국제적 노동관계와 노동법의 적용

최석환 한국비교노동법학회 2023 노동법논총 Vol.59 No.-

하나의 국가 내부에서 이루어지는 근로계약과는 달리 사용자, 근로자, 그리고 일하는 장소가 둘 이상의 국가에 걸쳐 있을 때에 그 계약의 규제는 복잡한 준거법의 문제를 야기한다. 경제의 글로벌화와 기술의 발전으로 국제적인 노동관계가 보다 보편화됨에 따라 전통적인 노동법이 배경으로 하고 있었던 특정 국가에 고유한 고용문화 환경이나 그를 기반으로 한 법규제에도 변화가 요구된다. 근로자의 보편적 보호를 위해 국제적인 노동관계에서도 적용이 요청되는 국제적 강행규정은 준거법간의 차이에서 발생하는 보호의 공백을 보완할 수 있는 규제이지만 그 대상 획정을 두고서는 해석상의 차이가 발생할 수 있어 한계가 지적되며 당사자 자치의 가능성과 관련한 논의를 포함하여 추가적인 검토가 필요하다. 또 근로자 개념의 확장으로 인하여 전통적인 근로계약의 범위를 넘어서는 일하는 사람들의 경우 국제사법의 규제가 어디까지 가능할 것인가 하는 문제가 남아 있다. 한편 초국경적 노동관계 속에서 취업규칙이나 단체협약이 근로계약과 충돌할 경우 유리조건 우선의 원칙을 적용할지 여부나 효력확장의 한계 등에 대한 기존의 논의는 새로운 양상에 직면한다. 이렇듯 국제적 노동관계의 영역에서의 접근은 노동법의 전통적 논의에 대해서도 유의미한 시사를 줄 수 있다. Unlike employment contracts that take place within a single country, the regulation of such contracts when the employers, employees, and workplace span two or more countries raises complex questions of governing law. The globalization of the economy and advances in technology have made international labor relations more commonplace, requiring changes in the employment culture and legal regulations that are unique to a particular country, which have traditionally been based on labor law. Internationally overriding mandatory provisions, which are requested to be applied in international labor relations for the universal protection of workers, are regulations that can fill the gaps in protection arising from differences in governing laws, but they have limitations due to differences in interpretation in defining their targets and require further review, including discussions on the possibility of party autonomy. In addition, the question remains as to the extent to which private international law can regulate those who work beyond the scope of traditional employment contracts due to the expansion of the concept of worker. In transnational labor relation, traditional debate on whether to apply the principle of priority of favorable terms and conditions in cases where employment rules or collective agreements conflict with employment contract can face new premises. Also the difficult question on the limit of the extension of collective agreement can find new clue by this perspective. Like this, the approach to international labor relations has implications for traditional discussions in labor law.

"Ecclesia in Asia" und die Mission in Korea

최석환 한국가톨릭신학학회 2005 가톨릭신학 Vol.0 No.6

Das am 9. Nov. 1999 vom Heiligen Stuhl/ Johnnes Paulus II. veröffentlichte nachsynodale Schreiben "Ecclesia in Asia" ist ein wichtiges Dokument. Es ist wie die Magna Charta für die Kirche in Asien, die ins dritten Jahrtausend geht. Das Dokument enthält ausser der Einleitung und dem Schluss sieben Kapitel. Es behandelt einerseits die Ergebnisse der Sonderversammlung der Bischofssynode für Asien, die vom 19. April - 14. Mai 1998 im Vatikan für die Neu- Evangelisierung stattgefunden hat, und andererseits Anliegen des Papstes für die Kirche in Asien, damit im dritten Jahrtausend eine große Glaubensernte auf diesem ausgedehnten und so lebendigen Kontinent reifen möge. Diese kleine Arbeit versucht zu behandeln, was dieses nachsynodale Schreiben über die Mission und die Evangelisierung gesprochen hat und wie dieses Schreiben in meiner Diözese übernommen werden kann. Dieses nachsynodale Schreiben spricht über alles, was die Kirche in Asien für die Mission und die Evangelisierung beschäftigen soll: Mittel der Mission ist Inkulturation, Mission ist kontemplative Aktivität und aktive Kontemplation, Mission und Communio, Mission in den Dialog(Dialog für die Mission) und die Entfaltung des Menschen im Dienen als Mission. Aber ein bedauerlicher Punkt im Schreiben ist die dogmatische Betonung der Einzigartigkeit Jesu im Bezug auf andere Religionen, gegenüber den pastoralen Betonungen der Synode, die von den asiatischen Bischöfen wegen den multikulturellen und multireligösen Situationen betont wurde. Es wurde versucht, verschiedenen konkrete pastorale Wege zu finden. Für die Neu-Evangelisierung sind die dogmatische Betonungen auch erforderlich, aber die pastoralen Betonungen haben unbedingt voraus. Für die koreanische Kirche gilt diese Regel. Für die koreanische Kirche soll es darum gehen, ihre eigene Mission und Evangelisierung nicht nur als Verchristlichung, sondern vor allem als Zeugnis durch die Communio und eine in Kontemplation gegründete christliche Spiritualität zu verstehen.

Modeling and Simulation for a Tractor Equipped with Hydro-Mechanical Transmission

최석환,김형진,안성현,홍성화,채민재,권오은,김수철,김용주,최창현,김현수 한국농업기계학회 2013 바이오시스템공학 Vol.38 No.3

Purpose: A simulator for the design and performance evaluation of a tractor with a hydro-mechanical transmission (HMT)was developed. Methods: The HMT consists of a hydro-static unit (HSU), a swash plate control system, and a planetary gear. It was modeled considering the input/output relationship of the torque and speed, and efficiency of HSU. Furthermore, a dynamic model of a tractor was developed considering the traction force, running resistance, and PTO (power take off)output power, and a tractor performance simulator was developed in the co-simulation environment of AMESim and MATLAB/Simulink. Results: The behaviors of the design parameters of the HMT tractor in the working and driving modes were investigated as follows; For the stepwise change of the drawbar load in the working mode, the tractor and engine speeds were maintained at the desired values by the engine torque and HSU stroke control. In the driving mode, the tractor followed the desired speed through the control of the engine torque and HSU stroke. In this case, the engine operated near the OOL (optimal operating line) for the minimum fuel consumption within the shift range of HMT. Conclusions: A simulator for the HMT tractor was developed. The simulations were conducted under two operation conditions. It was found that the tractor speed and the engine speed are maintained at the desired values through the control of the engine torque and the HSU stroke.

주민자율분쟁조정 지원체계 구상

최석환 한국PR학회 2022 한국PR학회 학술대회 Vol.2022 No.1

보람과 실패의 일단을 돌아보면서

최석환 대한토목학회 1995 대한토목학회지 Vol.43 No.4

교육토론을 통한 공감적 의사소통능력 신장 연구

최석환 한국 리터러시 학회 2019 리터러시 연구 Vol.10 No.6

The current study seeks empirical evidence regarding whether or not academic debate can improve students’ Empathic communication abilities. Specifically, the current study addresses how effectively academic debates make positive contributions to students’ Empathic communication abilities and how setting a designated position or change in academic debate affects students’ development of communication abilities. To the end, the current study recruited a total of 318 students from D High School in the Incheon area during the spring semester in 2018. They were asked to complete a survey instrument consisting of a pre- and post-survey and the responses that did not complete both surveys were excluded in the final analysis pool. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 to analyze the change of empathy ability through descriptive statistics and t-test. The result revealed that academic debate significantly improved students’ Empathic communication abilities and among diverse subdimensions, students’ cognitive empathy and expressive empathy abilities showed a significant improvement. For the designated discussion task, discussions significantly enhanced students’ expressive empathy ability when the position about a discussion topic corresponded with their actual position. However, their cognitive empathy ability showed a significant improvement when that did not correspond with their actual position. For the case of changed positions in discussions, expressive empathy showed a significant improvement when students’ initial and final positions about a discussion topic were consistent, whereas cognitive empathy ability showed a significant improvement when there was a change between their initial and final positions. In the discussion and conclusion sections, referring to survey results and statistical analyses, it is concluded that student academic debate makes significant contributions to their Empathic communication abilities and accordingly, it presents evidence against the view that academic debate can induce potential conflicts. 본 연구는 교육토론을 통해 공감적 의사소통 능력을 신장시킬 수 있는지에 대한 실증적 연구이다. 연구문제는 ‘교육토론이 학생들의 공감적 의사소통 능력 신장에 기여하는가?’, ‘논제에 대한 입장 지정이나 입장 변화에 따라 교육토론에 참여한 학생들의 공감적 의사소통 능력 신장에 차이가 있는가?’이다. 이를 위해 인천지역 D고등학교에서 2018년 1학기에 토론 수업을 받은 학생들을 318명을 연구대상으로 했으며, 공감 능력 사전-사후 검사지를 모두 제출하고 사후 설문에 응답한 학생만을 분석대상으로 했다. 수집한 자료는 SPSS 25.0을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test를 통해 공감 능력의 변화를 분석했다. 분석 결과 토론 수업 실시 후 공감적 의사소통 능력이 통계적으로 유의미하게 신장되었음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 특히 공감의 하위요소중 인지적 공감과 표현적 공감이 통계적으로 유의미하게 신장되었다. 입장 지정과 관련해서는 논제에 대한 자신의 입장과 선택된 입장이 같은 학생의 경우 표현적 공감이 통계적으로 유의미하게 신장되었으며, 자신의 입장과 선택된 입장이 다른 학생은 인지적 공감이 통계적으로 유의미하게 신장되었다. 입장 변화와 관련해서는 논제에 대한 최초 입장과 최종 입장이 변함없는 경우 표현적 공감이 통계적으로 유의미하게 신장되었으며, 최초 입장과 최종 입장이 변한 경우 인지적 공감이 통계적으로 유의미하게 신장되었다. 논의 및 결론에서는 사후 설문 결과와 통계적 분석 자료를 통해 교육토론이 학생들의 공감 능력 신장에 실제로 기여할 수 있으며, 이러한 실증적 연구 결과가 교육토론이 갈등을 조장한다는 오해를 불식시킬 수 있음을 밝혔다.

Al-Zn-Mg 합금의 기계적 특성 및 응력부식균열에 미치는 Zr 첨가효과 (초)

최석환,홍영명,김억수,임경묵,김효준 대한금속재료학회 ( 구 대한금속학회 ) 2007 대한금속재료학회 학술대회 개요집 Vol.2007 No.1

예외적 근로시간 규제 근거로서의 고액임금

최석환 한국노동법학회 2019 노동법학 Vol.0 No.71

Various types of employment and jobs are recently getting more and more diverse. Regulations of employment law also face a lot of situations that can not be dealt with in a uniform style, which was traditional way of employment law. Among these variations, the exemption clause for working time rules is a good example of different way of regulation. What an employee does for his duty, what kind of discretion he/she has, could be a reason for the different regulation. Salary level test is one of the requirements for exemption of FLSA. This is exceptional, in that many other countries do not consider salary level as a reason for exemption of working time regulation but in extremely limited situations, as a supplemental requirement. Recently, there has been abundant debate about salary level test in the United States, and they are mainy concerned with who decides and how much. Surely salary level test gives very clear distinction about who gets and who doesn't overtime payment. However at the same time it conceives controversial problems too. This paper aims on analyzing American history and discussion about salary level test of white collar exemption. In United States, salary level test has been vital requirement, unlike its original intention of legislation. Recent court decisions show that the number of salary level could be beyond the range of administration’s discretion. Also there appears the tendency to construe “fairly” rather than “narrowly”, as was with the U.S. court and Federal department of labor. However, the way to line between persons who are at the side of exemptions and the others should be narrow, and salary level test should be taken as a secondary requirement in Korean context, considering the purpose of labor law and labor market in Korea.

국내 대학의 태권도학과 현황 분석

최석환,김하영 한국체육과학회 2022 한국체육과학회지 Vol.31 No.3

The purpose of this study was to suggest the future development direction of university Taekwondo majors and to be used as basic information for the future Taekwondo major students. For the purpose of this study, a total of 30 universities, excluding graduate schools, were found as a result of entering the keyword ‘Taekwondo’ into the search bar of the Public Announcement of University Information website in Korea. The results were as follows. First, among the 30 universities there were 7 (23.3%) universities located in the metropolitan area and 23 (76.7%) universities located in non-metropolitan areas. Second, the number of early decision admission for Taekwondo major was 1,162 (88.5%) out of the total number of 1,313 recruits, which is about 8 times higher than the regular admissions of 151 (11.5%), which is an overwhelmingly large number. Third, the number of students who were enrolled was 3,616 in 2019, 3,832 in 2020, and 3,895 in 2021. As the years go by, the number of students in Taekwondo major have been increasing. Fourth, the freshman competition rate was 5.7% in 2019, 5% in 2020, and 4.3% in 2021, showing a downward trend every year. Fifth, the number of professors decreased slightly in 2020 compared to 2019. However, in 2021, the figure increased and recovered.

외주용역업체 변경 시의 근로자 고용승계의 관행

최석환 한국노동연구원 2013 노동리뷰 Vol.105 No.-