페미니즘적 관점에서 본 한국 현대시 연구

김현자 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1994 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.64 No.1

Previously existing studies about Korean womans poetry, being made mostly from the male-centric viewpoint, failed to properly and correctly evaluate the elements of deviation appeared in womans poetry such as discourse strategy, consciousness of confinement, female image, cutting body off, esc. In this situation, this study aims at reading these characteristics of the womans poetry from the feministic and pluralistic viewpoint. The poems of No Chun-Myung, in which both of female persona and male persona are used for the first time in Korean womans poetry, have an important meaning with that trial itself. Eventhough her poems show strong doubt on feminity and even envy at the masculine characteristics, she is the first poet who raised an objection to the concept of feminity. Then after, Korean womans poetry have developed in two contrasting directions : sentimental and traditional one, intellectual and speculative one. The poems of Hong Yoon-sook, Heo Young-Ja and Kim Nam-Jo belong to the category of the traditional lyric poetry. Their poetry, using the passive female persona, sentimental image like crime, tear, and lover, exclamational tone, and the themes of love, yearning and repentance, elevated the level of lyric poetry. But their consciousness on women still remains in the state of closed passiveness. In 70s and 80s, this passive consciousness is moved to active and participant one. The motive of female death shown in the poetry of Kang Eun-Kyeo is succeeded to the poetry of Choi Seung-Ja and Kim Hae-Soon. They use the extreme diction and the motive of female death through the dissolution of body as a poetic method to dissolve the oppressive reality. The grotesque realism of their poetry, trying to find the source of new power among the negative values, pursues the rebirth of the new world through destruction and negative. The central poetic dictions used by female poets revealed the consciousness of self-contempt, feeling of estrangement and isolation, hostility in mutual relations, and sadism. In the poetry of No Cheon-Myung, skeptistic view on powerless and passive feminity is revealed. The female personas in Kim Nam-Jos poetry are always connected with the word of winter, wind, tear, and coldness. This reflects her consciousness that endurance and waiting are indispensable for unification with lover. The central poetic words of Heo Young-Ja are crime and blood indicating shame and guilty conscience. The motives of death in Kang Eun-Kyeos poetry, expressing the consciousness of confinement and the feeling of futility, imply the possibility of rebirth through female death. Ko Jeong-Hee uses the word of hearted reed to express hearted feminity. The characteristics of Choi Seung-Jas poetry are founded in the images of dark room, cutting body off, orphan, night-soil, and female persona with stinging tone, and the extreme usage of diction. Kim Hye-Soon, using the word of kitchen and dish-washing as a image of female space and acting, shows that women become to lose their self-identity among the routine of daily life. Peeling and cutting body off are the image to express rebirth through destruction. In the poetry of Kim Seung-Hee, the images of closed space are related with lifelessness, loss of identity, and death. This reflects the isolated and closed world of female experience. Female death is a kind of drama of rebirth to bring for the new life. Many kinds of deviation devices in womans poetry ultimately pursue the harmonious and peaceful world in which there is no separation and discrimination between man and woman. This desire is revealed as inclination for bisexual world doesnt mean the loose reconciliation without the solution of contradiction but the inclusive integration beyond the dualistic opposition of sex. Bisexuality is the essential element in literature. It is a motive power to make our life peaceful by unifying and harmonizing mind. Many great poets like Kim So-Woel, Han Yong-Woon, Hwang Dong-Kyum, Jeong Hyun-Jong, and Lee Sung-Bok have written poems with this bisexual mind. Freely and adaptably using male persona and female persona, they have shown the far excellent poetic elements. This evokes us the pursuit of unification and the principle of inclusion inherent in literary imagination.

김일엽 시의 자의식과 求道의 글쓰기

김현자(Kim Hyun-Ja) 한국시학회 2003 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.9

Kim, Il-lyeop, together with Na, Hye-seok, and Kim, Myeong-soon, is one of the first modern women writers in Korea, who opened a way for women at that time to participate in the literary circles and to have their own jobs, breaking the shackles of deep-rooted, closed norms of the society. However, in spite of her leading role as a woman writer, Kim, Il-lyeop's works have not been paid serious attention to. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate her poetic world that has not been fully examined. What is noticed here is that we explore various poetic features and peculiar methodological development patterns she used in her poems, with respect to ontological awareness of femininity, to imagery orientation, and to optimistic point of view discovered in her works. First, her ontological realization of femininity is reflected only suggestively in her works. Looking at her early poems in the magazine "Shinyeoja"(new women), we can perceive her sense of the times only in a comparatively abstract, somewhat vague manner, i.e. through her linking the advent of new era with an image of spring. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that those poems in the magazine "Shinyeoja" represent the sense of the times and the consciousness of social involvement as a woman which were absolutely pioneering at that time of the day. Since the discontinuance of issuing the magazine "Shinyeoja," Kim's works which sing praise of a new era with the rhythm of 7.5, or 4.4, faced both substantial and formal changes. Especially in the substantial part, distinguished from the earlier works to convey something enlightening, her later verses concentrate on individual emotions such as solitude, agony, re￢morse, and yearning, as well as the passion and energy of the youth. Maintaining a single poetic voice of inner monologue, her works in this period can be phrased into the following: "the rhetoric of spring flowers." Next, the image of fire in the poems of Kim, Il-lyeop displays a kind of variation: it sometimes symbolizes a hearty laughter, fire burning allover the earth, or the torch which the Budda himself lit to incite ordinary people to pursue the truth. This kind of alternation of images of fire is in close accordance with the transformation of the poet's consciousness, that is, the progress from the emphasis on social enlightenment, to immerging into the individual emotion and passion, and finally to attaining the stage of unfathomable insight and spiritual awakening through the discovery of the absolute The Other, "Nim." Lastly, the poems written after her determination to be a monk, constantly reveal her ascetic attitude in seeking for the truth, though embracing the troubles in this world. They vividly show what a person will be like after burning her youth to the ashes, and eventually realizing the essence of life, and how optimistic her point of view can be. To sum up, Kim, Il-lyeop strived to live an independent life in such a period when women were considered to be subordinate to men in their private and social lives, and also persisted to sing the praises of liberty through the construction of her own literary world. Those efforts for liberty meant an attempt to free from the oppression of Japanese colonialism, a liberal expression of woman's desires and emotions curbed under the patriarch ideology, and sometimes a search for the ontological freedom toward the eternity and the universe. Conclusively, her writings as well as her life display the poet's endeavor to persue the freedom of body and spirit in the closed society, which are expressed as a cry for enlightenment, as a clamor against the discrimination of sex, as a remorse and a monologue resulting from the disappointing reality, and finally as so hearty a laughter as to seemingly burn out all over the earth.

한국시 전통의 계승과 확장

김현자(Kim Hyun-Ja) 한국시학회 2008 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.22

This paper aims at exploring the archetypical identification and the tradition of Korean poetry through its sense of space and time, its sense of poetic distance and the point of views in it. The orientation toward dissolution of time frame and spacial boundaries has become a typical Korean way of thinking, or a typical framework of the Koreans. And the breaking-up of spacial thresholds is closely connected with the disruption of the boundaries between self and others in Korean literature and makes the discourse complicated in which self can be others and vice versa. This kind of spacial consciousness has been a poetic tradition in Korean poetry, expressed in call and response songs and by some literary parallelism. And these two poetic structures in turn take the readers to the poetic context, display multiple point of views in poems. form so-called 'Dialigizitat' and let the readers have extended experiences. This sort of poetic tradition has been maintained by the poets from Kim, So-Wol, Han, Yong-Woon, Yoon, Dong-Ju, and Yu, Chi-Whan through the poets like Park, Mok-Wol, Park, Doo-lin, Cho, Ji-Hoon, Kim, Kwang-Sub, and recently to Oh, Kyu-Won. The circular view of time which has been typical in Eastern culture contrasting to the linear view of time in Western culture, is also pervasive in Korean poems. Alongside with the circular view originated from the philosophical concepts like karma and regeneration, eternity of time. too, is one of the general characteristics consisting Korean poetic beauty and is embodied in a large number of poems written by Lee, Yuk-Sa, Seo, Jeong-Ju, Shin, Suk-Jeong, Park, Yong-Rae, Park, Jae-Sam, Kim, Kwang-Rim, Hwang, Dong-Kyu and Cheong, Hyun-Jong etc. Besides, various 'integrated' versions of time consciousness can be found in the poems of Lee, Sang where the linear time consciousness of Western culture has been modified in a Korean manner and in the works of some female poets such as Kim, Hye-Soon and Koh, Jeong-Hee who pursue a feminist solidarity through the images of mother, home and body. The sense of time the women poets have sometimes appears in forms of time trips to seek the archetypical attachment objects like mother, home or hometown and during the trips they delve into the essence of existence and life, speculating death. Korean poems extend the present by means of juxtaposing the present, the past and the future, with connecting some moments to others, and linking unrelated things together. Therefore the poets overcome fragmentation of time, leading it into the eternity, recreating and spiritualizing it. Korean poems do not simply deal with some universal conflicts among the contrasting orientations and dimensions but harmonize them from a poetic distance of beauty. So, it is this aesthetic distance in which Kim, So-wol sings songs about the time and space existing between life and death and Seo, Jeong-ju symbolizes the threshold space between the heaven and the earth, and it is also through this poetic distance which they lessen the conflicts between self and others, beyond the threshold spaces and the fragments of time. The poets have finally attained the balanced. positive sense of poetic distance between self and others, here and there, bright and dark side of life, in the result of their endeavor to ultimately go beyond the thresholds and limitations, which can be referred to as 'Mu-ae' (that means 'no limitations' or 'free from impedition') and their efforts to absorb all the thresholds or boundaries and dissolve them into a new unity, which may be referred to as 'Wonyung.' These two concepts are regarded as the archetype of Korean ways of thinking. These classes of manners of speculation extend the Korean tradition of poetry, supplying an energy to dream of harmony among discordances and of reconciliation among separations.

초등학교 고학년 아동의 성별 음란물 접촉실태와 성 갈등에 대한 연구

차남현 ( Nam Hyun Cha ),왕명자 ( Wang Myoung Ja ),유경희 ( Kyung Hui Yu ),김정아 ( Jeong Ah Kim ) 경희대학교 동서의학연구소 2007 동서간호학연구지 Vol.13 No.2

본 연구 대상 아동 952명중 ‘음란물에 대해 들어본 경험이 있다`` 고 응답한 남아는 63. 2%,(288명) 이고 여아는 60.5% (300명)이지만,‘음란물에 접촉한 경험’이 있다 ``에는 남아 34.4% (l57명), 여아27.4% (l36명)가 응답하여, 대부분의 아동은 음란물에 대하여 들어본 경험은 있지만, 접촉한 경험은 없는 것을 알 수 있다. 초등 아동을 연구한 Kim과 woo (2001), Kim (2002)과 Kang (2004)이 음란물 접촉자율을 각각 20.3%, 28.6%, 30%로 보고한 선행연구 결과보다 더 높은 퍼센트를 나타내었다. 처음 음란물을 접촉한 시기는 ``5학년 때’가 남가 아동 39.5%, 여아 44.1%로 가장 많았고, ``4학년 이전’도 남아 31.8% , 여아 30.9% 로서, 음란물을 첫 접촉한 시기가 4학년 이전 16.8%(Kim,2002) , 19.8% (Oh, 2003)라는 선행연구에 비하면, 본 연구 대상 아동의 ``4학년 이전’ 음란물 접촉 비율이 또한 높은 것을 알 수 있다. 이와 같은 결과는 매스미디어를 통해 초등학교 아동들이 상업적인 성에 노출과 관련이 있는 것으로 보이며 매스미디어의 광범위성, 대중성, 능동성, 동시성의 특성을 고려한다면 앞으로 음란물 접촉을 및 저학년 접촉빈도는 계속 증가할 것으로 생각된다. 접촉한 음란물 유형에 대한 복수응답 결과,‘컴퓨터를 통해 음란물을 보았다``는 남아 82.8%(l30명), 여아 90.4% (l23명)로 가장 빈도가 높은 접촉유형이고’ 다른 음란 접촉 유형은 비슷한 빈도 분포를 나타내었다. 컴퓨터를 통한 음란물에 초등학교 아동이 쉽게 접촉하고 있음을 지적한 선행연구 (Yom, Yun, & Lee, 2002; Hong, 2003; Kang, 2004)의 결과와 일치하고 있다. 이와 같은 결과는 개인용 컴퓨터와 인터넷 사용인구가 급증하고, 학교나 주택가 주변 PC방이 즐비 하면서 음란물들을 더욱 쉽게 볼 수 있게 된 때문으로 사료된다. 이에 대해, Kim과 woo (2001), Park(2001)는 연구에서 컴퓨터 음란물 차단프로그램의 설치가 각각 19.4%, 13.3%에 불과하다고 지적하고 있다. 사실 컴퓨터 매체를 이용한 인터넷 음란물은 대중성과 동시성 등의 특성이 있어 미성년자의 접근이 쉽고 광범위하게 노출이 될 수 있는 반면, 통제할 수 있는 시스템과 대책이 매우 부족한 실정에 있다. 따라서 인터넷 음란물에 대해 정부에서는 청소년보호법 이 실효성을 거둘 수 있도록 규제 및 처벌을 더욱 엄격하게 하고, 음란물 차단 프로그램의 설치를 강화해야 할 필요성이 있다. 음란물에 접촉하는 동기는``우연히`` 라고 응답한 경우가 가장 많았고 (남아 51.6%, 여아 53.7%) ‘스팸메일’을 통해서, 친구 및 형제’의 권유로,‘호기심``으로 직접 찾아봄순으되 남녀 등 모두 우연히 접하는 경우가 많았다.‘스팸메일’을 통해사는 남아보다 여아가 접하는 경우가 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 통계 청 (2005)에서 제시한 청소년 음란물 사이트 접속경로로 우연히 (남이 32.7%, 여아 35.5%), 친구나 선후배 소개로 (남아 31.5%, 여아 11.7%), 일부러 음란물 검색 (남아 20.9%, 여아 6.9%), 스팸메일 (남아 6.5%, 여아 14.8%)과 순서가 일부 일치함을 보이고 있다. 이와 같이 아동이 무엇보다 우연히 음란물을 접하는 경우가 많은 결과는 포르노 사이트의 무차별적 음란물 배포에 대하여, 초등학교 아동들이 무방비 상태로 노출 되어 있으며, 현재 이를 차단할 수 있는 프로그램의 설치의 미흡을 의미하는 것이다. 음란물과 접촉하는 빈도는 ‘거의 안보거나 특정 싸이클이 없다. (남아 73.7%, 여아 87. 2%)는 응답이 많았고)거의 매일 보는, 남아는 4.5%, 여아는 0.7%였다. 이는 통계청 (2005) 의 청소년음란사이트 이용경험 조사에서 ‘한번도 없음’(남아 24. 5%, 여아 70.6%), ‘일년에 l-2회, 접촉히는 남아가 l5.8%, 여아 8.5%,‘한달에 l- 2회’ 접촉하는 남아 26.8%, 여아 4.8%, ‘일주일에 l- 2회’ 접촉하는 남아 l5,9%, 여아 1.9% 라는 결과에서 제시하듯이, 대부분 이동은 음란물에 접촉하지 않고 있으나, 음란물 접촉은 남아가 여아보다 더 많았다. 음란물과 접촉하는 기간은·15분 미만이 남아 86.8%, 여아 96.2%로 가장 많았고, 15분 이상’은 남아 l3.2%, 여아 3.8%로 대부분의 아동은 음란물 접촉시간이 짧은 것을 알 수 있다. 그러나, 소수이기는 하나 정기적으로 음란물에 접촉하는 아동에 대한 주의를 기울일 필요가 있다. 음란물을 정기적으로 이용하는 아동일수록 학습에 많은 지장을 받고 있음은 물론, 성과 관련된 반응에 있어서 보다 쉽게 자극 받고 충동을 일으키며, 그 충동을 실제 행동으로 옮길 가능성이 크고 (oh, 2003), 중독성이 강하며, 성에 대해 비하하는 태도와 행위, 충동조절 능력 저하, 폭력적이 거나 모욕적인 성행위를 선호하게 될 수 있다. 따라서, 정부와 학교당국, 부모님의 음란물에의 적극적이 고 효과적 인 대처 방안이 시급하다. 음란물과 접촉하는 장소는 자기 집이 (남아 68,8%, 여아 81.5%) 가장 않았고 친구집(남아 16.0%, 여아 7.6%), PC방 (남아 4,2%, 여아 5.9%), 학교 순으로 응답하였다. 이는 통계청 (2005)에서 보고한 6-l4세 어린이가 이용하는 인터넷 장소로 가정 90.5%, PC방 빛 게임방 25. 8%, 학교 18.2%라는 결과와 순위가 일치 하고 있다. 따라서 음란물 접촉이 가장 많다고 응답 한 가정에서 부모의 음란물을 방지 대책마련이 요구된다. 공개적으로 아이들과 PC를 공유하는 방을 마련하고 음란물 차단 시스템을 PC에 설치하며, 수시로 관심 있게 보는 사이트 및 정보를 확인,대화하고 컴퓨터 이용시간을 제한하여 아이들의 건전한 컴퓨티 이용문화를 형성하도록 지도하여야 한다. 음란물 접촉 이유는 ‘우연히’가 가장 많았고 (남아 35.7%, 여아 57.3%), 남아는 ‘호기심’때문에,‘스팸메일,을 열어보다가,‘친구``가 권해서,‘재미, 스트레스 해소와 성충동’ 때문이라고 답했고, 여아는 ‘스팸메일’ 윤 열어보다가,‘호기심’ 때문에,‘친구’가 권해서,‘재미,스트레스 해소’ 위해,‘성충동과 성적지식’을 얻기 위해 순으로 응답하였다. 이는 의도적인 접촉보다 비의도적인 접촉이 많다는 것으로 해석되어져 다행스럽긴 하나, 음란물은 처음 접했을 경우 충격적이지만, 호기심을 가지고 접하면서 무뎌지고 점차 더 자극적인 음란물을 경험하고자 하며 모방행동으로까지 발전되는 특성이 있다고 한다. 초·중 아동을 대 상으로 한 Hong(2003)의 연구에서 음란물 경험 후 실제로 ‘모방행동을 해 본적이 있다’ 에 11.l%가 응답한 것으로 볼 때 절대 간과해서논 안 될 문제이다. 음란물 접촉 후 반응은 부정적 반응에 대한 응답율이 높은 반면, 긍정적이거나 충동적 반응에 대한 응답율은 저조하였다. 부정적인 반응은 ‘부끄럽고 창피하다’가 (남아31.51%, 여아 32.05%)가장 많았고, 남아는 ‘죄책감’, ‘내가 이상한건가 하는 생각’, ‘혐오감’을, 여아는 ‘혐오감’, ‘내가 이상한건가 하는 생각’, ‘죄책감’ 순으로 반응하였다. 음란물 접촉 후 반응이 긍정적 반응보다는 부정적 반응에 대한 응답이 많은 것을 볼 때, 음란물 접촉아동은 음란물을 통해 성이 아름답고 신성한 것이 아닌 은밀하고 부끄러운 것으로 인식되 왜곡된 성의식을 가지게 되며, 혼란과 갈등을 겪게 될 것으로 보인다. 이런 결과는 선행연구(Kang, 2004; Kim, 2004; oh, 2003; Kim, 2002)에서도 지적하고 있다. 성 갈등은 남녀 아동 모두 음란물에 접촉한 아동이 접촉하지 않은 아동보다 더 느끼는 것으로 나타났으나,음란물 접촉후 아동간의 성 갈등 차이는 통계적으로 유의하지 않아 성별에 따른 성 갈등은 차이가 없었다. 음란물에 노출될수록 중독성이 강하여 성 정체성이 확립되어야 하는 초등학교 고학년 아동들에게 성에 대한 부정적인 영향을 미치기 쉬우므로 음란물로부터 보호하기 위한 대책마련이 시급하다. 서구에서는 영상매체가 청소년에게 미치는 영향을 방지하기 위한 스크린 (screening) 컴퓨터 프로그램을 개발하거나 Tv에 V-chiP을 설치해 부모나 성인의 감독 없이 영상매체에 근접하지 못하게 한다 (Cho & Kim, 2004). 우리나라는 아직 그러한 방지책이 실질적으로 이용되고 있지 않기 때문에, 무조건 음란물을 못보게 막으려 시도하기 보다는 아동에게 음란물에 대한 비평능력을 심어주어 스스로 통제할 수 있도록 하는 성교육이 우선적으로 고려되어야 한다고 생각된다. Gruer와 Grube(2000)의하면, 얼마나 위험요인이 될 수 있는지 아무런 비판없이 무분별하게 청소년이 음란물에 접하 면,음란물에 대한 부정적인 영향을 더 많이 받을 수 있었으나, 실제로 성교육을 통해 청소년이 올바른 성 지식 습득하였을 때 성 태도가 긍정적으로 변하였고,음란물의 영향을 더 적게 받고, 직접적인 성행동을 감소시킬 수 있었다. woo, Kim과 Park (2001) 은 중학교 청소년을 대상으로 성교육이 컴퓨터와 비디오 음란물 접촉에 미치는 효과를 파악하기 위한 비동등성 대조군 전후 실험연구를 한 결과,성 교육 후 실험군은 성교육을 받지 않은 대조군보다 음란물 접촉에 대한 의식점수가 높았고’ 컴퓨터를 통한 원조교제에 대한 의식점수가 높았으며, 음란물 접촉빈도가 적었다고 하면서 음란물에 대한 성교육의 중요성을 강조하였다 따라서 가정과 학교에서 부모나 교사인 어른들의 입장에서 고려된 보수적이고 전 근대적인 성교육방법 과 내용만을 고수하여 무조건적으로 음란물 접촉을 막는 것보다는, 아동이 올바른 성의식을 확립하여 스스로 볼 수 있는 것과 보지 않아야 할 것을 구별할 수 있는 비판능력을 함양시킬 수 있는 성교육이 필요하다. 결과적으로 아동들 스스로가 성행동의 주체로서 음란물 공해에서도 자신 있게 맞설 수 있는 성숙한 자아로 성장할 수 있도록 도울 수 있어야 하며, 이와 더불어 무차별적인 대중매체로부터 아동들을 보호하는 시스템의 조기 구축이 요구된다. This study was to examine the possibility of the contact with pornographs of elementary school boys and girls and to confirm responses after that, and to compare the feeling of sexual conflict between the boys and girls. Methods: The subjects were 952 5th and 6th graders of elementary school in four city areas(456 boys, 496 girls). Data collection was via questionnaires Results: Except several pupils(34.4% of boys, 27.4% of girls), most of subjects of the study had no contact with pornographs. The response after the contact with pornographs was feeling of shame the most, which was a negative reaction. The sexual conflict appeared more in pupils who had contact with pornographs than in those who had not boys(t=3.84, p<.000), girls(t3.96, p<.000), which showed a significant difference. However, the conflict between boys and girls was not significant statistically. Conclusion: We would like to suggest that a sound control system must be prepared and a development of programs related to sexual education and promotion of ability fighting against them that can release their impulse of sex.

뇌졸중 환자의 일상생활동작, 우울과 삶의 질의 관계

김원옥 ( Won Ock Kim ),강현숙 ( Hyun Sook Kang ),왕명자 ( Jmyung Ja Wang ),김정화 ( Jeong Hwa Kim ),최진이 ( Jin Yi Choi ) 경희대학교 동서의학연구소 2007 동서간호학연구지 Vol.13 No.2

본 연구는 뇌졸중 환자의 일상생활동작, 우울, 삶의 질의 관계를 파악하고자 하는 서술적 조사 연구로서 일상생활동작,’ 우울, 삶의 질 정효〉 관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 그러므로 본 안구의 주요한 결과를 중심으로 다음과 같이 고찰하였다. 뇌졸중 환자들의 일상활동 수행능력을 측정하는 도 구로 FIM, Modificd Barthel Index (MBI) 등이 많이 쓰 이고 있는데 FIM은 분야에 상관없이 표준화를 통한 높은 실용성,실행성, 이해도로· 인하여 널리 사. 하고 있는 도구로 이를 이용하여 측정한 본 연구에서는 872점으로 국내에서 만성 뇌졸중 환자와 퇴원 시 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 측정한 85. 9점 (Hw떼g, 2004) 과 85. 3점 (Kim, 2004) , 85. 8점 (Hong et al., 1998) 에 비하 여 약간 높아졌으나 비슷하였고, 일본 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 한 연구의 77. 1점보다는 높은 결과이었다 (Hama et al., 2007) . 특히 하부역역인 운동영역은 다 른 연구에 비해 높았으나 인지영역은 다른 연구에 비 해 낮은 편이었다 (Hwang, 2004二 Hama et al. , 2007, Hong 嫩 al. , 200긱 Kim, 2004) . 미국의 지역사회시설 에 있는 뇌졸중이 처음 발병한 환자들을 대상으로 재 활 후 5년간 환자를 추적한 연구에서 3년 후까지는 FIM점수가 상승하였으나 그 이후 감소되는 양상을 보였고 본 연구에서는 친단 후 경과 기간이 35.5개월 (87.2점)로 퇴원 후 3년 된 시점의 결과no도4점) 와 비교하였을 때 낮은 편이었다〈 Leonard, Mnler, Griffiths, Mcclatchie, & wherry, 1998) . 이러한 결과는 지역사 회와 집에서 간호를 받고 있는 뇌졸중 환자들에게 지속적인 재활 프로그램의 필요성이 높다는 것을 시사 한다고 볼 수 있다. 그러므로 입원을 한 직후부티 환 자에게 적절한 재활프로그램을 계획하여 시작하고 퇴원 후에는 연계되어 재활을 받을 수 있는 시설과 연결하여 환자가 지속적으로 재활을 할 수 있도록 돕는 병원과 지역사회가 공동으로 개발하고 시행하는 개활프로그램이 필요하다. 우울은 뇌졸중을 진단 받은 환자들의 급성기와 회 복기에 많이 동반되는 증상으로 본 연구에서도 CES- D를 이용하여 우울을 측정한 결과 23. 8점으로 Bak (2003) 의 연구와 비슷한 정도로 높게 측정되어 이 전의 연구결과와 같이 뇌졸중 환자의 가장 흔한 후유 증이 우울임을 다시 확인할 수 있었다 (Cho et al. 2003, `` Chon & Rhee, 1992, `` Kim, 2005, `` Kim, Seo, & Kang, 2000; singh et al. , 2000) . 그러므로 입원 시부터 신체적인 증상 뿐 아니라 우울도 같이 사정하고 우울이 진행되지 않도록 지속적인 관찰과 정서적인 간호가 뇌졸중 환자를 위한 재활프로그램에 포함이 되어야 한다. 삶의 질은 3 ``03점으로 뇌졸중 환자 l이명을 대상으로 한 chung (2000) 의 연구에서 의 3. 41점보다는 낮았으나 Kim과 Kim (2003) 의 연구의 3. 17점과는 비슷하였고 전체적으로 낮은 편이었다. 이런 결과는 최근 의학기술의 발전으로 뇌졸중으로 인한 사망률이 감소 되고 만성적인 뇌졸중 환자가 증가함에도 불구하고 재가뇌졸중 환자들에 대한 재활과 관리가 효과적으로 이루어지지 않고 있음으로 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 뇌졸중과 삶의 질은 단기간에 향상되는 것이 아니므로 개활 프로그램이 단기적인 것보다는 체계적으로 계획되고 지속적으로 수행되어져 삶의 질을 관찰하는 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 일상생활 동작을 잘 할수록 우울점수가 낮게 나타났고 삶의 질 정도가 높게 나타났다. 그리고 우 울 정도가 심할수록 삶의 질 정도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 뇌졸중 환자들에 대한 선행연구결과들을 살 펴보면 뇌졸중은 일상생활동작 수행과 같은 신체적인 문제, 우울, 대인관계 감소 등의 사회적 문제가 발생 되고 장기적인 치료와 간호를 요구하는 질병으로서 최종적으로. 삶의 질이 저하되는 것을 보고하고 있다 (Chung, 2000; Hama et al. , 2007, `` Ingrid, Kwakkel, Bruin, & Lindeman, 2007; Khan, 2004; Kim & Kim, 2003; singh et al. , 2007) . 이러한 연구 결과는 일상생활동작, 우울, 삶의 질이 단계적으로 순환되는 관계로 서 모두 뇌졸중환자를 위한 재활프로그램 내용에 포함되어야 함을 의미한다. 이런 연구결과들을 종합하여 볼 때 뇌졸중은 환자 의 뇌손상을 일으켜 장기적인 우울과 신체적인 기능 장애를 발생시킬 가능성이 높으므로 뇌졸중 환자의 재활프로그램은 입원을 하자마자 계획하여 치료와 동 시에 시작하고 특히 우울은 뇌졸중의 만성적인 건강 문제로 재활과정을 방해할 수 있으므로 신체적인 중 재와 더불어 정서적인 중재를 포함한 포괄적인 내용 의 프로그램이 바람직하고 장기적으로 삶의 질을 평 가함이 바랑직할 것이다. 또한 뇌졸중은 장기적인 재 활이 요구되는 질환이므로 단기간의 재활 프로그램을 병원에서만 시행하는 것이 아니라 퇴원 후 병원과 지 역 사회에서 연계하여 치료적인 연속성을 가지고 유지 할 수 있는 재활 프로그램의 개발이 반드시 필요할 것이 라고 본다. Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among stroke patients`` activities of daily living(ADL), depression, and quality of life(QOL). Methods: Data were collected by questionnaires from 251 stroke patients at 5 hospitals and 2 public health centers in Seoul and Kyonggi-Do. The following Questionnaires were utilized for this study: Functional independence measure(FIM) from Grange, Hamilton, and Sherwin(1986), the Korean CES-D scale from Randloff(1977), and quality of life scale from Bang, Hwal-Lan(1991). Results: Data were analyzed using the pearson correlation, t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 12.0. The results of this study were as follow; The subjects consisted of 110 females and 141 males. The mean score of activity of daily living was 87.2(range 18-126). Age, family history, comorbidity, paralysis site, and duration after diagnosis were significantly associated with activity of daily living. The mean score of depression was 23.8(range 11-44). Age, gender, education, and job were significantly associated with depression. The mean score of quality of life scale was 3.0(range 1-5). Gender, religion, education, job, economic status, and duration after diagnosis were significantly associated with quality of life. Relationships among activity daily living, depression, and quality of life scale: The activity of daily living had a negative relationship with depression score. The activity of daily living had a positive relationship with QOL score. The depression had a negative relationship with QOL score. Conclusion: Based on these results, it is necessary to run rehabilitation programs to improve stroke patients`` ADL, depression. Also, it research for of identifying stroke patients`` quality of life according to rehabilitation program.

손마사지가 허혈성 심질환 환자의 불안에 미치는 효과

현경선,이향련,공송심,윤경자,김현섭,김효남,최지원,김운정 성인간호학회 2001 성인간호학회지 Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a hand massage program on anxiety, vital sign and pain in clients with ischemic heart disease. The design utilized for this stuffy was quail-experimental with a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design The subjects were fifty-four patients, twenty-eight for the experimental and twenty-six for the control group, who were admitted with ischemic heart diease at a cardiac intensive care unfit in K medical center of K university. This study was carried out from May, 1999 to March, 2000. The level of anxiety and pain measured by Visual Analogue Scale, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were measured before and after hand massage, the state of Anxiety was measured by the Spielberger (1970) scale at admission and after hand massage for three days. The collected data were processed by using the SPSS PC program and analyzed using χ2-test and t-test. The result of this study are as follows : 1. The scores of VAS anxiety and State of anxiety of the experimental group were lower than those of the control group. 2. The degree of systolic blond pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate of the experimental group were lower than that of the control group. 3. The score of VAS pain of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. The results suggested that hand massage can decrease VAS anxiety, State of anxiety, vital signs and VAS pain of patients who were admitted with ischemic heart disease at cardiac intensive care unit Therefore, It Is proposed that hand massage is an appropriate nursing intervention to relieve anxiety of the patients who were admitted with ischemic heart disease at a cardiac intensive care unit.

시스템 다이내믹스를 이용한 간호단위별 간호인력 산정에 관한 연구

김문실,성영희,권경자,김도형,김정아,신덕신,유인자,유재국,이현숙 병원간호사회 2006 임상간호연구 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to forecast manpower by building the nursing manpower-staffing model(surgical-medical nursing unite). Method: The system dynamics approach was adapted to build a simulation model for calculating medical-surgical nursing manpower-staffing. The model was built up on Venism 5.0b DSS. Result: The results in the basic circumstance are in following. The level of nursing service quality, patientsatisfaction, and nurse job satisfaction maintains higher at medical-surgical nursing unit of the tertiary hospitals with the ratio of bed to nurse 2.5:1-3.0:1 than at any other situations. The level of nursing service quality, patient satisfaction, and nurse job satisfaction maintains higher at madical nursing unit of the secontary hospotals with the ratio of bed to nurse 3.0:1 and at surgical nursing unit of the secondary hospitals with the ratio of bed to nurse 3.0:1-3.5:1 than at any other situations in the fundamental from. The results in the simulation circumstance are in following, As author raises the operating rate of bed into 95-100%, and cut skilled nursing staff down, the level of nursing-service quality, patient satisfaction, and nurse job satisfaction drops slightly. Conclusion: In terms of economic efficiency on tertiary hospotals, the ratio of bed to nurse for the best reasonable medical-surgical nursing manpower-staffing is 3.0:1. In terms of economic efficiency on secondary hospitals, the ratio of bed to nurse for the best reasonable medical nursing manpower-staffing is 3.0:1 and surgical nursing manpower-staffing is 3.5:1

韓國 現代詩의 構造와 聽者의 反應에 관한 硏究 : 金春洙 詩를 中心으로

金賢子 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1987 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.52 No.-

This thesis has examined audience response toward a diversified attitude by the poet who versed to the world and readers in parallel with psychological distance among the audience namely phenomenal auditors, implicative auditors and actual readers centered on the poems by "Kim, Choon-soo". All the response by which readers were aroused after reading a poem can be interpreted as a synthetic form based on various experiences. It means that a variety of capabilities of the readers who arouse their responses would be concentrated on a particular stimulus, and this impulse would influence the readers and drive them toward a specific direction. The meaning and the structure of the text would be found and felt by the readers. Also, the whole things that are perceived by sense and conjecture are largely dependent upon the concept that is so called the reader's experience are correlated with them. The readers' experiences or their responses are existed in either every spiritual activities or a sphere of psychological symptoms, and thus, the thing to provoke an intensive possibility producing a certain meaning or a fresh impact can be regarded one of the distinctive goals set by the poem. For this reason, the relationship between the poet and… the readers would inevitably make up a concern of tension and emotional entanglement between them. The poet would take the reader's expectation into his consideration when he writes a poetry and also would consciously stimulate it. Because of the fact that a normal way to produce narrative behavior cannot effect a linguistic impact to the readers, the poem's structure should be "non-automatic". The message possessed by the text could be effective only when the readers are unable to predict it, and it could determine the diversified response of the readers toward the text. In such a sense, the poems written by "Kim, Choon-soo" have reversed a series of expectancy or presupposition relied by the readers and attempted to avoid or parody or newly reform a conventionally fixed form of verse that passes for lyrical poem and would induce the readers into an active participation and a positive interpretation. It appears to make an attempt to reach the non-inconsistency of a highstrung text meaning that creates a peerless uniqueness with presenting a deviation and an ecstasy of displacement which would occur in the violation of solvability or its destruction during the process of reading. Such techniques endeavored by Kim, Choon-soo would present an experimental objectivity to the readers through utilizing the external subject matters such as " Cheo-yong", "Chikwee", "Lee, Choong-sub", "Luo" and "Cervantes" in the first place. And at the same time, these works tried to converse the meaning of an existence according to the inimitable objective disguise by the poet. Secondly, apart from the world of meaning, by repeating the inconsistency nearly bounded by a speel and acoustic evocative action by sound, it would enable implicative auditors to reach an instinctive, intuitive world. Thirdly, the disposition of arranging in a row that is not analyzed and the logical gap or the correlation of image would be thoroughly relied upon the imaginative power of the readers. Fourthly, through adjusting the emotional distance among phenomenal auditors, implicative audience and actual readers according to the peculiarity of dramatic tone, it would enable the readers to grasp its emotion more clearly, in other words, among the poet and the speaker, the speaker and the auditor, the text and the actual readers. Fifthly, therefore, through an ironical expression that a logical context has not come into contact, a random element that mobilize occasionally slang and colloquial and the compositeness of attitude, it has been attempting a ceaseless transmogrification. These displacement elements and techniques devised by Kim, Choon-soo would accordingly require the pertinent readers to re-read it over again every once in a while. In this context, such as endless re-reading requirement connotes to be able to seize an emotional and logical aspect of poetic implication in this particular regard.

Metagenomic Analysis of Fungal Communities Inhabiting the Fairy Ring Zone of Tricholoma matsutake

( Miae Kim1 ),( Hyeok Jun Yoon ),( Young Hyun You ),( Ye Eun Kim ),( Ju Ri Woo ),( Yeong Gyo Seo ),( Gyeong Min Lee ),( Young Ja Kim ),( Won Sik Kong ),( Jong Guk Kim ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2013 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.23 No.10

Tricholoma matsutake, an ectomycorrhiza that has mutual relationships with the rootlet of Pinus denisflora, forms a fruiting body that serves as a valuable food in Asia. However, the artificial culture of this fungus has not been successful. Soil fungi, including T. matsutake, coexist with many other microorganisms and plants; therefore, complex microbial communities have an influence on the fruiting body formation of T. matsutake. Here, we report on the structures of fungal communities associated with the fairy ring of T. matsutake through the pyrosequencing method. Soil samples were collected inside the fairy ring zone, in the fairy ring zone, and outside the fairy ring zone. A total of 37,125 sequencing reads were obtained and 728 to 1,962 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed in the sampling zones. The fairy ring zone had the lowest OTUs and the lowest fungal diversity of all sampling zones. The number of OTUs and fungal taxa inside and outside the fairy ring zone was, respectively, about 2 times and 1.5 times higher than the fairy ring. Taxonomic analysis showed that each sampling zone has different fungal communities. In particular, out of 209 genera total, 6 genera in the fairy ring zone, such as Hemimycena, were uniquely present and 31 genera, such as Mycena, Boletopsis, and Repetophragma, were specifically absent. The results of metagenomic analysis based on the pyrosequencing indicate a decrease of fungal communities in the fairy ring zone and changes of fungal communities depending on the fairy ring growth of T. matsutake.

간호실무에서 신봉이론(Espoused theories)에 대한 탐색적 연구

서문자,김혜숙,이은희,박영숙,조경숙,강현숙,임난영,김주현,이소우,조복희,이명하,지성애,하양숙,손영희,권성복,김희진,추진아 성인간호학회 2001 성인간호학회지 Vol.13 No.1

As a nursing practice involves nurses' actions in a specific context of health care, this study has focused on exploring the espoused theories in nursing practice within the action science perspectives, Espoused theories are the belief, principles, and rationale expressed by the practitioner as guiding her/his actions in a situation of practice. The data were analysed qualitatively and 25 elements of espoused theories of nursing action were identified and clustered into 6 categories. The 25 elements of espoused theories are as follows: The clinical nurse worked in wholistic and individual nursing, focussed on the patient's needed, comfort and supportive nursing (5 theories of nursing goal) ; excellent skills, knowledge based, assessment and data collection, explaining, educating or a scientific basis(6 theories of nursing intervention): advocacy, value oriented, treatment, account- ability and commitment(4 theories of nursing ethics) ; human respect. partnership, trust(3 theories of patient-nurse relationship) : knowledgable, accumulated clinical experiences and personally lived experiences. positive perspectives(4 theories of nurse), role of intervention. rewarding peer relationship(3 theories of situations) The above mentioned espoused theories are similar to that of nursing textbooks which students learned through basic nursing education and almost the same as the Acts ofa Nurse in Korean. However, we are doubtful whether nurses actually do as they think. Therefore. it is recommended to review the theories-in-use in order to and any discrepancies between the espoused theories and the reality of nursing actions