facets of language policies and constitute the main-stream efforts of language refinement from the liberation and onward in order to recover the language identity of the emancipated nation. During the period immediately following the liberation, the linguistic initiatives focused on relinquishing Japanese vestiges remaining in everyday language by reintroducing Korean terms that had been disparaged, and at the same time, refining language use by discouraging the use of negative language and promoting the use of decorous language. Consorted multi- party efforts by individuals, civil organizations, academic associations such as Joseoneo-hakhoe (the predecessor of Hangeul-hakhoe; the Korean Language Society) and the government brought forth coherent and efficient outcomes in three major phases: (i) purging of Japanese influence of language use in order to achieve the liberation both nominally and virtually, (ii) purifying Korean by promoting refined language use, suppressing undesirable language use, and adapting to newly changing environment with the introduction of foreign goods and ideas, and (iii) standardizing speech norms by hoisting traditional language etiquette and reducing obstacles in communication among people of different regions and backgrounds. While the leadership of the initiatives was transferred from the government to the civil organization, the direct force and the level of participation have decreased accordingly. However, a continued effort is called for since the vestiges of the colonial times still survive, foreign terms continuously flow in due to globalization, and the complex honorification systems remain to be standardized. Such efforts will not only influence language users at the abstract level but also help reduce misunderstanding stemming from different standards of the individuals at the concrete level. 이 연구는 광복 이후 70년이 지나는 동안 구어 표현에 어떠한 변화가 있었는지 큰 경향성을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 수행하였다. 이 연구를 위해 실제로 사용된 구어의 용례를 확보하여야 하나, 현실적 어려움으로 네이버에서 제공하는 ‘뉴스 라이브러리’와 한국콘텐츠진흥원에서 제공하는 ‘방송대본열람’ 등을 비롯한 대중매체 자료들을 활용하여서 객관성을 확보하였다. 그 결과 광복 이후부터 1960년대까지의 ‘왜색일소’, 그 이후로부터 1980년대 말까지의 ‘국어 순화 운동’, 그리고 현재까지의 ‘화법 표준화’라는 핵심어를 중심으로 각 시기별 구어 표현 변화의 경향성을 살펴보았다. 식민지에서 나라를 되찾고 식민지 언어문화의 흔적에서 벗어나고자 했던 왜색일소, 그로부터 바르고 고운 말로 소통하고, 거칠고 일그러진 말들을 바로잡고자 하며, 새로운 문물과 함께 도입되는 말들을 잘 만들어서 보급하고자 한 국어 순화 운동, 전통적으로 중요한 가치를 가지고 계승되던 언어 예절을 되찾고, 서로 다른 지역과 계층의 사람들이 소통하면서 어려움을 겪지 않도록 화법과 언어 예절을 표준화한 화법 표준화는 모두 광복 후 식민지 언어문화의 잔재를 없애고자 한 언어 정화 운동이며, 그 핵심은 일본어가 아닌 우리말을 쓰되, 거칠어진 말을 곱고 예절 바른 말로 바꾸고자 한 바른 화법 운동이었다.

구어와 구어체의 구분과 기술 방법 모색

장경현 연세대학교 언어정보연구원 2012 언어사실과 관점 Vol.29 No.-

The goal of this paper is to check the validity of the theories which are related with spoken language and colloquial/literal style and to determine the concepts and the scopes of them. For this work, I had to seperate styles from utterance data first beacause there are so much confusions in research the properties of spoken language and written language. Spoken language and written language must be classified by utterance measures. Spoken language should be regarded as bodies of materials and colloquial style should be regarded as a selectional style. I suggested that Criterion for Spoken language should be that the utterance must be made completely in voices. It will be reasonable that colloquial style is referred on the case of spoken language because, in the view of style, colloquial style must be marked and irregular one. And I proposed the ending-components as the marks of colloquial style.

글쓰기 텍스트에 나타난 대학생들의 구어적 표현 양상 ― 자기소개서 쓰기를 중심으로

박은하 한국 리터러시 학회 2017 리터러시 연구 Vol.- No.19

This study aims to examine the actual condition and instances of colloquial expressions used in students’ texts in university writing classes. For this purpose, we classified the colloquial expressions used in students’ texts into different types and obtained examples and numerical results based on this classification. By doing so, we intended to generalize the types of errors of colloquial expressions in first -year university students’ texts and present it using real examples. By providing a summary that typifies the colloquial expressions used in “writing originating from me”, this study aims to help students to focus on writing well and to write proper as a more written language. The types of colloquial expressions used by students are as follows: “”omission in a sentence”, “abbreviations”, “colloquial final endings and connective endings”, “conjunctive adverb and adverb”, “omission of postposition”, “direct quotation”, “spoken sentences”, and “spelling errors due to sound”. We found that omission in a sentence appeared most frequently and sentence often omit the subject among subjects, object, adverb phrase, adnominal phrase. The second most frequent error was abbreviations, in particular, students’ frequently used postpositive abbreviations. The third most frequent error was the use of colloquial final endings. Students frequently used the hapsyo style, although they should write in a plain style, that is, the haera style. Regarding connective endings and adverbs, they are usually used in speech; conjunctive adverbs are often habitually used many times. regardless of their connection with the sentence. The frequency of the remaining types of errors of colloquial expressions is not as high; these remaining types are used in students’ texts, despite of the fact that their usage is mainly restricted to speech. 본 연구는 대학교 글쓰기 수업에서 학생들이 작성한 글쓰기 텍스트를 조사 분석하여 글쓰기에 구어적 표현이 어떤 양상으로 나타나는지 그 실태와 사례를 살펴보는 것이 목적이다. 대학생들의 글쓰기 텍스트를 조사한 결과, 구어적 표현의 유형으로는 문장 성분 생략, 준말, 구어적 종결 어미 및 연결 어미, 접속 부사 및 부사어, 조사 생략, 직접 인용, 구어 문장, 음운적 오류가 나왔다. 가장 빈번하게 나타난 것이 문장 성분의 생략이며 문장 성분 중에서도 주어의 생략이 가장 많으며 다음으로 목적어, 부사어, 관형어의 순으로 나타났다. 다음 순위를 차지한 것은 준말이며 그 중에서도 조사의 축약이 빈번하였다. 세 번째 순위를 차지한 것은 문장의 서술어에서 어말 어미를 합쇼체인 ‘-ㅂ니다/습니다’의 형태로 쓴 것이 높은 빈도를 차지하였다. 연결어미와 부사의 경우 구어에서 주로 사용하는 말을 사용하며 접속 부사의 경우는 문장 연결과는 관련 없이 습관적으로 여러 번 사용하기도 하였다. 나머지 조사 생략, 직접 인용, 구어 문장, 음운적 오류로 표현되는 것들은 높은 비율은 아니지만 말하기에서 주로 표현되는 형태를 글쓰기에 그대로 씀으로 해서 나타나는 현상들이다. 대학생들의 글쓰기에 나타나는 구어적 표현을 정리한 것을 제시함으로써 학생들이 글쓰기 내용에 집중할 수 있도록 돕고자 한다.

Язык молодёжи как языковая субкультура в современном русском языке (на примере прозы И. Денежкиной)

백경희 한국러시아문학회 2019 러시아어문학 연구논집 Vol.65 No.-

This article tries to analyze the language of youth, as a subculture in modern Russian language. Their aсtive processes are discussed on the example of Irina Denezhkinа's stories, which are conducted in comparison with classical literature. Just to trace how these processes of modern Russian language are manifested in the language of prose of the young modern writer Irina Denezhkinа. The peculiarity of Irina Denezhkinа’s writing style is embodied in her story “Give me” precisely, because the writer herself reflects the colloquial language and slanguage of the youth directly in the process of its development. It should also be noted that this is mainly the language of youth, teenagers and schoolchildren, whose speeches also represent the desire of young people’s self-expression, identity and sharpness of vivid expressions.

Characteristics of the Usage of the Serbian Language in the Media

Mirjana Jocic(미리아나 요치츠) 한국동유럽발칸학회 2003 동유럽발칸학 Vol.5 No.2

매스미디어의 통신 언어는 현재 여러 방면으로 다양하게 활용되고 있다. 하지만 이들미디어에서의어휘들이매우다양하게사용되어지고있고, 또한 (미디어, 양식, 주제에 따른) 글의 문맥에 의존하고 있지만, 이들 어휘들의 상당수는 표준 세르비아어의 현존하는 일반 사전으로는 그 해석이 무척 어려운게현실이다. 게다가, 이러한매스미디어의일부어휘들은실제표준화된 표현들이 아니라는 문제점을 안고 있다. 매스미디어(신문, 라디오, 텔레비젼)에서의 세르비아어는 반(半) 대중적어휘에 해당하지만, 반면 대중언어는 사회 언어학적그리고표준언어의지배를 받고있다. 최근10년사이, (세르비아에서의) 매스미디어 언어 사용의 특징을 살펴보자면 무엇보다도 느슨하고 자기 임의적인 언어 사용 그리고 좀 더 자유로운 언어 형식으로 말하려는 개인적 대중 언어 사용이 점차 늘어나고 있는 추세를 보이고 있다. 이러한점은다음과같은언어학적전략에따라증명될수있다.: 일반성, 원시성, 보급성, 그리고 영어화 속성. 이들 전략들을 통해 현재 세르비아의 새로운사회현상들을반영할수있으며, 새로운언어정체성을생산해내려는 경향을 포함, 국제화, 탈 이념화되고 있는 현 세르비아 사회, 문화적 경향을 반증해 볼 수 있을 것이다. The language used in the media of mass communication is specific in many ways. For example, the lexicon used in these media is quite varied, but it is also dependent on context (the media, genre, topic), and thus, for objective reasons, much of that lexicon cannot be represented in the existing general dictionaries of the standard Serbian language. Likewise, part of that lexicon is indeed not standard. The Serbian used in the mass media (press, radio and television) belongs to a semi-public usage, a public language domain that, as such, is subject to the rules of the language standard, to sociolinguistic and communication rules. In the last ten years, the usage of that language in the mass media has been characterized by the appearance of the use of language from the private communication domain the spoken and conversational - producing significantly more liberal language forms and spontaneous, leisurely behavior in communication. This is manifest by the usage of the following linguistic strategies: familiarization, primitivization,vulgarization, and Anglicization. These strategies reflect, it could be said, new tendencies in Serbian society democratization, de-ideologization and internationalization including the tendency to create a new social and linguistic identity.