아시아 지역 폐렴 구균의 항균제 내성 현황 및 변화 양상 : Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) Study

정숙인,김나영,손준성,기현균,고관수,서지연,장현하,김연숙,오원섭,백경란,이남용,송재훈,항생제 내성 감시를 위한 아시아 연합 (ANSORP) 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.1

목적 : 1980년대부터 페니실린을 비롯한 β-lactam 계열과 비 β-lactam 계열 항균제에 대한 폐렴구균의 항생제 내성이 급격하게 증가하여 국내 뿐 아니라 세계적인 문제로 대두되고 있다. ANSORP 에서는 아시아 지역에서 폐렴구균의 항균제 내성과 그 변화 추이, 내성의 기전 및 위험인자를 분석하고자 본 국제 공동 연구를 시행하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 1999년 11월부터 2001년 8월까지 아시아 지역 12개국의 14개 기관에서 폐렴구균 감염증 환자의 임상 검체로 분리된 침습성 폐렴구균을 대상으로 액체배지 미량희석법을 이용하여 16개 항생제의 MIC를 구하였다. 위험인자의 분석을 위하여 폐렴구균 감염증 환자를 대상으로 의무기록지를 조사하였다. Quellung 반응을 통해 혈청형을 결정하였다. 결과 : 총 685균주 중 52.4%가 페니실린에 대하여 비감수성(중등도 내성 22.9%, 내성 29.5%)을 보였고, 그 빈도는 베트남(92.1%), 스리랑카(85.7%), 홍콩(67.9%), 한국(64.5%)의 순이었다. Erythromycin에 대한 비감수성 비율은 베트남(92.1%), 대만(87.7%), 한국(80.6%), 홍콩(76.8%) 등에서 높게 나타났고, 베트남, 대만, 한국, 홍콩 등의 erythromycin의 MIC_(90)이 32㎍/mL를 넘는 고도내성을 보였다. 홍콩, 싱가포르, 대만, 인도에서는 fluoroquinolone에 대한 내성 균주가 출현하였다. 전체 균주 중 다제내성 균주의 비율은 47.7%였다. 혈청형은 19형과 23형이 가장 많았고, 그 외 6형, 14형 등이 있었다. 페니실린 비감수성 감염증의 위험인자로는 5세 미만(OR=1.7; 95%, CI, 1.2-2.4; P=0.002), 기관지폐질환(OR=2.0; 95%, CI, 1.3-3.1; P=0.003), 악성종양(OR=2.3; 95%, CI, 1.2-4.6; P=0.015), 스테로이드의 사용(OR=2.8; 95%, CI, 1.1-7.4; P=0.032)이 확인되었다. 결론 : 침습성 폐렴구균 균주를 대상으로 한 본 연구의 결과 아시아 국가들에서 페니실린, β-lactam 및 macrolide에 대한 폐렴구균의 내성률 및 내성 정도가 급증하고 있음을 확인하였다. Background : Emergence of pneumococcal resistance became a global issue since 1990s. According to the ANSORP studies with clinical isolates and carriage isolates between 1996 and 1999, some Asian countries showed alarmingly high prevalence of resistance to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents. To investigate the changing trends of pneumococcal resistance, ANSORP study group has performed a multinational surveillance study with invasive pneumococcal isolates from Asian countries. Methods : All isolates from various invasive pneumococcal diseases were prospectively collected from 14 centers in 12 countries between November 1999 to August 2001. Broth microdilution tests with 16 antimicrobial agents were performed according to the NCCLS procedures. Serotyping was performed by means of Quelling reaction with use of group-specific antisera. Results : A total of 685 isolates were collected. Overall, 52.4% of invasive isolates from Asian countries were not susceptible to penicillin (intermediate (1), 22.9%, Resistant (R), 29.5%). Vietnam showed the highest prevalence of penicillin non-susceptibility (1 20.6%, R 71.4%) followed by Sri Lanka (1 71.4%, R 14.3%), Hong Kong (1 24.1%, R 76%) and Korea (1 9.7%, R 54.8%). China (I 19.8%, R 23.4%) and Malaysia (1 9.1%, R 29.5%) also showed remarkable increase in penicillin resistance compared with previous ANSORP data, which were less than 10%. Vietnam (92.1%), Taiwan (87.7%), Korea (80.6%), and Hong Kong (76.8%) showed high prevalence of erythromycin resistance. MIG_(90)S for ciprofloxacin were 4 ㎍/mL (Hong Kong) and 2 ㎍/mL (11 Asian countries except Hong Kong), respectively. Conclusion : Compared with previous data from ANSORP studies, antimicrobial resistance among invasive pneumococcal isolates has markedly increased in Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, China, and Malaysia. Continuous surveillance of pneumococcal resistance in Asia is strongly warranted.

현대적 감정이론을 통한 사상의학(四象醫學)의 성정론(性情論)의 재해석

장준용 ( Jun Young Chang ),강정수 ( Jung Soo Kang ),김병수 ( Byoung Soo Kim ) 대전대학교 한의학연구소 2014 한의학연구소 논문집 Vol.22 No.2

The Sasang constitutional Medicine is the original medicine that is created from the deep studies on former Eastern medical theories by Lee Jae-Ma in the late 19th century. This medicine deals with the interaction between mind and body in great depth. The temperament (the distinct nature and character of an individual, 性情) concept is the theoretical basis which divides man``s constitution into four(Taeyangin, Taeumin, Soyangin and Soumin). This concept is derived from The old oriental Sung-Myung concept which has philosophical meaning. These terms of Sung and Jung also have metaphysical meaning and can not be explained easily. but roughly, The temperament is divided two concept. the distinct nature(性) means human``s nature and the distinct nature(情) means human``s desire. Besides, In Sasang constitution medicine, terms that traditionally represent emotions in asia are used as terminology of temperament. Altough too many aspects about Human``s mind remains unknown yet, According to Neurological evidences, the brain is regarded as the main organ that produces rationality and emotion. Especially the way that brain produces an emotion provides some clues that can tell us how can mind affect body. Emotion is considered as evolutionary adaptation to response correctly against unexpected chaotic external changes. It is something that humans are born with, and causes physical responses simultaneously. Moreover, It can be come out with or without consciousness. The temperament(性情) concept and Emotion have similarity that both play an important role in mind-body correlation. Therefore Neurological researches on emotion were able to help reinterpret temperament(性情) concept. the distinct nature(性) seems to be the emotion that is come out directly from the brain stem, and the distinct nature(情) seems to be the emotion that is produced after neocortex involved thinking process. And the reason why Sung and Jung affect organs differently is explained from the manner that brain expresses emotion.

RCP 8.5 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 산림 탄소 동태 변화 추정 연구

이종열 ( Jong Yeol Lee ),한승현 ( Seung Hyun Han ),김성준 ( Seong Jun Kim ),장한나 ( Han Na Chang ),이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ),박관수 ( Gwan Soo Park ),김춘식 ( Choon Sig Kim ),손영모 ( Yeong Mo Son ),김래현 ( Rae Hyun Kim ),손요환 한국농림기상학회 2015 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.17 No.1

산림은 많은 양의 탄소를 저장하고 있으며, 산림 탄소 동태는 기후변화에 따라 변화할 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 우리나라 산림에서 가장 우점하는 침엽수종과 활엽수종인 소나무림과 참나무림을 대상으로 최근 개발 및 개선된 한국형산림토양탄소모델(Korean ForestSoil Carbon model; KFSC model)을 이용하여 두 가지 기후변화 시나리오(2012년 기온이 2100년까지 유지되는 시나리오(CT), Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 8.5 시나리오) 하에서의 산림 탄소 동태를 예측하였다. 5차 국가산림자원조사 자료로부터 소나무림과 굴참나무림 조사구들을 추출한 뒤, 이를 행정구역(9개 도, 7개 특별·광역시) 및 영급(1-5영급, 6영급이상)별로 분류하여 탄소 동태 모의 단위를 설정하였다. 탄소 저장고는 2012년을 기준으로 초기화하였으며, 모의 기간인 2012년부터 2100년까지 모든 교란은 고려하지 않았다. 모의 결과 산림 탄소 저장량은 시간이 경과함에 따라 전반적으로 증가하지만, CT 시나리오에 비하여 RCP 8.5 시나리오 하에서 산림 탄소 저장량이 낮게 나타났다. 소나무림의 탄소 저장량(Tg C)은 2012년에 260.4에서 2100년에는 각각 395.3(CT 시나리오) 및 384.1(RCP 8.5 시나리오)로 증가하였다. 굴 참나무림의 탄소 저장량(Tg C)은 2012년에 124.4에서 2100년에는 219.5(CT 시나리오) 및 204.7(RCP 8.5 시나리오)로 각각 증가하였다. 5차 국가산림자원조사 자료와 비교한 결과, 고사유기물 탄소 저장량의 초기값은 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 모의 기간 동안 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 연간 탄소 흡수율(g C m-2 yr-1)은 CT 시나리오 하에서 각각 71.1과 193.5, RCP8.5 시나리오 하에서 각각 65.8과 164.2로 추정된다. 따라서 우리나라 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 탄소 흡수잠재력은 지구 온난화에 의하여 감소할 것으로 예상된다. 비록 모델의 구조와 파라미터로부터 불확실성이 존재하지만 본 연구는 미래 산림 탄소 동태 파악에 기여할 것으로 기대된다. Forests contain a huge amount of carbon (C) and climate change could affect forest C dynamics. This study was conducted to predict the C dynamics of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis forests, which are the most dominant needleleaf and broadleaf forests in Korea, using the Korean Forest Soil Carbon (KFSC) model under the two climate change scenarios (2012-2100; Constant Temperature (CT) scenario and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario). To construct simulation unit, the forest land areas for those two species in the 5th National Forest Inventory (NFI) data were sorted by administrative district and stand age class. The C pools were initialized at 2012, and any disturbance was not considered during the simulation period. Although the forest C stocks of two species generally increased over time, the forest C stocks under the RCP 8.5 scenario were less than those stocks under the CT scenario. The C stocks of P. densiflora forests increased from 260.4 Tg C in 2012 to 395.3 (CT scenario) or 384.1 Tg C (RCP 8.5 scenario) in 2100. For Q. variabilis forests, the C stocks increased from 124.4 Tg C in 2012 to 219.5 (CT scenario) or 204.7 (RCP 8.5 scenario) Tg C in 2100. Compared to 5th NFI data, the initial value of C stocks in dead organic matter C pools seemed valid. Accordingly, the annual C sequestration rates of the two species over the simulation period under the RCP 8.5 scenario (65.8 and 164.2 g C m-2 yr-1 for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis) were lower than those values under the CT scenario (71.1 and 193.5 g C m-2 yr-1 for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis). We concluded that the C sequestration potential of P. densiflora and Q. variabilis forests could be decreased by climate change. Although there were uncertainties from parameters and model structure, this study could contribute to elucidating the C dynamics of South Korean forests in future.

Fast Output Voltage-Regulated PWM Buck Converter With an Adaptive Ramp Amplitude Control

Ji-Soo Chang,Hyoung-Seok Oh,Young-Hyun Jun,Bai-Sun Kong IEEE 2013 IEEE transactions on circuits and systems. a publi Vol.60 No.10

<P>This brief presents a pulsewidth modulation buck converter with an adaptive ramp amplitude control. The proposed buck converter can improve the load transient response and the reference tracking speed. A chip was fabricated in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology. Measurement results showed that the overshoot/undershoot at the output during the load transient period was reduced by up to 57% for a 450-mA load current step and that the reference tracking speed was improved by up to 71% for a 1.5-V output voltage change. The measured maximum power conversion efficiency was 92.6% at 3-MHz switching frequency when input and output voltages are 3.3 and 2 V, respectively.</P>

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

Effects of aerosol on evaporation, freezing and precipitation in a multiple cloud system

Lee, Seoung Soo,Kim, Byung-Gon,Yum, Seong Soo,Seo, Kyong-Hwan,Jung, Chang-Hoon,Um, Jun Shik,Li, Zhanqing,Hong, JinKyu,Chang, Ki-Ho,Jeong, Jin-Yim Springer-Verlag 2017 Climate dynamics Vol.48 No.3

<P>Aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation account for a large portion of uncertainties in the prediction of the future course of global hydrologic circulations and climate. As a process of a better understanding of interactions between aerosol, clouds and precipitation, simulations are performed for a mixed-phase convective multiple-cloud system over the tropics. Studies on single-cloud systems have shown that aerosol-induced increases in freezing, associated increases in parcel buoyancy and thus the intensity of clouds (or updrafts) are a main mechanism which controls aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions in convective clouds. However, in the multiple-cloud system that plays much more important roles in global hydrologic circulations and thus climate than single-cloud systems, aerosol effects on condensation play the most important role in aerosol-induced changes in the intensity of clouds and the effects on freezing play a negligible role in those changes. Aerosol-induced enhancement in evaporation intensifies gust fronts and increases the number of subsequently developing clouds, which leads to the substantial increases in condensation and associated intensity of convection. Although aerosol-induced enhancement in freezing takes part in the increases in condensation by inducing stronger convergence around cloud bottom, the increases in condensation are similar to one order of magnitude larger than those in freezing. It is found that while aerosol-induced increases in freezing create intermittent extremely heavy precipitation, aerosol-induced increases in evaporation enhance light and medium precipitation in the multiple-cloud system here. This increase in light and medium precipitation makes it possible that cumulative precipitation increases with increasing aerosol concentration, although the increase is small. It is interesting that the altitude of the maximum of the time- and domain-averaged hydrometeor mass densities is quite robust to increases in aerosol concentration. This is because locations of gust fronts and homogeneous freezing do not vary significantly with changing aerosol concentration and this outweighs aerosol effects on hydrometeor size.</P>

강원도 남부지역에서 소나무림 벌채 후 초기 종조성 변화

조용찬 ( Yong Chan Cho ),김준수 ( Jun Soo Kim ),이창석 ( Chang Seok Lee ),조현제 ( Hyun Je Cho ),이호영 ( Ho Yeong Lee ),배관호 ( Kwan Ho Bae ) 한국임학회 2011 한국산림과학회지 Vol.100 No.2

강원도 남부 지역의 발달단계가 다른 소나무림 벌채지에서 16년 동안의 식생 변화를 연구하였다. 교란 후, 천이 궤적 및 환경 변화를 온도, 상대습도, 서열분석(Detrended Correspondence Analysis, DCA), Multiple Responses Permutation Procedure(MRPP) 및 지표종 분석(Indicator Species Analysis, ISPAN) 등을 통하여 분석하였다. 벌채 직후, 수관열림도는 대조구와 비교하여 세 배(1yr 68.3% 및 R1 23.0%)로 급격히 증가한 후 감소하였으나, 상대습도는 비교적 작은 변화(약 6% 감소)를 나타내었다. DCA 결과, 벌채 후 초기에는 종조성이 이질적으로 변화하였으나, 점차 벌채 이전(대조구)의 것과 유사하게 발달하였다. MRPP 결과, 각 발달 단계(1yr, 3yr, 10yr 및 16yr)의 종 조성은 대조구(R1, R3, R10 및 R16)의 것과 유의한 차이를 보였다. 1yr 및 3yr에서는 목본성 종이, 10yr 및 16yr에서는 초본 종들이 주요 종으로 분석되어, 교란 직후에는 목본성 종들이 활발한 재생을 나타내며, 이후 초본 식생이 발달하는 것을 보였다. 연구 대상지역의 천이는 초기 식물상 조성 모델로 설명할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Vegetation changes were studied for 16 yr in clearcut logged Pinus densiflora forests in the southern Gangwon-do province in Korea by applying chronosequence approach. Ambient temperature and relative humidity, Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA), Multiple Responses Permutation Procedure (MRPP), Indicator Species Analysis (ISPAN) were used to examine successional trajectory and compositional changes. After clearcutting, canopy openness was increased abruptly at three folds (1yr 68.3% and R1 23.0%) and then decreased, but relative moisture was slightly decreased (6%) compare to control site. In the result of DCA, right after clear cutting, vegetation composition was developed heterogeneously compared to control sites, and then approached to control sites within 16 years. Based on MRPP, species composition of each developmental stages (1yr, 3yr, 10yr and 16yr) revealed signigicant differences to that of control vegetation (R1, R3, R10 and R16). Indicator species in 1yr and 3yr samples included various woody species rather than herbaceous species, but in 10yr and 16yr, herbaceous were more abundant. Earlier succession of pine forests likely can explain to Initial Floristic Composition (IFC) Model.

요추 추간판탈출증 수술 후 임상 증상의 회복

신병준,김준범,조영훈,권희,서유성,김연일,나수균,최창욱 대한척추외과학회 1997 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.4 No.2

Study Design : The authors retrospectively analysed the recovery of clinical symptoms after surgical treatment of lumbar HIVD. Objectives : To investigate the incidence of clinical symptoms, the recovery rate and time after surgical treatment and the difference between L4-5 and L5-S1 lesion. Summary of Literature Review : There are many reports concerning the clinical result of surgical treatment for the HIVD. They usually describe the result as excellent, good, fair and poor. We can't get any information about the recovery rate and recovery time of each clinical symptom from the reports. Materials and Methods : Thirty-eight patients were treated by one level open discectomy from march 1991 to december 1995. The clinical symptoms and signs including SLR, motor deficit, sensory deficit, change of DTR and severity of radiating pain were periodically followed up on the predesigned protocol, Results : In preoperative examination, SLR was positive in 82%, motor deficit in 76%, sensory deficit in 74%, DTR change in 50%, and radiating pain in 100%. The recovery rate of SLR was 96.8%, motor deficit ; 93.6%, sensory deficit ; 78.6%, DTR change ; 21 % and radiating pain ; 84.2%. The average recovery time of SLR was 3.4 months, motor deficit ; 1.9 months, sensory deficit ; 5.3 months, DTR change ; 4.1 months and radiating pain ; 3.2 months. Motor and sensory deficit was more frequent in L4-5 lesion but DTR change was usually noted in L5-S] lesion. The recovery rate and time showed no great difference between the two level. Conclusions : The recovery rate was higher in SLR, motor deficit and radiating pain rather than sensory deficit and DTR change. The recovery time was fastest in radiating pain but variable nature was noted in sensory deficit. Above results may be helpful to explain the prognosis of the lumbar HIVD.

감응성막의 전기적 성질을 이용한 유기 가스 반응 특성

김도균,이준호,유승엽,장정수,권영수 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1998 센서技術學術大會論文集 Vol.9 No.1

The electrical properties of Maleate copolymer (C_(18)MA-VE_(2)) and Itaconate copolymer (C_(18)ITA-VE_(2)) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films for in-plane were investigated to develop the gas sensor. The C_(18)MA-VE_(2) and C_(18)ITA-VE_(2) were used as sensitive materials and deposition on the slide-glass substrate using LB method which could control the thickness in the molecular order (Å). The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics were measured to investigated the response characteristics in chloroform, acetone, ethanol and methanol gases. The conductivity of sensitive films were 10^(-)7[S/cm] for an in-plane. The change of conductivity was occurred by behavior of organic gases, which mean that the behavior of organic gases could be analyzed using conductivity change and application to gas sensor. In the experimental results, the relation between sensitive films and organic gases could be divided by three-type. Thus, we could analyze the modeling of the response characteristics of organic gases using the conductivity change of sensitive films.

한국인 담석증에 대한 임상적 고찰

김광하(Gwang Ha Kim),옥창민(Chang Min Ok),김병진(Byung Jin Kim),주형준(Hyung Jun Joo),송철수(Chul Soo Song),송근암(Guen Am Song),조몽(Mong Cho),양웅석(Ung Suk Yang) 대한소화기학회 1997 대한소화기학회지 Vol.29 No.3

N/A Background/Aitns: It has been reported frequently that clinical features of gallstone diseases in Koreans were different from those of Occidentals. These differences were thought to be due to inherent racial difference and acquired living habits. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the pattern of gallstone disease changes or not in Korea. Methods: We analyzed 5,488 cases of gallstone diseases which were reported in Korea frorn 1966 to 1994. We divided the period into 6 groups: the first period was 1,000 cases reported from 1966 to 1970, the second was 331 cases from 1971 to 1975, the third was 1,000 cases from 1976 to 1980, the fourth was 1,957 cases from 1981 to 1985, the fifth was 1,000 cases from 1986 to 1990, and the sixth was 200 cases from 1991 to 1993. Results: The age group of highest incidence was the fifth and sixth decade. The incidence below the third decade showed a decreasing tendency. In contrast, the incidence above sixth decade showed an increasing tendency. The male to female ratio was 1:1.25 to 1:1.71 and had no periological change. The duration of illness of highest frequency was below 6 months. In the case of duration above 5 years these was a decreasing tendency. The major complaints of biliary stone were right upper quadrant pain and tenderness. Nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and radiating pain showed a decreasing tendency. The major laboratory findings were leukocytosis, elevated SGOT and SGPT, elevated alkaline phosphatase, hyperbilirubinemia and hypoalbuminemia. Of these, only hypoalbuminernia had a decreasing tendency. By the second period, the main diagnostic procedures were oral cholecystogram and intravenous cholecysto- graphy. From the fourth period, ultrasonography, ERCP, CT and PTC were been used comrnonly. For the location of gallstone, the gallbladder stone revealed the only increasing tendency, the common bile duct stone had a decreasing tendency, and the intrahepatic duct stone had no periological change. From 1980, the cholesterol stone became the main composition of gallstones. But, there was no periological change between early and late 1980s. Positive bacterial culture rate was 57.0% and the most common microorganism was E. coli. Klebsiella and Enterobacter. Pseudomonas showed an increasing tendency. Of the diseases associated with gallstone, only diabetes had an increasing tendency. The frequency of residual stone had an increasing tendency. Conclusions: The age of peak incidence of gallstone diseases was the fifth and sixth decades and there was a little predominance in females. From 1980, the cholesterol stone becarne the main composition of gallstones. For the location of gallstone, the gallbladder stone showed an increasing tendency and the common bile duct stone revealed a decreasing tendency. These suggested clinical features of gallstone diseases in Koreans are somewhat similar to those of Occidentals. (Korean J Gastroenterol 1997;29:352 - 361)