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윤현두,허선,김재곤,이두철,백병주 大韓小兒齒科學會 1998 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.25 No.3
The purpose if this study was to evaluate temperature change occurred in enamel, dentin and pulp due to the heat from cavity prepration with laser. We made three models had different cavity depth : cavity depth of model Awas 3.52mm, model B was 2.32mm, model C was 1.16mm. We irradiated cavity base with thermal capacity of 30J,100J,300J/㎤s during few seconds and studied the change of temperature in tooth during 10 seconds, and estimated change of thermal capacity by different irradiated site and exposure time. AT 300j/㎤s irradiation for 2 seconds, the temperature of irradiated surface was elevated fast according to irradiated thermal energy during I second, In proportion to continuous exposure time, temperature elevated slowly The surface temperature was 1370℃. After discontinue of thermal irradiation, the heat of irradiated surface was diffused in dentin and pulp and the greatest temperature was made, The greatest temperature was disappeared within 10 seconds The greatest temperature of the inner part of model brought about very severe change by different depth. Temperature in pulp was raised by the greater irradiated energy density and exposure time.
최남홍,곽호윤,송백용,배상욱,이인묵,김도현 대한골절학회 2003 대한골절학회지 Vol.16 No.3
목적: 이번 연구의 목적은 보조기를 이용하여 최소 전위된 족관절 외과 골절의 보존적 치료 결과를 알아보는 것이다. 대상 및 방법: 11명 (11예)의 환자들이 수상 후 8주간 전 체중 부하 보행으로 보존적 치료를 받았다. 적응증으로는 3㎜ 이하의 골절 전위, 내과 부분의 동통과 부종이 없거나 있어도 미약한 경우, 거골의 외측 전위가 없는 경우로 삼았다. 환자들은 AOFAS (the American Orthopedic Foor and Ankle Society) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale에 의해 평가받았다. 결과: 평균 103주 (36~192주)의 추시 관찰을 하였으며, 전례에서 발목 관절의 운동 범위는 정상이었다. 평균 AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Scale 점수는 95점이었다. 결론: 보조기를 이용한 보존적 치료의 장점은 조기에 전 체중 부하 보행을 하며 일상생활 및 사회생활을 영위할 수 있다는 것, 환자의 편안함, 그리고 재활 치료 기간의 단축이었다. 그러므로 최소 전위된 족관절 외과 골절에 보조기를 이용한 보존적 치료는 권할만하다. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of conservative treatment for minimal displaced lateral mallolar fracture using ankle brace. Materials and Methods: Eleven patients (eleven ankles) underwent conservative treatment with ankle brace for 8 weeks with full weight bearing ambulation. Inclusion criteria were minimal displacement (<3㎜) of fracture, no or mild tenderness or swelling on medial malleolar area and no lateral shift of talus. The patients were evaluated with AOFAS (the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle society) Ankle-Hindfoot scale. Result: Average follow up was 103 weeks (36~192). All cases had normal range of motion of ankle. The average score of AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot scale was 95 points. Conclusion: The advantages of conservative treatment with ankle brace were early return to daily activity and work, comfort to the patients and a short period of rehabilitation. Conservative treatment with ankle brace for minimal displaced lateral malleolar fracture is recommended.
박정서,김신종,백운필,이현주,송윤석,장정민 明知大學校 自然科學硏究所 1997 자연과학논문집 Vol.15 No.-
Biphenyl의 para position에 methylene group을 도입 시키는 방법으로 paraformaldehyde와 dimethylamine을 반응시켜 Mannich Base인 (1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-dimethyl)-dimethli amine을 합성해 보았으나, 전혀 반응이 진행되지 않았다. 즉 , Biphenyl에 강한 activating group이 없으므로 Mannich Base을 사용한 방법은 효과적이 못된다. 따라서, 다른 방법으로 biphenyl에 bromomethylation을 진행 시켜서, 두 개의 methylene group을 도입시켰다. Bromomethylation은 다음과 같이 사용하는 시약 및 실험 방법 등을 고려하여 3가지 방법으로 시도 하였다. 1)1,3,5-trioxane + HBr in AcOH + paraformaldehyde 사용법, 2)Hbr in AcOH + paraformaldehyde 사용법, 3) NaBr + H₂SO₄+paraformaldehyde 사용법, 이상의 3가지 방법 중에서 NaBr+ H₂SO₄+ paraformaldehyde 사용법이 가장 좋은 결과를 얻었다. 이러한 system에서 반응을 진행시킨 결과 69% 의 높은 수율 (87%의 purity)로 4,4'-dibromomethylbiphenyl 합성에 성공할 수 있었다. The synthetic method for the induction of methylene group on the para position of arenes is of importance. Since the weak activation effect of phenyl group on the electrophilic substitution reaction, the induction of methylene group by way of Mannich base using paraformaldehyde and dimethylamine was unsuccessful. It was found that halomethylation of byphenyl is only the way for the preparation of di-p-methylenebiphenyl. Especially, bromomethylation was turn out to be more reliable synthetic method than chloromethylation. Herein, we developed 3 protocols for the synthesis of 4,4'-dibromomethylbiphenyl. In addition, the best result was obtained using NaBr + H₂SO₄paraformaldehyde protocol in 69% yield.
Lee, Jun Haeng,Kim, Jae J,Hahm, Ki-Baik,Lee, Dong Ho,Kim, Nayoung,Kim, Sung Kook,Park, Jong Jae,Choi, Seok Reyol,Lee, Jong Hun,Lee, Soo Teik,Lee, Eun Hyun,Rhee, Jong Chul WJG Press 2006 World journal of gastroenterology Vol.12 No.17
<P>To compare ecabet sodium and cimetidine in relieving symptoms of functional dyspepsia.</P>
Lee, Young,Han, Na-Eun,Kim, Wonju,Kim, Jae Gon,Lee, In Bum,Choi, Su Jeong,Chun, Heejung,Seo, Misun,Lee, C. Justin,Koh, Hae-Young,Kim, Joung-Hun,Baik, Ja-Hyun,Bear, Mark F.,Choi, Se-Young,Yoon, Bong-Ju Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology 2020 Molecules and cells Vol.43 No.4
The basal ganglia network has been implicated in the control of adaptive behavior, possibly by integrating motor learning and motivational processes. Both positive and negative reinforcement appear to shape our behavioral adaptation by modulating the function of the basal ganglia. Here, we examined a transgenic mouse line (G2CT) in which synaptic transmissions onto the medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the basal ganglia are depressed. We found that the level of collaterals from direct pathway MSNs in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) ('bridging collaterals') was decreased in these mice, and this was accompanied by behavioral inhibition under stress. Furthermore, additional manipulations that could further decrease or restore the level of the bridging collaterals resulted in an increase in behavioral inhibition or active behavior in the G2CT mice, respectively. Collectively, our data indicate that the striatum of the basal ganglia network integrates negative emotions and controls appropriate coping responses in which the bridging collateral connections in the GPe play a critical regulatory role.
Lee, Eun-Hyun,Cheong, Jae Youn,Cho, Sung Won,Hahm, Ki-Baik,Kim, Hak Yang,Park, Jong-Jae,Lee, Dong Ho,Kim, Seong Kook,Choi, Seok Reyol,Lee, Soo Teik,Moon, Seong Mi Blackwell Publishing Asia 2008 Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Vol.23 No.2
<P>Abstract</P><P>Background and Aims: </P><P>There has been no reliable and valid instrument to measure health-related quality of life for Asian patients with chronic liver disease. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a chronic liver disease-specific quality of life (CLD-QOL) questionnaire for Korean patients with chronic liver disease.</P><P>Methods: </P><P>Content-validated items were evaluated psychometrically in 271 patients with chronic liver disease recruited from seven university hospitals in Korea. The participants were asked to complete a preliminary questionnaire comprising the content-validated items and the Short Form-36 Health Survey. The Child–Pugh classification was used to classify the severity of liver cirrhosis.</P><P>Results: </P><P>Factor analysis extracted a five-factor solution from 27 preliminary items, which were generated by an expert panel and a pilot study, but factor and a multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that four items were not loaded significantly on any factor, suggesting that the four items might be heterogeneous. After deletion of these four items, a multiscaling analysis strongly supported item convergence and discriminant validity. The CLD-QOL was associated significantly with the Child–Pugh classification and the type of patient status (inpatient/outpatient) and was moderately correlated with the subscales of the Short Form-36 Health Survey. The values of Cronbach's alpha for the subscales of the novel CLD-QOL questionnaire were all greater than 0.70.</P><P>Conclusions: </P><P>The novel CLD-QOL questionnaire we developed is an easily applicable tool that exhibits excellent psychometric properties for Korean patients with chronic liver disease. It is recommended for the CLD-QOL to apply for Asian patients with chronic liver disease.</P>
Lee, Heon-Jeong,Lee, Min-Soo,Kang, Rhee-Hun,Kim, Hyun,Kim, Soon-Duck,Kee, Baik-Seok,Kim, Young Hoon,Kim, Yong-Ku,Kim, Jung Bum,Yeon, Byung Kil,Oh, Kang Seob,Oh, Byung-Hoon,Yoon, Jin-Sang,Lee, Chul,Jun Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2005 Depression and Anxiety Vol.21 No.3
<P>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent anxiety disorder marked by behavioral, physiologic, and hormonal alterations. The etiology of PTSD is unknown, although exposure to a traumatic event constitutes a necessary, but not sufficient, factor. Serotonergic dysfunction has been implicated in PTSD. The present study examined the possible association between the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (SERTPR) and PTSD. The genotype and allele frequencies of the SERTPR were analyzed in 100 PTSD patients and 197 unrelated healthy controls using a case–control design. The frequency of the s/s genotype was significantly higher in PTSD patients than in normal controls. These findings suggest that the SERTPR s/s genotype is one of the genetic factors for the susceptibility to PTSD. Further investigations are required into the influence of gene polymorphisms on the biological mechanisms of PTSD, its clinical expression, and its response to treatment. Depression and Anxiety 00:1–5, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>
Lee, Kyung Jin,Lee, Young Bok,Lee, Jun Young,Cho, Baik Kee,Choi, Jong Soo,Park, Hyun Jeong Korean Dermatological Association; The Korean Soci 2011 Annals of Dermatology Vol.23 No.1
<P>A 58-year-old man presented with whitish patches on both great toenails for four weeks prior to visiting our hospital; the patches spread rapidly to other finger- and toe-nails. Prior to presentation, the patient had been diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura two months ago and Kaposi's sarcoma three weeks ago. The patient was treated with human immunoglobulin for five days, and then received prednisolone 40 mg bid. Serology showed that the patient was negative for HIV and results of other laboratory tests were normal. The KOH slide preparation of the nail scraping showed long septated hyphae and numerous arthrospores. The fungus culture revealed whitish downy colonies on the front side and wine-red reverse pigmentation on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. <I>Trichophyton rubrum</I> was isolated on fungus culture and slide culture. The internal transcribed space (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA of the cultured fungus were identical to <I>Trichophyton rubrum</I>. Proximal subungual onychomycosis (PSO) is the rarest form of onychomycosis. PSO initially presents as whitish patch(es) on the proximal side of the nail plate(s). Because PSO shows whitish to yellowish patches on the nail plate, the result of KOH examination of nail scrapings from the nail plate is almost always negative. Herein, we report on a case of multiple PSO in a patient with classic Kaposi sarcoma and suggest a method for easy KOH scraping on PSO.</P>