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무지의 수근중수관절과 중수수지관저르이 동시 골절 탈구 - 1례 보고 -
이치원,한성준,최호림,진병록,이상선 대한골절학회 1999 대한골절학회지 Vol.12 No.4
Simultaneous multiple dislocation of the thumb is a very rare injury. We experienced a case of simultaneous fracture-dislocation of the carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb which was treated by closed reduction and percutaneous K-wire fixation. The clinical result was satisfactory.
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공단지역 일부 주민들의 주택유형 및 실내/외에 따른 VOCs(Benzene, Toluene, Xylene) 농도 및 상관성에 관한 연구
이치원,전혜리,홍은주,유승도,김대선,손부순,Lee, Che-Won,Jeon, Hye-Li,Hong, Eun-Ju,Yu, Seung-Do,Kim, Dae-Sun,Son, Bu-Soon 한국환경보건학회 2010 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.36 No.5
The objectives of this study were to understand the characteristics of residents in industrial areas and factors affecting exposure to the Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs : Benzene, Toluene, Xylene) as well as to assess exposure levels according to house-type, and whether residents were indoors or outdoors. This research was designed to assess the differences in exposure levels to indoor, outdoor and personal VOCs in a case group and a control group across all areas, as well as in each different area, from May to October 2007, in. 110 residents of the G, Y and H industrial areas of the Jun-nam province. The geometric mea-levels of airborne benzene for the case group 1.31part per billion(ppb) indoor, 1.29 ppb outdoor, and 1.32 ppb for personal exposure were significantly higher than for the control group 0.99, 0.87 and 0.57 ppb, respectively. The geometric mean level for toluene personal exposure across the G, Y and H areas was 5.70 ppb for the case group and 6.31 ppb for the control group. While the outdoor level was 4.27 ppb for the case group and 5.06 ppb for the control group, The indoor level for the case group was 4.78 ppb, similar to that of the control group 4.69 ppb. The geometric mean levels for airborne xylene across the G, Y and H areas were 0.16 ppb(outdoor), 0.12 ppb(personal exposure) and 0.10 ppb(indoor) for the case group, and for the control group were 0.17(personal exposure) and 0.09 ppb(indoor and outdoor). The indoor/outdoor(I/O) ratio for case group is 1.19, while that of the control group is 1.15, indicating that the indoor level was higher than the outdoor level. The interrelationship differences among the three different types of levels in the air in the G, Y and H areas are statistically significant, except for the difference between the indoor and outdoor figures for xylene. In terms of the different types of houses and energy type uesd, the geometric mean level for airborne benzene, toluene and xylene for houses were 1.61, 5.39 and 0.12 ppb, respectively. while the figures for flats were 0.67, 3.32 and 0.05 ppb, respectively. Outdoors, the levels of benzene and toluene in flats were 0.71 and 2.62 ppb, respectively. and 1.58 and 5.35 ppb in houses. For personal exposure, the house levels of benzene, toluene and xylene were all higher than for flats. Houses using oil for heating have significantly higher levels than flats, which use gas for heating.
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『아비달마구사론』 「파집아품」에서 인용된 경전분석에 의한 독자부 뿌드갈라론자에 대한 이해
이치원 금강대학교 불교문화연구소 2019 불교학 리뷰 Vol.26 No.-
Even though the Pudgalavāda has been a famous doctrine through the Buddhist history from the very early time, our knowledge of the Pudgalavādins has been limited because of rather poor remains of their own texts. This paper analysed the sutras referred to in the Chapter nine “Ātmavādapratisedha” of Abhidharmakośa for the better understanding on the Pudgalavādins. A total of 90 sturas was analysed in 34 places of the Chapter nine and in them 30 sutras were analysed in 10 places to be referred by the Pudgalavādins of Vātsīputrīya. The discordance between 4 nikāyas and 4 āgamas, and the duplications of same or similar sutras in different nikāyas and āgamas have been well known. This analysis of 90 sturas in 34 places also shows such features. The statistical analysis tells all the sutras referred to by the Pudgalavādins are belonged to the group of Chinese translations of Aṅguttara and Aṅguttara nikāya. It suggests, in the debate on Anātman within Buddhist circles, the Pudgalavādins of Vātsīputrīya might regard sutras of Aṅguttara as their base of Pudgalavāda, even Vasubandhu criticised them as neyārtha sūtras. The debate on ‘Anātman’ might have begun with strongly rejecting Pudgalavāda, because other Buddhist schools considered the Pudgala of Pudgalavādins as an entity (dravya) which seemed to be the ātman of Brahmanism. It is contradiction of the meaning of the Pudgala in the sutras that triggered the initial of the debate. However, as to principal agent of samsāra, Pudgalavādins used the term based on the sutras, on the other hand the term of Vasubandhu was based on Abhidharma itself. So it could be a way for the better understanding on the Pudgalavādins to review the sutras referred by the Pudgalavādins in the Chapter nine “Ātmavādapratisedha” of Abhidharmakośa. 뿌드갈라론을 주장하는 학파들은 7세기경에 일곱 부파가 언급될 정도로 많았지만 현존하는 뿌드갈라론자(Pudgalavādin) 자신들의 독자적 논서 자료들은 빈약하다. 따라서 뿌드갈라론자들에 대한 파악은 대부분 비판자들의 논서들에 의지해알려지고 있는 까닭에 뿌드갈라론자들에 대한 객관적 평가에 어려움이 있다. 주로 타 학파들의 논서 중심의 선행연구와 달리 이 논문에서는 불교내 학파간의 경전해석 태도의 상이함에 주목하여 『아비달마구사론』 「파집아품」에서 독자부 뿌드갈라론자들과 와수반두(Vasubandhu)에 의해 인용된 경전들의 분석에 근거하여독자부(Vātsīputrīya) 뿌드갈라론자에 대해 좀 더 이해를 도모하고자 하였다. 「파집아품」의 14개 논쟁 주제내의 34곳에서 분석된 경전은 90여 개이다. 현존하는 4 아함과 4 니까야(Nikāya)와의 불일치, 그리고 동일 또는 유사내용의 경전들이 서로 다른 아함이나 니까야에 중복적으로 나타나는 사실은 잘 알려져 있으며 「파집아품」에서 인용된 경전들의 경전군 분포분석에서도 이러한 현상은 잘 확인된다. 와수반두가 24곳에서 인용한 경전 중 5곳의 경전은 한역본만 존재하며 3곳의 경전은 니까야와 한역본 모두 존재하지 않는다. 나머지 16곳의 경전만이 니까야와 한역본에 모두 존재한다. 반면에 뿌드갈라론자들이 10곳에서 인용한 모든 경전은 니까야와 한역본에 모두 존재한다. 『아비달마구사론』 「파집아품」에서 와수반두의 24곳의 인용경전 중 20곳의 경전은 잡아함경 혹은 상윳따 니까야에 공통적으로 속하며, 뿌드갈라론자들의 10곳의 인용경전은 모두 증일아함경 혹은 앙굿따라 니까야에 공통적으로 속하는 경전군 분포특징을 보인다. 이와 같은 분포특징에 근거하면 『아비달마구사론』 「파집아품」 ‘무아논쟁’에서 와수반두는 주로 잡아함경 혹은 상윳따 니까야의 경전군의경전을, 반면에 독자부 뿌드갈라론자들은 모두 증일아함경 혹은 앙굿따라 니까야경전군의 경전을 각각 자신들 주장의 근거 경전으로 제시하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 뿌드갈라론자들의 논서와 함께 『아비달마구사론』 「파집아품」의 ‘무아논쟁’에서독자부 뿌드갈라론자들이 요의경이라 주장하는 그들의 인용경전들의 경전군 분포특성과 내용에 대한 면밀한 분석은 경전 용어에서 채용한 뿌드갈라와 독자부 뿌드갈라론자들을 이해하는 한 방법이 될 것이라고 생각한다.
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이치원,KIMSUNGWAN,김명준,김윤재,홍나영,류승완,김현진 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2017 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.15 No.1
Soft robots are often inspired from biological systems which consist of soft materials or are actuated byelectrically activated materials. There are several advantages of soft robots compared to the conventional robots;safe human-machine interaction, adaptability to wearable devices, simple gripping system, and so on. Due to theunique features and advantages, soft robots have a considerable range of applications. This article reviews stateof-the-art researches on soft robots and application areas. Actuation systems for soft robots can be categorizedand analyzed into three types: variable length tendon, fluidic actuation, and electro-active polymer (EAP). The deformableproperty of soft robots restricts the use of many conventional rigid sensors such as encoders, strain gauges,or inertial measurement units. Thus, contactless approaches for sensing and/or sensors with low modulus are preferablefor soft robots. Sensors include low modulus (< 1 MPa) elastomers with liquid-phase material filled channelsand are appropriate for proprioception which is determined by the degree of curvature. In control perspective, novelcontrol idea should be developed because the conventional control techniques may be inadequate to handle softrobots. Several innovative techniques and diverse materials & fabrication methods are described in this review article. In addition, a wide range of soft robots are characterized and analyzed based on the following sub-categories;actuation, sensing, structure, control and electronics, materials, fabrication and system, and applications.
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Kerr Lens 모드 록킹 되는 대칭형 Ti : sapphire 레이저 공진기의 이론적 해석
이치원,윤석범 공주문화대학 1999 공주문화대학·논문집 Vol.26 No.-
Theoretical analysis for the spot size and the Kerr Lens Mode Locking(KLM) strength can be represented as explicit function of the position in the laser cavity, the intra cavity laser power, and the stability parameter. The results were suggested that the KLM strength achieves its maximum value at the edge of the stability range. Also simultaneously obtaining a laser pumping efficiency and KLM behavior is possible for symmetrical Z-type laser cavity.
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고전압 펄스형 전원을 사용한 질소레이저의 자체 선전리 효과
이치원,안근옥,추한태,양준묵 한국광학회 1990 한국광학회지 Vol.1 No.2
레이저관내에 별도의 전극을 설치하지 않고 레이저전극 자체만으로 선전리 효과를 얻을 수 있는 질소레이저를 연구하였다. 이를 위하여 펄스형 전원과 고속고전압 방전간극을 사용하는 레이저를 제작하였으며, 레이저관 양단에는 저항 또는 인덕터를 연결하여 이들이 레이저 동작특성에 미치는 영향과 자체 선전리 효과를 함께 연구하였다. We have constructed the laser system which was consisted of a high voltage pulse poner supply, a rapid high voltage spark gap and the Blumlein transmission line circuit of the multiple parallel plate capacitor type, and have studied the self-preionization effect from this laser system without additional modifications. The value of inductive or resistive loading of the laser oscillator seems to have a significant effect on the preionization. The optimal operational condition of this laser system was obtained at the inductive loading of L = I mtl across the laser tube with the spark gap distance of 6.0 mm. nitrogen pressure of 50 torr, when repetition rate was 70 Hz. Stability was found to be better than 2.0Yo and EIP was 867 V/cm.torr.
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