족삼리(足三里) 배혈(配穴)에 따른 전침(電鍼)이 흰쥐 대뇌피질(大腦皮質)의 NADPH-diaphorase와 nNOS, NPY, VIP 신경세포(神經細胞)에 미치는 영향(影響)

정인기,이재동,김창환,Jung, In-gy,Lee, Jae-dong,Kim, Chang-hwan 대한침구의학회 2003 대한침구의학회지 Vol.20 No.5

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Joksamni(ST36) combination on NAD PH-diaphorase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS), neuropeptide Y(NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the cerebral cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rat. Methods: The experimental groups were divided into four groups: Normal, Joksamni(ST36), Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9), and Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11). Needles were inserted into acupoints at the depth of 0.5cm with basic insertion method. Electroacupuncture was done under the condition of 2Hz electrical biphasic pulses with continuous rectangular wave lasting for 0.2ms until the muscles produced visible contractions. Such stimulation was applied continuously for 10 minutes, 1 time every 2 days for 10 sessions of treatments. Thereafter we evaluated changes in NADPH-d positive neurons histochemically and changes in nNOS, NPY and VIP positive neurons immunohistochemically. Results: The optical densities of NADPH-d positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group in all areas of cerebral cortex and Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group in primary somatosensory cortex, visual cortex, auditory cortex, perirhinal cortex were significantly increased as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of NADPH-d positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased as compared to the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group with the exception of primary somatosensory cortex. The optical densities of nNOS positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group in all areas of cerebral cortex and Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group in auditory cortex, perirhinal cortex, insular cortex were significantly increased as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of nNOS positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in all areas of cerebral cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group. The optical densities of NPY positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, cingulate cortex as compared to the Joksamni (ST36) and Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) groups. The optical densities of VIP positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group were significantly increased in all areas of cerebral cortex except for cingulate cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of VIP positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in auditory cortex, cingulate cortex, perirhinal cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36) group. The optical densities of VIP positive neurons of the Joksamni(ST36)+Gokji(LI11) group were significantly decreased in all areas of cerebral cortex as compared to the Joksamni(ST36)+Eumneungcheon(SP9) group. Conclusions: The result demonstrated that electroacupuncture on Joksamni(ST36) and its combination change the activities of the NO system and peptidergic system in the cerebral cortex of SHR and that acupoint combination is one of the important parameters for the effects.

선별검사 목적으로 시행된 관상동맥 CT의 석회수치에 따른 임상경과 관찰

정인현 ( In Hyun Jung ),김정순 ( Jeong Soon Kim ),남효정 ( Hyo Jung Nam ),김희성 ( Hee Sung Kim ),김홍규 ( Hong Kyu Kim ),박덕우 ( Duk Woo Park ),이승환 ( Seung Whan Lee ),김영학 ( Young Hak Kim ),이철환 ( Cheol Whan Lee ),김재중 대한내과학회 2010 대한내과학회지 Vol.78 No.4

목적: 최근 많은 연구에서 MDCT가 관상동맥 질환을 진단하는데 있어서 비교적 민감도와 특이도가 우수하고, 높은 음성예측도를 가진 검사로 보고되고 있다. 그러나 무증상 환자군에서 MDCT상 유의한 협착이 보일 때 어떤 환자군에서 경피적 관동맥 성형술이나 관동맥 우회로 수술을 받는가에 대한 임상경과를 관찰한 연구는 아직 없다. 이에 저자들은 선별 검사 목적으로 MDCT를 시행한 무증상 환자의 관상동맥 석회수치에 따른 임상경과를 보고자 하였으며, 선별 검사 목적의 MDCT의 무분별한 사용을 줄이기 위해 NCEP-ATP III 지침에 따라 10년 관상동맥 질환 위험도를 구분한 각 집단 중 어떤 집단에서 MDCT상 유의한 협착이 많이 관찰되는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 건강검진을 목적으로 서울아산병원 건강증진센터에 방문한 845명의 의무기록과 MDCT를 후향적으로 분석하였다. MDCT상 유의한 협착은 관상동맥 내경이 50% 이상 좁아진 경우로 정의하였고, 관상동맥 질환 위험도는 NCEP-ATP III 지침에 의해 계산된 10-year risk assessment tool(http://hp2010.nhlbihin.net/atp3/riskcalc.htm)을 사용하였다. 침습적 관상동맥 조영술은 심근부하 검사가 양성이거나 심근부하 검사가 음성이라도 MDCT상 주관상동맥의 근위부에 유의한 병변이 있을 때 시행하였고, 관상동맥 재개통술 여부는 관상동맥 조영술 후 주치의의 판단에 의해 결정되었다. 결과: 총 332명(39.3%)에서 동맥경화반이 관찰되었으며 이들 가운데 60명(7.1%)은 관상동맥의 유의한 협착을 보였다. MDCT상 유의한 협착을 갖는 환자의 유병률은 NCEP-ATP III 지침에 따른 위험도에 따라 구분하였을 때, 10년 심혈관계 합병증의 위험도가 10% 이상인 군에서 의미있게 높았다. 유의한 협착을 보인 환자들 중 28명이 관상동맥 조영검사를 받았으며, 17명은 경피적 관동맥 성형술을 받았고, 3명은 관상동맥 우회로 수술을 받았다. ROC 곡선을 이용하여 MDCT상 유의한 협착을 가진 환자에서 관상동맥 재개통술(revascularization)을 시행받은 환자에 대한 CACS의 cutoff 값은 111.0 (AUC=0.87, 95% confidence interval; 0.76~0.97, sensitivity 80.0%, specificity 92.1%)이었다. 결론: 현재 선별 검사 목적의 MDCT 시행에 대하여 논란의 여지가 많은 상황에서 NCEP-ATP III 지침에 따른 위험도가 10% 미만인 군에 대하여는 관상동맥 질환에 대한 선별검사 목적으로 MDCT를 사용하는 것은 가급적 제한하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 선별 검사 목적으로 시행된 MDCT상 유의한 협착이 관찰되고 CACS가 110 이상일 경우 경피적 관동맥 성형술이나 관상동맥 우회수술과 같은 관상동맥 재개통술을 받게 될 가능성이 의미있게 높았다. Background/Aims: In general, multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is not recommended as a screening tool for asymptomatic individuals. However, the programs for general health evaluation at several hospitals in Korea include MDCT to detect cardiac disease. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical outcomes of asymptomatic individuals according to the coronary artery calcium score (CACS) obtained from screening MDCT and to assess the eligibility of risk stratification in the NCEP-ATP III guidelines for predicting a significant stenosis on MDCT. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 845 asymptomatic subjects (age 53±9 years, 67% men) who underwent MDCT as part of a general health evaluation at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, from January to December 2008. Results: Atherosclerotic plaques were identified in 332 (39.3%) subjects. Sixty (7.1%) individuals had significant stenosis (≥50% diameter stenosis). The prevalence of significant stenosis was higher in the group that had more than a 10% risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) at 10 years (p<0.05). Among the patients with occult coronary artery disease (CAD), 28 received coronary angiography, which resulted in 20 revascularizations (17 percutaneous interventions and three bypass surgeries) and eight medical treatments. In patients with significant narrowing, the CACS cutoff value for predicting coronary revascularization was 111.0 (AUC=0.87, 95% confidence interval; 0.76~0.97; sensitivity 80.0%, specificity 92.1%). Conclusions: According to the NCEP-ATP III guidelines, the prevalence of occult CAD on MDCT was significantly higher in the group with a 10% or higher risk for CHD at 10 years. A CACS≥110 was associated with a significantly higher rate of coronary revascularization in asymptomatic patients with significant stenosis on MDCT. (Korean J Med 78:466-476, 2010)

급성전신발진농포증 환자의 임상 및 조직학적 분석

정인순 ( In Soon Jung ),윤숙정 ( Sook Jung Yun ),이지범 ( Jee-bum Lee ),김성진 ( Seong-jin Kim ),이승철 ( Seung-chul Lee ),원영호 ( Young Ho Won ) 대한피부과학회 2018 대한피부과학회지 Vol.56 No.10

Background: Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is typically a medication-induced acute febrile eruption. Few large-scale studies have reported clinical data regarding AGEP in Korea. Objective: This study analyzed the clinical and histopathological features of AGEP in Koreans to identify recent trends in this context. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed 31 patients with AGEP. Age, sex, clinical features, etiologies, laboratory findings, histopathological features, and treatment outcomes were obtained from patients’ medical records and photographs. Results: The mean age of onset was 43.6 years, and the male:female ratio was 2.1:1. All patients showed non-follicular tiny pustules and erythema. Fever was reported in 13 patients and neutrophilia in 17 patients. Medications were considered the most common etiological contributors. Twenty patients showed drug-induced AGEP, and 11 of 20 patients showed antibiotic-induced AGEP. Serum C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels increased in 93.8% and 77.8% of the patients, respectively. Histopathologically, all patients showed subcorneal or intraepidermal pustules, followed by exocytosis and neutrophilic dermal infiltrate. Twenty-five patients improved within a mean period of 7.5 days after the onset of the skin rash. The percentage of women in the drug-induced AGEP group was significantly higher than that in the non-drug-induced AGEP group. Conclusion: This report describes a large-scale study that analyzed the clinical and histopathological features of AGEP in Koreans and seems to accurately reflect the recent trends in this context. Clinically, it is important to note that the percentage of women in the drug-induced AGEP group was higher than that in groups showing other etiologies of AGEP. (Korean J Dermatol 2018;56(10):594∼602)

정신과 외래 환자에서 우울증상과 무감동의 관계

박정원 ( Jung Won Park ),이문수 ( Moon Soo Lee ),양재원 ( Jae Won Yang ),김승현 ( Seung Hyun Kim ),조숙행 ( Sook Haeng Joe ),정인과 ( In Kwa Jung ) 한국정신병리진단분류학회 2009 精神病理學 Vol.18 No.1

Introduction: Apathy was found in patients with disorders seemingly unrelated with depression such as dementias, stroke, Parkinson`s disease, Alzheimer`s disease, and schizophrenia. As apathy is common in depressive patients and depressive patients with apathy have poorer prognosis than depressive patients without apathy, it might be important that we evaluate the relationship between apathy and depressive symptoms in clinical practice. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between apathy and depressive symptoms in patients using Hamilton Rating Scale for depression(HRSD), Beck depression inventory(BDI), and apathy evaluation scale-clinician version(AES). Method: This study was performed in Korea university medical center, Guro hospital. Outpatients diagnosed as currently having depressive disorders or have achieved state of remission were enrolled (n=70). We translated AES into Korean and performed a cross-sectional assessment using HRSD, BDI and AES. Results: There was a positive correlation between total score of HRSD and the total score of AES (R=0.757, p<0.001). The AES score was higher correlated with subtotal scores of the four apathyrelated items from HRSD; loss of interest, psychomotor retardation, loss of energy, and loss of insight (R=0.827, p<0.001). Moreover, there was a positive correlation between total score of BDI and the total score of AES(R=0.552, p<0.001). In high BDI score group(n=33), 32 patients showed apathy syndrome. However, there was not a positive correlation between total score of BDI and the total score of AES. In low BDI group(n=37), 21 patients showed apathy syndrome. There was not a positive correlation between total score of BDI and the total score of AES. In high HRSD group(n=21), all patients had clinically meaningful apathy syndrome. There was not a positive correlation between total score of HRSD and the total score of AES. On the other hand, in low HRSD group(n=49), 32 patients had apathy syndrome. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between total score of HRSD and the total score of AES(R=0.720, p<0.001). Moreover, there was also a significant correlation between subtotal scores of the four apathy-related items from HRSD and the total score of AES(R=0.793, p<0.001). Conclusion: This cross-sectional study shows that apathy symptoms are different from the depression. However, apathy symptoms frequently coexist with depression. Even if the depressive patients scored below cut-off value in HRSD or BDI as they are in clinically remission state, we should consider the possibility of apathy syndrome.

역류식도염 환자에서 Helicobacter pylori 감염과 Gastrin, Pepsinogen의 관계 -역류식도염과 H. pylori 감염, 위축위염의 관계-

권정현 ( Jung Hyun Kwon ),정인식 ( In Sik Chung ),손혜숙 ( Hye Suk Son ),박재명 ( Jae Myung Park ),조유경 ( Yu Kyung Cho ),이인석 ( In Seok Lee ),김상우 ( Sang Woo Kim ),최명규 ( Myung Gyu Choi ) 대한소화기학회 2008 대한소화기학회지 Vol.51 No.3

목적: H. pylori 감염은 위축 위염의 중요한 원인이 되며, 혈청 gastrin과 pepsinogen (PG) 분비에도 영향을 미친다. 위식도역류질환 환자에서 H. pylori의 빈도가 낮다는 보고들이 있으나 위식도역류질환의 발생과 H. pylori 감염의 관계는 아직도 분명치 않다. 이번 연구에서는 미란 식도염(erosive reflux esophagitis, ERD)의 원인인자인 위산 분비와 관련이 있는 H. pylori 감염과 gastrin, PG I, II 및 I/II 비와의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 환자 2006년 3월부터 10월까지 강남성모병원에서 한 명의 내시경 전문의가 상부위 장관 내시경 검사로 ERD로 진단한 환자를 대상으로 하였고 나이와 성을 대응시켜 대조군을 선정하였다. 두 군 모두 내시경 검사에서 궤양 등의 다른 위장관 질환이 있거나 제균 치료를 받은 자는 제외하였다. 음주와 흡연 유무, 신체질량 지수(BMI)를 조사하였고 H. pylori 감염, 혈청 PG I, II (라텍 스응집면역비탁법)와 gastrin (방사면역측정법)을 검사하였다. 결과 총 45명의 ERD 환자군과 66명의 대조군을 비교하였다. H. pylori 감염은 ERD군에서 대조군보다 낮았다(11.1%vs. 43.9%, p<0.05). PG I/II 비는 ERD군에서 대조군보다 높았다(7.0±3.1 vs. 5.3±2.6, p<0.05). PG II와 gastrin은 ERD군에서 대조군 보다 낮았다(p<0.05), BMI는 ERD군이 대조군보다 높았다(24.46 kg/m2 vs. 23.08 kg/m2, p<0.05). 결론: 한 국인에서 ERD 환자군은 대조군보다 H. pylori 감염률이 낮고, PG I/II 비가 증가되어 있어 역류식도염은 위점막의 위축이 더 적은 환자에서 잘 생기는 것으로 생각한다. PG I/II비는 H. pylori 감염 검사와 함께, ERD 환자군에서 동반되어 있는 위축 위염의 형태나 정도, 위산 분비 정도를 예측해 볼수 있는 인자로서 유용성이 있다고 생각한다. Background/Aims: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is known as a major cause of atrophic gastritis and is associated with serum gastrin, pepsinogen, and gastric acid secretion. There is still a controversial association between gastroesophageal reflux disease and H. pylori infection. This study was designed to investigate the relationship among serum gastrin, pepsinogen, and H. pylori infection in the erosive reflux esophagitis (ERD) patients. Methods: Patients who were diagnosed as ERD by one gastroenterologist at the Kangnam St. Mary`s hospital were prospectively enrolled. The persons without ERD in the control group were matched for age and sex. We examined the gastrin, pepsinogen I (PG I), PG II, PG I/II ratio, and H. pylori infection. Results: Forty five patients were enrolled in ERD group and 66 persons in control group. The H. pylori infection rate in ERD group was lower than that in the control group (11.1% vs. 43.9%, p<0.001). PG I/II ratio in ERD group was higher than that in the control group (7.0±3.1 vs. 5.3±2.6, p=0.003). The PG II (p=0.016) and gastrin (p=0.029) in ERD group were lower than those in the control group. BMI in ERD group was higher than that in the control group (24.5 vs. 23.1 kg/m2, p=0.013). Conclusions: The H. pylori infection rate in ERD group was lower and PG I/II ratio was higher than that in the control group. Reflux esophagitis is thought to be reversely associated with the atrophy of gastric mucosa. (Korean J Gastroenterol 2008;51:159-166)

한국 노인의 우울요인

박인옥(In Ok Park),김진세(Jin Se Kim),이강준(Kang Joon Lee),정인과(In Kwa Jung) 대한노인정신의학회 1998 노인정신의학 Vol.2 No.1

Depression is one of most frequent psychiatric disorders in the elderly. Major depression has higher prevalence in the elderly compared with younger subjects. Depression in the elderly is a major health concern that can be life threatening, if not recognized and not treated. An untreated depression may result in needless suffering, institutionalization, and suicide. Inadequated treatment may occur because the signs and symptoms of depression in the elderly are different from those in the young, and because the depressive symptoms may be viewed by the physician as a normal part of aging. The purpose of this study is to evaluate depressive factors in the Korean elderly. Four hundred and sixty eight Koreans were evaluated for depressive factors in 60 years old or more. The author performed a clinical evaluation guide, an intensive questionnaire, and Mini-Mental Status Examination-Korean version (MMSE-K). Stastically ANOVA, Scheffe, Duncan and Chi-square methods were used to find out depressive factors in the Korean elderly. Depression, dissatisfaction, suicidal idea and distress factors were evaluated in the Korean elderly depressed persons. Depressive factors were associated with physical health problems, family problems, psychiatric health problems, loneliness, economic problems, interpersonal conflicts, and occupational problems. Among these depressive factors, physical health problems were most frequently dominant in the elderly. Physical health problems are closely related to depression in the elderly. Depressive syndromes in the elderly are frequently combined with somatic complaints. And depression may be masked by multiple somatic complaints or by pain, for which no organic cause can be found. However, the etiology and mechanism of the association between physical illness and depression are unkown. Such factors as described above may be important in reducing the high prevalence of depression in elderly people. 한국노인의 우울요인을 조사하기 위하여 정신과에 내원한 주요우울증 환자노인군과 무료복지병원, 복지회관, 파고다 공원 및 경로당의 일반노인군 등 468명을 대상으로 훈련받은 면접원이 1:1 면접 방식으로 인구통계학적 자료와 순위별 요인 분석을 하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 일반노인군보다 환자노인군에서 여자, 동거자녀가 없는 경우, 건강상태가 좋지 않다고 생각하는 경우, 용돈이 없는 경우, 용돈을 약값 및 병원비로 주로 사용하는 경우가 많았다. 그러나 학력, 결혼상태, 경제상태, 용돈액수에는 두 군간의 차이가 없었다. 둘째, 일반노인군과 환자노인군 모두에서 신체적 건 강 문제, 특히 주관적으로 느끼는 건강문제가 있을 때 가장 우울한 것으로 나타났다. 세째, 일반노인군과 환자노인군 모두에서 신체적 건강문제, 특히 현재 앓고 있는 질병이나 사고에 대한 걱정이 있을 때 가장 불만인 것으로 조사되었다. 다음으로 일반노인군에서는 경제적 어려움이 있을 때, 환자노인군에서는 정신적 건강 문제가 있을 때 불만이 있었다고 하였다. 네째, 전체적으로 39.3%의 노인들이 자살사고가 있었으며, 환자노인군은 56.1%로 32.2%인 일반노인군 보다 높은 자살사고를 보였다. 또한 환자노인군과 일반노인군 모두에서 신체적 건강 문제, 특히 현재 앓고 있는 질병이나 사고에 대한 걱정으로 죽고 싶다고 하였으며, 환자노인군에서는 불안, 초조 등의 정신적 건강문제로 죽고 싶다는 경우도 15.6%에서 나타났다. 다섯째, 살아오면서 가장 괴로웠던 사건이나 일은 일반노인군에서는 자녀 걱정이었으나, 환자노인군에서는 배우자와의 갈등이었다. 한국 노인의 우울 요인으로 신체적 건강 문제, 자녀와의 문제, 경제적 어려움이 가장 중요한 것으로 조사되었고, 영속적 상황에서는 배우자와의 갈등이 가장 중요한 우울요인인 것으로 조사되었다. 향후 노인 우울증 환자의 진단 및 평가에 있어서는 이러한 우울요인들이 비중있게 반영되어야 할 것이다. 그리고 본 연구의 제한점이라고 할 수 있는 연령 및 남녀비율의 편중을 고려하여, 더 광범위하게 지역 및 경제적 분포가 고른 대상을 표집하여 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.

GATA-3 is a Key Factor for Th1/Th2 Balance Regulation by Myristicin in a Murine Model of Asthma

이규,이창민,정인덕,정영일,천성학,박희주,최일환,안순철,신용규,이상율,염석란,김종석,박영민,Lee, Kyu,Lee, Chang-Min,Jung, In-Duk,Jeong, Young-Il,Chun, Sung-Hak,Park, Hee-Ju,Choi, Il-Whan,Ahn, Soon-Cheol,Shin, Yong-Kyoo,Lee, Sang-Yull,Yeom, S Korean Society of Life Science 2007 생명과학회지 Vol.17 No.8

Myristicin은 육두구에서 발견되는 고농축 정유 중 하나인 물질이다. 하지만 Th1/Th2 면역반응에서 육두구의 항알레르기 효과는 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. 최근에 Th1/Th2 전사인자로서 T-bet, GATA-3가 밝혀졌는데 이번 실험에서 myristicin이 ovalbumin(OVA)으로 유도한 천식(asthma) 생쥐모델에서 Th1,Th2 싸이토카인과 유전자 발현을 조절할 수 있는가에 대하여 알아보았다. 또한 기관지 폐포 세척액을 회수하여 백혈구의 수적 변화, 제2형 협조T세포(Th2 cell)가 생산하는 IL-4, IL-5의 생산에 미치는 영향과 폐조직에서 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 활성을 측정하였다. 그 결과 기관지 폐포 세척액에서 OVA로 감작하여 천식을 유도한 실험군에서는 호산구의 현저한 증가, Th2 형 싸이토카인(IL-4, IL-5)의 증가가 관찰되었다. 그러나 myristicin을 투여한 그룹에서는 OVA의 감작에 의하여 증가한 각종 염증성 지표들이 감소하거나 정상화 되었다. 또한 OVA에 의하여 증가된 기도저항성이 myristicin 투여에 의하여 감소하였으며 폐조직의 염증성 소견도 뚜렷하게 감소되었다. 이와 같은 연구 결과는 myristicin이 천식의 치료에 유용하게 쓰일 수 있음을 시사해준다. Myristicin, l-allyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-5-methoxybenzene, was one of the major essential oils of nutmeg. However, its anti-allergic effect in the Th1/Th2 immune response was poorly understood. Recently, it was shown that T-bet and GATA-3 was master Th1 and Th2 regulatory transcription factors. In this study, we have attempted to determine whether myristicin regulates Th1/Th2 cytokine production, T-bet and GATA-3 gene expression in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model mice. Myristicin reduced levels of IL-4, Th2 cytokine production in OVA-sensitized and challenged mice. In the other side, it increased $IFN-{\gamma}$, Th1 cytokine production in myristicin administrated mice. We also examined to ascertain whether myristicin could influence eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity. After being sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) showed typical asthmatic reactions. These reactions included an increase in the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung tissue around blood vessels and airways, and the development of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). The administration of myristicin before the last airway OVA challenge resulted in a significant inhibition of all asthmatic reactions. Accordingly, these findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological role of myristicin in terms of its effects in a murine model of asthma.

Naringin Protects Ovalbumin-induced Asthma through the Down-regulation of MMP-9 Activity and GATA-3 Gene

Chang-Min Lee(이창민),Jeong Hyun Chang(장정현),In Duk Jung(정인덕),Young-Il Jeong(정영일),Noh Kyung Tae(노경태),Hee-ju Park(박희주),Jong-Suk Kim(김종석),Yong Kyoo Shin(신용규),Sung Nam Park(박성남),Yeong-Min Park(박영민) 한국생명과학회 2009 생명과학회지 Vol.19 No.6

Naringin은 레몬, 오렌지에서 발견되는 flavonoid계열에 속하는 물질로 여러 식물과 과일에 다량 함유되어 있다. 항암, 항산화 작용을 하는 것으로 알려져 있는 Naringin을 ovalbumin (OVA)으로 유도한 천식(asthma) 생쥐모델을 이용하여 치료효과를 알아 보았다. 기관지 폐포 세척액을 회수하여 백혈구의 수적 변화, 제2형 협조T세포(Th2 cell)가 생산하는 IL-4, IL-5의 생산에 미치는 영향과 폐조직에서 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 활성을 측정하였다. 또한, 최근에 Th1/Th2 전사인자로서 GATA-3가 밝혀졌는데 이번 실험에서 Naringin이 ovalbumin (OVA)으로 유도한 천식(asthma) 생쥐모델에서 Th1, Th2 싸이토카인과 유전자 발현을 조절할 수 있는가에 대하여 알아보았다 그 결과 기관지 폐포 세척액에서 OVA로 감작하여 천식을 유도한 실험군에서는 호산구의 현저한 증가, Th2 형 싸이토카인(IL-4, IL-5)의 증가가 관찰되었다. 그러나 Naringin을 투여한 그룹에서는 OVA의 감작에 의하여 증가한 각종 염증성 지표들이 감소하거나 정상화 되었다. 또한 OVA에 의하여 증가된 기도저항성이 Naringin 투여에 의하여 감소하였으며 폐조직의 염증성 소견도 뚜렷하게 감소되었다. 이와 같은 연구 결과는 Naringin이 천식의 치료에 유용하게 쓰일 수 있음을 시사해준다. The common word flavonoids is often used to classify a family of natural compounds, highly abundant in all higher plants, that have received significant therapeutic interest in recent years. Naringin is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease, neurodegenerative disease, cancer and other chronic diseases; however the molecular basis of this effect remains to be elucidated. Thus we attempted to elucidate the anti-allergic effect of Naringin in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma model mice. The OVA-induced mice showed allergic reactions in the airways. These included an increase in the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, an increase in inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung around blood vessels and airways, airway luminal narrowing, and the development of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). The administration of Naringin before the last airway OVA challenge resulted in a significant inhibition of all asthmatic reactions. Accordingly, this study may provide evidence that Naringin plays a critical role in the amelioration of the pathogenetic process of asthma in mice. These findings provide new insight into the immunopharmacological role of Naringin in terms of its effects on asthma in mice.

적색육어류의 고도불포화지질의 이용에 관한 연구 1. 정어리${\cdot}$고등어의 부위별 지질함량 및 지방산 조성의 계절적 변화

이강호,이병호,정인학,서재수,정우진,김충곤,LEE Kang-Ho,LEE Byeong-Ho,JEONG In-Hak,SUH Jae-Soo,JUNG Woo-Jin,KIM Chung-Gon 한국수산과학회 1986 한국수산과학회지 Vol.19 No.5

As the first part of the studies on utilization of polyunsaturated lipids in red muscled fishes like sardine (Sardinops melanosticta) and mackerel (Scomber japonicus), lipid distribution in body sections, whole body, meat, viscera, skin, and head, lipids, polar and nonpolar, and fatty acid composition of the oils obtained from these body sections, and seasonal variations in fatty acid composition, particularly in the content of polyenoic acids, EPA and DHA, were determined, The content of total lipids was ranged $22.2\%\;to\;27.2\%$ in case of sardine without broad difference between body sections, while in case of mackerel $36.7\%\;to\;38.8\%$ unevenly in skin and head. The lipids of both fish were composed of more than $80\%$ of non-polar lipid and there was not much differences in the fatty acid composition between the lipids, polar and non-polar. The major fatty acids of the lipids were $C_{14:0},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{20:1},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5},\;and\;C_{22:6}$, and these acids, $C_{18:1},\;C_{16:0},\;C_{22:6},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{14:0},\;C_{16:1}$, were in high quantity in order. Seasonal variation in fatty acid composition of sardine oil did not show any great variety between sections. There was a tendency in general that saturated and monoenoic acids began to decrease in winter and showed the minimum in April; hereafter get to increase again, while polyenoic acids showed the maximum in April. Both $C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ acids were high in the season of April to July. Variation in fatty acid content was in a width of $8\%$ for saturated, $5\%$ for monoenoic, and $12\%$ for polyenoic acid. $C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ acid were varied in $9.4\%\;and\;9.8\%$, respectively. In case of mackerel oil, seasonal variation tended same as in sardine oil except the fact that the saturated and monoenoic acid decreased to the minimum in the term of April to July in which the polyenoic acid content was also higher marking $27.3\%\;to\;36.1\%$ in average. Fatty acid variation was in a range of $6.3\%$ for saturated, $8.3\%$ for monoenoic, and $13.8\%$ for polyenoic acid but variation of $C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ acid was 4, $3\%$ and 3, $4\%$ respectively. When fresh sardine was stored for 10 days at $5^{\circ}C$, oxidation was rapidly initialed and consequently resulted in fast loss of $C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ acids. It is concluded from the results that the catch of sardine and mackerel in the season of April to June would be adequate for the preparation of polyunsaturated lipid condenced oil in regard to sectional lipid distribution and its variation in seasons.

미숙아의 신생아 경련

박주형(Joo Hyung Park),정인아(In Ah Jung),한지윤(Ji Yoon Han),성인경(In Kyung Sung),이주영(Ju Young Lee),윤영아(Young Ah Youn),이인구(In Goo Lee) 대한소아신경학회 2012 대한소아신경학회지 Vol.20 No.3

배 경 : 신생아기에는 뇌의 미성숙으로 인하여 경련이 일생 중 가장 흔히 발생하며, 특히 미숙아에서 경련의 발생 빈도가 높다. 신생아 집중 치료가 발전하면서 미숙아의 생존율이 향상되었지만, 생존한 미숙아들의 신경학적 후유증의 빈도 역시 증가되었다. 이에 저자들은 미숙아로 출생하여 경련을 일으킨 환아들을 대상으로 병력, 임상 양상과 검사 소견을 분석하고 그에 따른 예후를 관찰함으로써 미숙아 경련의 특징과 위험인자들을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2009년 3월에서 2012년 2월까지 서울성모병원 신생아 중환자실에 입원한 재태 연령 37주미만으로 출생한 환아 중 경련이 발생한 환아 16명을 대상으로 후향적 조사를 시행하였다. 결 과 : 재태 연령 30주 미만의 환아에서 신생아 경련 발생률이 높았고, 경련의 발생 시기는 생후 1주일 이내가 많았으며, 경련 형태는 비정형적 경련이 많아 일반적인 신생아 경련과 동일하였다. 뇌파검사에서는 75%에서 비정상 소견을 보였는데, 대부분이 간질모양파를 보였고(77.8%) 나머지는 배경파가 억제되어 있었다. 뇌 영상 검사에서는 62.5%에서 이상 소견을 보였는데, 대부분이 뇌실 내 출혈(80%) 이었다. 경련의 위험인자로는 절반의 환아에서 출생 시 가사가 관찰되었고, 주산기 병력을 가진산모인 경우도 43.8%를 차지하고 있었다. 경련을 조절하기 위하여 phenobarbital, phenytoin, 그리고 midazolam을 사용하여 대부분(76.9%)은 조절되었고, 조절 될 때까지의 기간은 평균 4.3±4.2일 이었으나 3명은 사망 시까지 경련이 조절되지 않았다. 항경련제의 투약을 중지할 때까지 걸린 시간은 평균 53.4±28일 이었다. 그리고 추적 관찰 기간 중 경련을 경험한 미숙아의 절반 이상이 정상 발달을 보이고 있었다. 결 론 : 출생 시 가사가 미숙아의 신생아 경련 발생에서 가장 중요한 인자로 생각 되지만 산모의 주산기 병력 역시 신생아 경련 발생과 밀접한 연관성이 있을 것으로 추정된다. 따라서 산모가 주산기 병력이 있는 경우에는 출생 미숙아에 대한 면밀한 관찰과 검사를 통해 경련을 조기에 발견하여 치료할수 있도록 하여야 하며, 이를 위해 뇌파검사가 보다 더 적극적으로 이용되어야 한다. Purpose : Neonatal seizures are the most prominent feature of neonatal neurologic dysfunction, and the lifespan risk for seizures is highest in the neonatal period, especially in preterm infants. This study was aimed to find and analyze the risk factors and clinical profiles of seizures in preterm infants. Methods : Sixteen cases of preterms with seizures were retrospectively reviewed between Mar. 2009 and Feb. 2012. Results : The average gestational age was 30.3±4.1 weeks and 11 patients (68.7%) experienced seizures within 1 week after the birth. Eight cases (50%) had a perinatal asphyxia during the delivery and 7 cases (43.8%) had a history of perinatal maternal illness. Various types of seizures were observed of which subtle seizures were the most common (50%). Electroecephalographies were performed in 12 cases, which showed abnormal findings in 9 cases (75%). Neuroimaging studies were performed in 16 cases and showed abnormal findings in 10 cases (62.5%). Thirteen patients were discharged in the improved state and 3 patients expired. Eight cases had normal outcome, while 3 cases showed developmental delay. Prognosis was unknown in 2 cases due to follow up loss. Conclusion : Neonatal asphyxia is the most important risk factor. Furthermore, infants with a history of perinatal maternal illness appear to be at risk for neonatal seizures. EEG is a sensitive method for assessing seizure activity and prognosis. Monitoring high risk infants with asphyxia and a history of perinatal maternal illness, and early postnatal tracing with EEG is required to detect and manage high risk preterms.