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괴테의 『빌헬름 마이스터의 편력시대』에 나타난 '체념 Entsagung'의 변증법
임우영 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2004 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.16
In the last novel of Goethes "Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre". Wilhelm made an unlimited moving, which gave the group of emigrants a "tower company" to him up. That was a condition for the marriage of Wilhelm and Nathalie. Arthur Henkel calls the renuniciation(Entsagung) for Wilhelm. Regarding the end of the novel, in which combining Wilhelms to the group of the America emigrants cannot obviously be determined, it is also not sure that he will again meet Nathalie as a useful member of the group of emigrants in the new continent. It is not Goethe's intention of showing in many novellas and the Felix Hersilie history that those are improved in conflict people relations turned out by the absolute renunciation. Rather this novel shows, how both the passion and renunciation will overcome opposite conflicts harmoniously. Henkel states that the renunciation is it to be limited to a handicraft in order to become a useful member of the society. Goethe does not seem to state that one suppresses and overcomes his passion by such renunciation, in order to arrange the harmony of the society. Rather the society the strong emotion people and the people who give up collide with each other and the middle which undergoes a discord also different human relation (order of love) is formed dialectic fact from Goethes Sturm und Drang time Die Leiden des jungen Werther to pass by Die Wahlverwandtschaften, it reaches to Wanderjahre and until being consistent it is showing. Rather a new people relationship will turn out, while the passionate ones and the renouncing people collide themselves. This dialectic fact shows Goethes 'Sturm und Drang' time Die Leiden des jungen Werther over Die Wahlverwandtschaften up to the his last novel Wanderjahre. Goethe shows the aspect of the people whom it gives up is not the thing from meaning which is 'principal of the society' and 'a truth of wisdom' and 'life of old age'. Goethe presents "the renunciation" as the different principal which is opposed in sensitivity-ardor-love. This renunciation is relation to the "Formtrieb" of Schiller. Consequently Wanderjahre is presenting the renunciation as the axis of multi axis wild middle one consequently. Those axes are for the education and the development of the human being and the development and a progress of the society.
임우영 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2008 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.31
Goethes hymn 「Harz journey in the winter」belongs to one of his most difficult poems Goethes. Main problem of the interpretation of this poem is because of the fact that differently than its Frankfurt hymns the pictures and the Metaphor in this poetic text do not seem to have a uniform reference to itself. It concerns whether this hymn as a self reflection or as the compound pictures with different figures like “who ist's apart?”, “the brothers of the hunt”, “the lonely poet” or “your poet” be regarded must. But for the latter case it is hardly possible without Goethes biographic knowledge to understand this hymn. Goethes self explanation over this hymn (1820) help to illuminate the dark side of this poem. But he refers there “the unfortunate one” in the hymn to the young and disturbed Plessing, whom he visited in the Harz journey, so that the poem could be called only report on a journey. Naturally one could interpret this poem out on the biography of its author, by doing without on the aesthetic ambiguity of the poem. Because it could be hardly possible without exact biographic knowledge to understand this hymn. But if a poetic work is read particularly on the biography of the author, these marginal data of the text could lead to a Tradition of the “positivistic Misunderstanding”. Goethe's describing- remarks serve however rather to attribute to the literary text an illusory clarity which is to mask a more deep-seated meaning. Nevertheless only according to the linguistic pictures of the poem a following unit of the plot is put out: “My song” like a eagle, which looks after the booty, represents the fates of the “the fortunate one” prescribed by a God on the one hand and of “the unfortunate one” on the other hand. But “the unfortunate one” climbs the Brocken-mountain under the protection of the “father of the love” and praises enthusiastically on the peak the divinity and the glory, who breathes in nature. It ist clear that “the unfortunate one” becomes “the lonely one”, which is called in the 9th Strophe poem of “the father of the love”, finally to “the happy one” on the Brocken-peak. Then why did Goethe hide the lonely poet, whom the eagle found, in pictures of the Harz-journey in the winter? This doubt could be solved thereby if it may be worked with a hypothesis that Goethe sets his song and the poet to each other as his deputy into a relationship. The pictures of the poetic text describe the Goethes crisis situation as poet. It concerns the search of the poet for a transcendental confirmation and the reflection over the poet at the Weimar Court on a higher level. 괴테의 찬가 「겨울 하르츠 여행 Harzreise im Winter」은 그의 시 중에서도 가장 난해한 시의 하나로 꼽힌다. 이 시의 해석을 어렵게 하는 가장 핵심 요소는 괴테가 프랑크푸르트 시절에 쓴 찬가와는 다르게 이 시가 제시하는 형상과 그 메타포에 일관적인 연관성이 없고 산만해 보인다는 것이다. 다시 말해서 이 시 전체를 괴테의 자전적 “자기 성찰”로 보느냐 아니면 괴테의 주장을 받아들여 시적 자아가 노래하는 “행복한 사람”, “저 길 옆의 사람”, “사냥하는 형제들”, “고독한 사람”, “당신의 시인” 등의 상이한 요소들이 복합적으로 구성된 시로 보느냐 하는 문제이다. 그러나 후자의 경우 괴테의 전기에 대한 지식 없이는 찬가의 이해를 어렵게 한다는 점이 문제이다. 괴테가 40여년이 지난 후에 도 이 시가 자기 시 중에서 아직도 쉽게 이해되지 않는 시로 남아 있다고 스스로 주장하면서도, 이 찬가를 불쌍한 플레씽을 방문했던 단순한 하르츠 여행기에 불과한 시로 해석함으로써 이 시의 해석을 더욱 미궁으로 빠지게 했는지도 모른다. 괴테가 1820년에 스스로 해설한 것이 그때까지 암흑에 가려있었던 사실들을 밝혀내는 데 도움이 되었던 것은 사실이다. 또한 이 시를 괴테의 입장에서만 해석함으로써 시가 가진 다의성을 포기하고 시적 텍스트를 괴테의 자서전적으로만 해석할 수도 있다. 왜냐하면 그 당시 괴테의 주변 상황에 대한 인식 없이는 이 시를 도저히 이해할 수 없기 때문이다. 그러나 문학작품을 해석할 때 너무 전기적 요소에만 의존함으로써 ‘실증주의적 오해’를 야기했던 경우를 고려해보면, 괴테가 40여년이 지난 뒤 이 시를 쓸 당시를 회상하면서 쓴 이런 자서전적 자료가 이 시에 담긴 깊은 뜻을 숨기기 위한 “위장 해설”일 수도 있다는 문제가 제기되기도 했다. 그럼에도 불구하고 시적 텍스트에 나타난 내용만을 기초로 해서 다음과 같은 시적 통일성을 도출해낼 수는 있다. 즉, 먹이를 노려보는 독수리와 같은 이 찬가의 주체인 “나의 노래”는 신이 각자에게 인생의 행로를 이미 결정해 놓은 ‘행복한 사람’과 ‘불행한 사람’을 지켜보며 노래한다. 그러나 인생의 행로가 불행하게 결정된 사람은 오히려 “사랑의 신”의 보호를 받으며 브로켄 산의 정상에 올라 자연 속에 살아 숨쉬는 ‘신성 Gottheit’을 발견하고 신의 업적에 대해 환희와 열광에 차서 그 거룩함을 찬양한다. 이 과정에서 전반부의 ‘불행한 사람’이 중반부에서는 방랑하는 “고독한 사람”으로 바뀌어 “사랑의 신”의 시인으로 변하고, 후반부에는 이 시인이 브로켄 산의 정상에 오름으로써 ‘행복한 사람’으로 분명히 바뀌고 있다는 사실이다. 그렇다면 “나의 노래”가 독수리처럼 먹이를 찾다 발견한 불행하고 고독한 “시인”을 괴테가 하르츠여행 때 경험한 모습들 속으로 숨겨놓은 의도는 무엇일까? 이 의문은 괴테가 시적 텍스트 안에 “노래”와 “시인”을 자기 자신의 대리인으로 서로 연결시켜놓고 있다는 가정을 통해 밝혀낼 수 있을지도 모른다. 이 시적 텍스트에 나타난 형상들은 바이마르 궁정에서 활동하면서 작가로서 위기감을 느끼고 있던 괴테가 스스로의 존재위치를 확인해나가는 과정을 보여주는 것이다.
임우영 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2023 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.92
In Goethe's 『West-östlicher Divan』(1819), 「Derb und Tüchtig」 and 「Dreistigkeit」 tell the poet's attitude in writing poetry. In 「Übermacht, ihr könnt es spüren」, the poet's 'superiority' is compared to that of a monarch, and in 「Selige Sehnsucht」, the poet's attitude of writing poetry at the risk of death is emphasized. In these poem, “strength,” “boldness,” “excellence,” and the poet’s mindset of risking death are emphasized in the poet’s general artistic act of “poetry writing.” The poet's boldness, superiority and even "arrogance" that appear in the "West-Eastern Divan" seem to have arisen from the feeling of liberation and confidence that Goethe felt when he traveled to Frankfurt (in July 1814) after the Napoleonic Wars. He went through a dark period during the Wars and so read Hafis' poetry and wrote Eastern-style poetry to shake off all the pressure around him via his "confidence/boldness" and "arrogance" as a poet. His decision dicision to write poetry in the Eastern style for the first time in the history of Western literature can be said to be Goethe’s “warning and commandment” about “writing poetry.”
임우영,오성희,이승환,박영민,배성만,Im, Woo-Young,Oh, Seong-Hee,Lee, Seung-Hwan,Park, Young-Min,Bae, Seong-Man 대한생물정신의학회 2008 생물정신의학 Vol.15 No.3
Objectives : The purpose of this study is to compare the ability of facial affect perception among schizophrenia patients, their first degree relatives, and normal control subjects. Methods : Thirty five patients with schizophrenia, 22 first degree relatives, and 34 normal control subjects were recruited in this study. All three groups were matched for age and education levels. The facial affect identification test(FAIT), and neurocognitive test were applied. In the FAIT, the correct response rate, perceived intensity, and sensitivity for 6 kinds of affects were compared among three groups. Results : We found that correct response rate of sadness and anger were decreased in the schizophrenia patients compared with the normal control group. Also the schizophrenia patients showed reduced sensitivity for all six affects compared with the normal control group. The ability of facial affect perception in first degree relatives of schizophrenia patients was decreased but there were not any significant differences compared with normal control group. Conclusion : This study confirmed significantly reduced ability of facial affect perception in schizophrenia patients compared with normal control. Decreased ability of facial affect perception in first degree relatives suggests that affective sensitivity can be influenced by genetic predisposition.
Partially restrained beam-column weak-axis moment connections of low-rise steel structures
임우영,Dongkeun Lee,유영찬 국제구조공학회 2020 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.76 No.5
In this study, partially restrained beam-column moment joints in the weak-axis direction were examined using three large-scale specimens subject to cyclic loading in order to assess the seismic resistance of the joints of low-rise steel structures and to propose joint details based on the test results. The influence of different number of bolts on the moment joints was thoroughly investigated. It was found that the flexural capacity of the joints in the direction of weak axis was highly dependent on the number of high-tension bolts. In addition, even though the flexural connections subjected to cyclic loading was perfectly designed in accordance with current design codes, severe failure mode such as block shear failure could occur at beam flange. Therefore, to prevent excessive deformation at bolt holes under cyclic loading conditions, the holes in beam flange need to have larger bearing capacity than the required tensile force. In particular, if the thickness of the connecting plate is larger than that of the beam flange, the bearing capacity of the flange should be checked for structural safety.