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Enterovirus 71 infection and vaccines
이은제,신윤주,김정환,김태균,장선영 대한백신학회 2017 Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research Vol.6 No.1
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting young children during the spring to fall seasons. Recently, serious outbreaks of HFMD were reported frequently in the Asia-Pacific region, including China and Korea. The symptoms of HFMD are usually mild, comprising fever, loss of appetite, and a rash with blisters, which do not need specific treatment. However, there are uncommon neurological or cardiac complications such as meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis that can be fatal. HFMD is most commonly caused by infection with coxsackievirus A16, and secondly by enterovirus 71 (EV71). Many other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also cause HFMD. Importantly, HFMD caused by EV71 tends to be associated with fatal complications. Therefore, there is an urgent need to protect against EV71 infection. Development of vaccines against EV71 would be the most effective approach to prevent EV71 outbreaks. Here, we summarize EV71 infection and development of vaccines, focusing on current scientific and clinical progress.
신은제(申銀齊) 미술사연구회 2015 미술사연구 Vol.- No.29
The Bulbokjang(佛腹藏) ritual concerned with Making of Buddhist statue had prevailed from the middle of Goryeo Dynasty to the late Joseon Dynasty. Performing the rite, the participants to the rite wrote the dedicatory prayers, named Balwonmun(發願文). The dedicatory prayers introduced us the classical character of participants to a rite, the time when it was written out, the hope of participants. In this paper, I am purposed to study of the dedicatory prayers of the Gilt-bronze Seated Bhaisajyaguru(Medicine Buddha) Statue in Janggoksa temple. Through the research, I will understand the classical character of participants to making of the statue, the hope of participants. The optative sentences were written in 1346, consisted of 9 sheets. The optative sentences had the names of about 1,117 participants. The name of participants and their wish was written in each sheet. Particularly, the dedicatory prayers written by Baeg’un had the most participants and was longest. There were the four scraps of silk fabrics which were written in names, they were stitched up the dedicatory prayers on Baeg’un’s dedicatory prayer. I think that this was affected by the devotion to Buddha Bhaisajyaguru. As you know, only upper class in Goryeo Dynasty had a family name, the participants who got a family name could be looked on as upper classes. According to my analysis, about 35% of them had a family name, therefore they belonged to upper classes. When compared with other dedicatory prayers, especially ones of the Gilt-bronze Seated Amitabha Statue in Munsusa temple, which about 43% of participants was upper classes, the lower classes participanted more in the making of Buddhist statue in Janggoksa temple than in Munsusa temple. Because Buddha Bhaisajyaguru saved the people from disease and death, the lower classes devoted him. By the way there were officials among upper class’s participants. The officials whose public posts were written in that, were 13 people. Most of them were the military officers. I was interested in the fact that there were 29 Gunbuin(郡夫人), who belonged the high level women. A lot of high level women participated in making of the statue, for they believed that Buddha Bhaisajyaguru had ability to transform to a man a woman who couldn’t reach the state of nirvana.
해인사 소장 간경도감 목판의 각수 출신지와 15세기 계수관의 역할- 『四分律刪繁補闕行事紗詳集記』와 『俱舍論頌疏抄』를 중심으로
신은제 한국중세고고학회 2023 한국중세고고학 Vol.- No.13
This study was written to clarify that Gyaesu-gwan(界首官) in the Goryeo Dynasty lasted to the early 15th century. As the role of Anchalsa(按察使) increased since the late 14th century, it has been understood that Gyaesu-gwan(界首官) virtually disappeared in the early Joseon Dynasty. However, analyzing the names of engraver in the two types of the woodblock owned by Haeinsa, Gyaesu-gwan(界首官) continued until 1462-63, when the Gangyeongdogam was active. Haeinsa possesses Sabun-yulsanbeonbogwolhaengsacho and Gusaronsongsocho, which were engraved in the woodblock of Gangyeongdogam. The names of engraver are written on these woodblocks , and they are largely divided into four types. First, only the name is written, second, the place of origin and name are written together, third the Gyaesu-gwan(界首官), place of origin, and name are written, fourth the place of origin, status, name are written. Most of the engraver in the woodblock had surnames, some were students, and some held the military office such as Sajeong(司正). The places of engraving for the woodblocks are Sangju, Andong, and Jinju, where have been the Gyaesu-gwan(界首官) of Gyeongsang-do since the middle of the Goryeo Dynasty. The engravers were from Sangju, Andong, and Jinju. As a result of analyzing the place of origin of engravers, they carved the woodblock at the place, Gyaesu-gwan(界首官) to where they belonged. The engravers were understood to be the ruling class with a family name, and it is thought that the decision was made through voluntary participation.
해인사의 『대방광불화엄경(진본)』 (‘수창판’) 開板과 계승
신은제 한국미술사학회 2022 美術史學硏究 Vol.314 No.314
본 논문은 합천 해인사에 소장되어 있는 『진본 화엄경』 45권 21장인 소위 ‘수창판’의 특징과 그 계승을 분석한 논문이다. 해인사에는 1098년 수창 4년에 제작된 경판이 남아 있다. 수창판은 장석을 사용하지 않았고, 권말에 음운이 있으며, 경판의 바닥면 판각이 거칠며, 함차가 기재되어 있었다. 이러한 특징을 기초로, 현재해인사에 남아 있는 사간판 중복판 『진본 화엄경』 35판을 분석한 결과, 35판 가운데 2판이 수창판임을 확인할수 있었고 26판도 수창판일 가능성이 높았다. 한편 현재 국보로 지정된 해인사 소장 3본 화엄경은 각수의 분석, 경판의 형태, 그리고 사간판 배면에 남아 있는 고려대장경판의 존재를 통해 고려대장경판 『진본 화엄경』과『주본 화엄경』이 판각되기 최소 5년 전에 판각되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 논문은 수창판, 사간판 『진본 화엄경』, 고려대장경판 『진본 화엄경』을 비교하여 매우 중요한 결과를얻을 수 있었다. 사간판 『진본 화엄경』은 수창판의 복각한 것이고 고려대장경판 『진본 화엄경』은 사간판의 복각본이었다. 이는 해인사에서 수창판을 판각한 이래 이 인경본이 고려에서 널리 유행한 결과로 이해된다. 화엄사찰인 해인사는 11세기말부터 화엄경 주요한 화엄경 판각처였고 이것이 고려대장경판이 제작된 13세기까지 이어진 것이다.