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남윤덕 ( Yoon Deok Nam ) 한국한문학회 2016 韓國漢文學硏究 Vol.0 No.61
『周易』은 윤행임의 경학관을 살필 수 있는 핵심 키워드 중 하나이다. 정조와 함께참여한 ‘經史講義’에서 윤행임은 『周易本義』와 『易傳[程傳]』을 바탕으로 역학의 논리를 습득하였고, 자신의 「薪湖隨筆_『易』ㆍ「繫辭傳」」에서 더욱 완성시켜 나갔다. 정조에 의해 처음 시도되었고, 윤행임이 참여했던 계묘년(1783) ‘경사강의_ 역 ’은 총 4번에 걸친 『주역』 강의 가운데 가장 많은 분량을 할애하여 『역』전체를 세세하게 다루었다. 윤행임이 역학에 남다른 열정을 보인 이유도 계묘년 ‘경사강의’가 하나의 큰 계기가 되어서였다. 경사강의 당시 정조는 비교적 ‘義理易學’에 비중을 두었다. 윤행임의 학문은 정조와 함께 했던 기간 동안 큰 발전을 이룩하였고, 그 당시 정조로부터 받은 학문적 영향이 고스란히 『신호수필』로 이어졌다. 경사강의를 통해 전수받은 ‘의리’ 중심의 『주역』해석방식은 윤행임의 역학관에 영향을 주어 윤행임이 ‘의리역학’을 긍정하게 하는 결과를 낳았다. 윤행임의 『주역』 해석은 『본의』와 『정전』을 충실히 따르는 전제하에 程朱와 논리를 달리한 기타 易說들을 비교분석, 경계하고 비판하며 正學인 주자학을 지키고 보완하려하였다. 윤행임은 ‘象數易學’을 긍정하면서도 잘 못 이해하여 사리에 맞지 않거나, 占筮에 치우친 편협한 曲儒들의 ‘상수역학’은 반대하며, 이를 바로잡아 절충해야 함을 강조하였다. 윤행임은 林栗, 吳澄, 邱富國, 胡仲虎의 주장에 대해선 비판적인 견해를 보였다. 이는 『본의』와 『역전』을 따르지 않고 『역』을 해석하려는 학자들에 대해 자신의 입장을 명확히 한 것이다. 한편 윤행임은 경전해석에 있어서 『역』의 관계성을 중시하며, ‘四書’ 활용 방식을 통해 ‘의리’ 중심 『역』 해석을 완성해 나갔다. 특히 『대학』ㆍ『중용』이 『주역』에 근원하고있다는 주장은 윤행임 『역』 해석의 큰 특징을 이룬다. 결과적으로 이러한 윤행임의 ‘의리역학’은 정조시대 『주역』해석방식의 한 패러다임을 제시하고 있다는 점에서 易學史的 의의가 있다. 윤행임의 ‘의리’ 중심 역학관은 어디까지나 폐단에 빠지기 쉬운 ‘상수역학’의 경계를 통해 주자의 ‘兼治象義’ 역학관을 보완하고, 더욱 더 완성된 주자학의 보수성 짙은 체계를 세워 그 기준을 잡고자 했던 정조와 그의 意志가 만들어낸 부산물이었던 것이다. 『The Book of Changes』is one of the core key-words to study Yoon Hang Im``s view of the study of Confucian classics. He learned the logic of Ichingxue at ``KyungSa-Lecture`` that he joined with King Jeong-Jo based on 『The Book of Changes-BenYi』and 『Iching- Chuan』 and he kept completing it in his 「Shin-ho-essay_『Iching』ㆍ『Xi-Ci- Zhuan』」 < KyungSa-Lecture_『Iching』 > dated 1783 (Jeong-Jo tried to do for the first time and Yoon Haeng-Im joined in) was treated too much detailedly at the most volume among total four 『The Book of Changes』 lectures. And then, this was a big opportunity that Yoon Haeng-Im specially showed his passion to 『Iching』. Jeong-Jo gave respectively weight to < Yili-Ichingxue > at that KyungSa- Lecture. Yoon Haeng-Im``s literature came into remarkable development during the period being with Jeong-Jo and academic influence from Jeong-Jo directly lead to 「Shin-ho-essay」 The way of ``Yili``-oriented interpretation about 『The Book of Changes』 (that was handed down from KyungSa-Lecture) influenced the viewpoint of Yoon Haeng-Im``s Ichingxue and after all, it let Yoon Haeng-Im being positive to ``Yili-Ichingxue``. under the premise to faithfully follow 『The Book of Changes-BenYi』 and 『Iching-Chuan』, Yoon Haeng-Im``s interpretation about 『The Book of Changes』 was to compare, analyze and criticize the other logic of Ichingxue logically different from CheongㆍZhu at the same time and keep and complement Zhuxi as right science. Yoon Haeng-Im was positive about ``Xiangshu- Ichingxue`` at the same time and was against ``Xiangshu-Ichingxue`` of the scholars who was unreasonable or one-sided to book on divination. And he emphasized to compromise them by putting things right. Yoon Haeng-Im showed his critical view on the opinions of Lim-ryul, Oh-jing, Gu bu-guk and Ho joong-ho. this means that Yoon Haeng-Im made his position clear against the scholars who tried to interpret 『The Book of Changes』 without following 『The Book of Changes-BenYi』 and 『Iching-Chuan』. On the other hand, he completed interpretation about ``Yili`` oriented 『Iching』 through the way of using ``The Four Books`` that are chinese classic texts: Great Learning, Doctrine of the Mean, Analects & Mencius. especially, his insistence that Dae-Hak & Jung-Yong were grounded on 『The Book of Changes』 is a notable distinction. In conclusion, this Yoon Haeng-Im``s ``Yili-Ichingxue`` has great historical significance on the point to show a paradigm of the interpretation method about 『The Book of Changes』 during the era of King Jeong-Jo. Yoon Haeng-Im``s ``Yili``-oriented viewpoint of Ichingxue was a residual product from Jeong-Jo``s and Yoon``s strong will that was to correct the standard by setting up conservative system of the perfectly completed orthodox Neo-Confucianism as well as to complement the viewpoint of Zhuxi``s ``Gyeom-Chi-Sang-Yi`` Ichingxue through the boundary of ``Xiangshu- Ichingxue``, easily prone to negative effects.
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Trivial and Real Exceptions in Generics
YoungEun Yoon 한국언어학회 2008 언어 Vol.33 No.2
Concerning the issue of exceptions in generics, Cohen (2004) argues that exceptions are allowed in generics only if "homogeneity" is not violated. The homogeneity constraint restricts that the exceptions should not form a salient "chunk" of the domain of the generic. A salient chunk could be formed, depending on the way in which the domain is mentally represented. "Tree" and "geometric" representations are proposed as the two ways of mapping of cognitive mental representations. Yoon (2006) argues, however, that choices between these two mental representations claimed to be involved in the interpretation process of generics are quite arbitrary, and that counterexamples also exist for the "homogeneity" requirement. Yoon also suggests that generics involve cognitive conceptualizations based on the language users' encyclopedic knowledge, world knowledge from experiences, common sense, beliefs, stereotypes, prejudices, etc. Given this, this paper revisits the widely-agreed-upon phenomenon of exceptions in generics, and proposes that generics could be divided into two kinds depending on whether they contain trivial or real exceptions, elaborating on Yoon's analysis. It is further proposed that one kind of generics is characterizing statements based on the salient properties of "whole" sets while the other kind is characterizing statements based on the salient properties of "representative" sets. It will be shown that this approach better accounts for the acceptable and unacceptable generic statements.
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윤석성(Yoon Seok Seong) 동악어문학회 2008 동악어문학 Vol.50 No.-
R. M. Rilke는 한국의 시인과 독자들에게 가장 큰 영향을 끼친 시인들 중의 한 사람이다. 이러한 릴케의 시를 수용한 한국의 대표적 시인들로는 윤동주, 김현승, 김춘수를 들 수 있다. 릴케의 시와 이들의 시를 대비해 본 결과, 윤동주는 릴케의 초기 시와 『기도시집』, 『형상시집』, 지상적 삶을 천명한 후기 시의 세계를 수용하고 있고, 김현승은 『기도시집』과 『형상시집』의 시 세계를 ‘가을’ 시편들에서, 『두이노의 비가』와 후기 시의 시 세계를 ‘고독’ 시편들에서 수용하고 있다. 김춘수는 초기 시와 『형상시집』, 『신시집』 등의 시 세계를 수용하고 있는데, 특히 그의 「꽃」 계열의 시들은 릴케의 시작 태도를 본격적으로 수용하고 있다는 점에서 주목할 만하다. 그러나 이 세 시인들도 릴케 시를 완전히 수용했다고는 보기 어렵다. 윤동주는 20대의 젊은 나이로 세상을 떠났고, 김현승은 ‘地上에의 決意’를 천명한 릴케와 달리 만년에 다시 기독교로 귀의했으며, 김춘수는 관념의 중압을 이기지 못하고 무의미시로 옮겨갔다. 그러나 탁월한 시인 릴케의 수용으로 한국 시의 지평이 예술성과 형이상학성에서 한층 깊어진 것은 분명한 사실이다. The representative Korean poets who followed Rilke's poetic world are Yoon-Dongjoo, Kim-Hyunseung, and Kim-Choonsoo. Yoon-Dongjoo was influenced by his early poems, 『Das Stunden-Buch』, 『Das Buch der Bilder』 and his latter years' poems shows a tendency of existentialism. Kim-Hyunseung accepted the literary world expressed in 『Das Stunden-Buch』 and 『Das Buch der Bilder』 in his 'autumn poems' and, in his 'solitude poems', accepted the poetic vision expressed in 『Duineser Elegien』 and the latter years' poems. Kim-Choonsoo adopted the poetic spirit in the poems of his early period, 『Das Buch der Bilder』and 『Neue Gedichte』. Their receptiveness and acceptiveness of Rilke's literary world were not completely succesfull but his influence on Korean poetry was so strong that their is no doubt that he deepened the Korean literary art and thought.
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Lee, Sung Jin,Yoon, Il Byong,Bae, Yeon Jae 고려대학교 한국곤충연구소 1999 昆蟲硏究誌 Vol.25 No.1
The preference on the substrate particle size in two Potamanthid mayflies (Pota-wanthus yooni and Rhoenanthus coreanus) was studied in the field and laboratory. In the field, the change pattern of density was different between two species, but the period of highest density was 23^(rd) September in both species. Both species occurred most abundantly in small cobble (P. yooni: 163 individuals, R. coreanus: 93 individuals), and over 85% of total individuals of both species occurred in the substrate particles from large pebble to large cobble. The distribution pattern of each species was not changed significantly during the sampling period. The results from laboratory experiment were well consistent with those from field survey and certified the substrate particle sise (SPS) preference of P. yooni and R. coreanus. The shape of the fundamental niche induced from the results of laboratory experiments was similar between two species, but the depth was deeper in P. yooni than in R. coreanus. The comparison of the realized and the fundamental niche of each species showed the relative importance of SPS as environmental factor. One of the potential factors that affected interspecific competition between two species would be the life cycle of each species.
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김윤성 시 연구 -시적 대상의 내면화 과정을 중심으로-
오윤정 ( Yoon Jeong Oh ) 겨레어문학회 2013 겨레어문학 Vol.51 No.-
This study is to review Kim Yoonsung`s poetry through considering a relation between the poetic narrator and the object in his poems. In his poems, the poetic narrator has close relationship with the object and the aspect of the relations and the distance from the object makes the different status of the narrator. A position of staring from a distance is slowly changed to the point where the narrator is transformed into the object as the distance shortened. The poetic object varies from living things like grass, a tree and a bird to a dead matter like stones. The point is that Kim Yoonsung is developing his lyrical condition through this transposition, and it means that his poetry achieved inner reflection and internalization through active transforming into the nature like a flower, a bird and a stone.
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