야마자키 도시오의 「크리스마스이브(耶蘇聖誕祭前夜)」론 : 식민지 지식인 이광수의 표상에 나타난 "폭력"의 시선

이승신 ( Seung Shin Rhee ) 韓國日語日文學會 2008 日語日文學硏究 Vol.66 No.2

일본의 문학상과 여성작가 -전전(戰前)의 아쿠타가와 문학상, 나오키상 수상자를 중심으로-

이승신 ( Rhee Seung-shin ) 한국일어일문학회 2022 日語日文學硏究 Vol.121 No.-

本稿は'文学賞'という制度のなかで女性作家が創作の主体として作られる過程と様相を捉えようとした。日本で一番有名で、権威が認められる文学賞である芥川文学賞と、直木文学賞を対象とし、1945年以前受賞した中里恒子、芝木好子、堤千代という三人の女性作家と作品を考察した。二つの文学賞が'新人作家'の登竜門として設立された文学賞という点から女性作家の'誕生'のプロセスを捉えるために有効だと判断したからである。今まで芥川文学賞や直木文学賞を受賞した女性作家に関してほとんど研究がなされていない。それに、近代日本の女性文学史のなかでもこれらの女性作家に対してあまり記述されていないのが現状である。本稿の研究を通して個別作家研究や作品研究ではなかなか究明できなかった文学賞選定過程と関連様相をより構造的で'文学制度'の問題として可視化できると考えられる。このために、これらの女性作家たちの作品の特徴を分析し、芥川文学賞や直木文学賞の選考委員たちの選評を通して文学賞の選定過程を具体的に検討した。そのうえ、近代日本の文学賞と女性作家との相関関係について考えてみた。 This paper attempts to understand the process and patterns of the formation of female writers as creative subjects through the institutions of literary awards. I consider the works of three female writers, Nakazato Tsuneko, Shibaki Yoshiko, and Tsutsumi Chiyo, who won before 1945 one of the most recognized and authoritative literary awards in Japan, the Akutagawa Literature Award or the Naoki Literature Award. These literary awards were selected for this study because they were established as gateways for new writers and, as such, were suitable for considering the 'birth' process of female writers. Until now, little research has been conducted on female writers who have won the Akutagawa Literature Award or the Naoki Literature Award, and it seems that even the history of modern Japanese women's literature seldom discusses these female writers. In this paper, I made use of a panoramic view of these writers and their works in order to highlight a structural problem of the literary award selection process and related patterns, which may be difficult to see with research on individual artists or works. To this end, the characteristics of these female artists' works were analyzed, and the literature award selection process was specifically examined through the review of the selections committee members of the Akutagawa Literature Award and Naoki Literature Award. Based on this, we investigated the relationship between modern Japanese literature awards and female writers. his paper attempted to understand the process and patterns of female writers as creative subjects through a system called the Literature Award. The works of three female writers who won before 1945 were reviewed for the Akutagawa Literature Award and the Naoki Literature Award, the most recognized and authoritative literary awards in Japan. This is because in this study, it was judged that these literary awards were suitable for considering the 'birth' process of female writers in that they were established as the gateway to the appointment of 'new writers'. Until now, little research has been conducted on female writers who have won the Akutagawa Literature Award or the Naoki Literature Award, and it seems that modern Japanese women's literature history rarely describes these female writers. In this paper, I had a panoramic view of these writers and their works targeting Through this, it was judged that the literature award selection process and related patterns, which are difficult to identify with individual artist research or work research, could be visualized as more structural and 'literature system'. To this end, the characteristics of these female artists' works were analyzed, and the literature award selection process was specifically reviewed through the review of the sentencing committee members of the Akutagawa Literature Award and Naoki Literature Award. Based on this, we investigated the relationship between modern Japanese literature awards and female writers.

일본과 한국의 "독부물(毒婦物)" 연구 -히라바야시 다이코(平林たい子)와 백신애 소설을 중심으로-

이승신 ( Seung Shin Rhee ) 아시아문화학술원 2016 인문사회 21 Vol.7 No.1

본 연구는 ``독부``를 모티브로 하여 쓰여진 이른바 ``독부물(Poison Woman Tale)``이 한국과 일본에서 어떻게 등장하게 되었는지 비교 검토하고자 하였다. 한국과 일본의 여성작가가 다른 시공간에서 창작한 두 소설이 여주인공이 남편 혹은 정부(情夫)를 살해하는 범죄가 모티브가 되었다는 공통점을 지니고 있는데, 이들 소설의 특징을 ``독부물``이라는 관점에서 분석하고 이들 소설들의 독부 조형의 의미를 사회문화사적으로 고찰하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 일본에서는 근대에 들어서 메이지 시기에 ``독부물``이 유행하였는데 그 중에서도 실재했던 독부 ``다카하시 오덴(高橋お傳)``을 소재로 한 다수의 ``독부물``이 창작되었다. 본고는 일본의 여성작가 히라바야시가 전후에 발표한 소설 『다카하시 오덴』을 대상으로 구체적인 작품분석을 시도하여 ``독부``의 재해석을 통해 새로운 여성상을 구축하고자 하였다고 분석하였다. 한국에서는 식민지 시기 본부살해(本夫殺害)라는 여성범죄가 사회적인 관심을 받고, 이에 대한 미디어의 보도가 잇달았다. 본고에서는 백신애의 소설 『소독부(小毒婦)』가 본부 살해라는 범죄를 모티브로 쓰여진 작품으로, 여주인공 ``색시``가 어떻게 ``소부(小婦)``에서 ``독부``로 만들어지는가를 보여줌으로써, 당시 조선 여성의 현실을 잘 드러내었다고 분석하였다. This study is intended to comparatively examine how so-called ``poison woman tale`` written, of which the motif comes from ``poison woman``, came to appear in Korea and Japan. Two novels written by Korean and Japanese female authors in different space and time have something in common such as female lead character`s crime of killing her husband or lover becoming a motif. And this study aimed at analyzing the characteristics of these novels from the ``poison woman tale`` viewpoint and examining the significance of poison woman formation of these novels from sociocultural history perspective. In modern times, ``poison woman tales`` were popular in the Meiji Period of Japan. Among them, many ``poison woman tales`` about ``Takahashi Oden``, poison woman who really existed, were created. This paper attempted to specifically analyze「Takahashi Oden」, novel published by Hirabayashi, Japanese female author, after war, and the analysis showed that it was intended to establish model of a new woman through the reinterpretation of ``poison woman.`` On the other hand, in Korea, during the colonial period, women`s crime called husband murder attracted social attention. And media reports about this followed one after another. In this paper, the analysis showed that「A Little Bride」, Shinae Baek`s novel, is a work written, of which the motif comes from a crime of killing her husband, and skillfully revealed the reality of Korean women at that time by demonstrating how a ``bride``, main lead character, changed from a ``little bride`` to ``poison woman.``

야마자키 도시오의 양성구유 모티브 소설

이승신(Rhee, Seungshin) 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2014 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.55

본고는 그동안 일본에서도 많이 연구되지 않았던 일본의 근대 작가 야마자키 도시오의 소설을 분석하였다. 근대 초기 일본에서는 서구의 동성애 개념이 전통적인 '남색'개념을 대체하며 새롭게 정착되게 되었고, 이전의 섹슈얼리티 개념을 탈구축하게 되었다. 본고에서는 탐미적이며 이단적인 야마자키 도시오의 문학세계의 특징으로 소년애(동성애) 문학이라는 모티브가 자리하고 있다고 파악하고, 특히 '양성구유'라는 특이한 소재를 문학화한 소설 「동정」, 「밤의 새」 두 작품을 대상으로 고찰하였다. 두 작품에 공통적으로 등장하는 주인공 교지는 이분법적 성별 개념에서 벗어난 신체적 특징으로 인하여, 같은 중학교 학생들에게 강간을 당하는 인물로 그려지고 있는데, 이와같은 강간사건은 교지의 남다른 신체적 특징이 남성적 욕망의 대상이 되었다기 보다는 교지의 성정체성의 모호함으로 인해 생물학적 성의 위반에 가해지는 처벌의 의미로서 그려지고 있다고 보여진다. 이를 계기로 교지는 자신의 성적 정체성에 눈뜨게 되고, 해군사관과 새로운 동성애적 관계를 구축하게 되지만, 결국 현실에 적응하지 못하고 좌절하여 자살을 시도함으로써 작품에서는 '불모의 사랑'으로 그치고 만다. 야마자키 도시오가 양성구유적 인물을 창조하여 시도하고자 한 것은 '남성 동성애'가 갖는 현실적 어려움을 효과적으로 보여주고자 한 것으로, 이 작품에서 양성구유라는 소재는 동성애와 알레고리 관계를 보여주면서 극적이고 전략적으로 사용되고 있다고 판단된다. 야마자키 문학이 세기말적 감수성으로 포착한 문학세계를 일본의 이단문학의 범주에서 새롭게 파악하는 작업은 기존의 문학사를 새롭게 자기매김하고 동시에 일본 문학의 외연을 확장시킬 수 있다고 판단된다. This research analyzed Yamazaki Toshio's novels that there have been few studies in Japan. Yamazaki Toshio is the modern novelist of Japan. The concept of western homosexuality was newly established replacing the concept of'pederasty 'with it and sexuality was built by escaping from the previous concept of it in the early modern period in Japan. This research grasped that a motif called paiderastia (homosexuality) literature was established as the characteristics of Yamazaki Toshio's esthetic and heretical literature world and especially studied the two works of "Virginity" and "The Bird of Night" which made an unique material of androgyny literature. The main character Kyoji is raped by the middle school students of his age due to his physical characteristic out of the dichotomous gender concept, and his ambiguity of gender identity represents the penalty for the violation of biological gender rather than that Kyoji's unusual physical characteristics becomes a target of masculine desires. By this motivation, Kyoji gets to open his eyes to his sexual identity and establish a new homosexual relationship with a naval officer. However, he cannot adapt to reality and is frustrated to try a suicide. In the end, the story ends as a barren love. Yamazaki Toshio tried androgyny by creating the androgynous characters to show the realistic difficulty of male homosexuality effectively. It is judged that the material of androgyny was dramatically used showing the allegory of homosexuality. The work to grasp the literature world that Yamazaki literature got to with fin de siècle sensitivity newly in the category of heretical literature can establish the existing history of literature newly and at the same time, expand Japanese literature's denotation.

야마자키 도시오「크리스마스이브(耶蘇聖誕祭前夜)」론

이승신(Rhee Seungshin) 가천대학교 아시아문화연구소 2007 아시아문화연구 Vol.13 No.-

Reflecting his autobiographic elements and being set with Meiji School, a mission school, as its temporal and spatial background, Yamazaki Toshio’s Christmas Eve is written with "adolescent love" as its motive. This work deserves attention in that a character modeling Lee Gwang-su appears in it, and it shows the author’s aestheticist style. In addition, it is a very interesting work not only to the effect that it contains representation of colonial intellectuals, and but also from the perspective of homosexual literature. This paper, taking Christmas Eve as a novel inscribed with the self-realization of homosexuality, has examined its aspects. Also, it has attempted at an interpretation of the end part of the work in order to understand by what factors the tie built between the two characters in the work is broken. The title of the work, Christmas Eve, expressively shows the irony in which the sin of being revenged on the other, which runs against the spirit of Christmas, and tells us that "I"’s gaze at Lee Bo-gyeong, having ambiguity though "I" looks innocent at first glance, is the sight of ‘violence.’ In this sense, this work is a text revealing the violence of ‘sentimentality,’ and is thought to be a practice visualizing and verbalizing homosexuality usually called a ‘beautiful disease,’and the prejudice or recognition bring it about.

히라바야시 다이코 문학의 재일 조선인 표상으로 보는 에스닉 마이너리티: 전후의 소설 「이 민족 저 민족」을 중심으로

이승신 ( Seungshin Rhee ) 사단법인 아시아문화학술원 2020 인문사회 21 Vol.11 No.6

본 논문은 일본의 근대 여성작가 히라바야시 다이코(平林たい )의 소설 「이 민족 저 민족」을 대상으로 작품에 드러난 재일 조선인 표상을 고찰하고자 하였다. 두 개의 에피소드로 구성된 소설은 각각 전전, 전후의 재일 조선인을 등장시키고 있어 변화된 시대상을 포착하는 작가적 안목이 돋보이는 작품으로 볼 수 있다. 「이 민족 저 민족」은 제2차 세계대전 직후의 일본의 사회상을 잘 반영하고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 특히 당시 일본에 거주했던 재일 조선인의 표상이 잘 드러나고 있다. 전후에 ‘제삼국인’으로 일본에 거주하는 재일 조선인에 대한 비판적 담론이 형성되던 현실을 객관적인 시선으로 담담히 그려내고 전전의 에피소드를 대비시킴으로써 패전 직후의 시공간을 상대화하고 있다고 보여진다. 본고의 연구 성과를 통해 히라바야시가 자신의 작품 속에서 일관되게 추구해온 에스닉 마이너리티 양상의 일단을 밝혀낼 수 있었다고 판단된다. This paper is written by Japanese modern woman writer Hirabayashi Taiko was intended to examine the expression of Korean residents in Japan, which was revealed in its works for These people Those people. The novel, consisting of two episodes, features Koreans in Japan before and after the war, respectively, so it can be seen as a work with a writer’s eye that captures the changed times. “This ethnicity and that nation” not only reflects Japan’s social image right after World War II, but it also reveals the expression of Koreans living in Japan at that time. It is believed that he is dealing with the time and space right after the defeat by calmly portraying the reality of the post-war “Third Nationals” where critical discourse was formed against Koreans living in Japan and preparing for episodes before the war. It is believed that through the results of the original research, Hirabayashi has been able to identify a set of ethnic minority patterns that he has consistently pursued in his work.

‘이단(異端) 문학’으로서의 야마자키 도시오 문학연구

이승신 ( Seungshin Rhee ) 아시아문화학술원 2019 인문사회 21 Vol.10 No.3

본고는 야마자키 도시오의 문학 세계의 중심에 소년애(동성애)라는 모티브가 자리하고 있다고 파악하고, 일본 근대문학에서 특이한 위치를 점하는 이단(異端) 문학이라는 관점에서 탐미적이고 그로 테스크한 문학적 특징을 검토하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 야마자키 도시오의 「어린 승려」라는 작품의 구체적인 분석을 통해 야마자키 문학이 가지고 있는 이단 문학으로서의 가능성을 고찰하고자 하였다. 그 결과 야마자키 도시오 문학이 일본 근대문학 작품에서도 선구적인 이단 문학이라는 점을 규명할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 시도를 통해 기존의 문학사에서 배제되어 온 작품을 발굴하여 일본 근대문학의 외연을 확장할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. This paper identified the motif of boyhood (sympathy) at the center of the literary world of Toshio Yamazaki, and sought to examine the aesthetic and grotesque literary features from the perspective of heresy literature, which has an unusual position in modern Japanese literature. To this end, we wanted to examine the possibility of Yamazaki literature as a heresy literature through a detailed analysis of the work “The Little Monk” by Toshio Yamazaki. As a result, we were able to establish that Yamazaki Toshio is also a pioneering heretical literature in modern Japanese literature. It is believed that such an attempt could expand the scope of modern Japanese literature by excavating works that have been excluded from the existing literary history.

이시카와 다쓰조의 작품에 나타난 조선인 여성 표상

이승신(RHEE, SeungShin) 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2012 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.47

본고는 일본인 작가 이시카와 다쓰조 石川達三의 소설「봉청화」를 대상으로 여주인공 봉청화의 표상을 통해 일본인 남성과 조선인 여성과의 연애가 어떻게 그려지고 있는지를 구체적으로 검토하였다. ‘나’에게 있어 봉청화는 이국적인 존재로서 전형적인 조선인으로 표상되고 있다. 그녀는 조선인임을 은폐하려고 하며, ‘일본인’에 대한 동경과 갈망을 보여주지만, 동시에 일본인에 대한 증오감을 적나라하게 드러내는 인물이다. 이러한 봉청화의 표상은 일본인 남성 ‘나’와의 관계에 있어서도 내지인/조선인, 식민자/피식민자의 구도를 보여주며 관계에 끊임없이 개입한다. 이러한 ‘나’의 시선에 포착된 봉청화의 표상은 식민지소설에 등장하는 전형적인 피식민지인의 유형을 답습하고 있다고 보여진다. ‘나’는 ‘봉청화’에게 일본이 행한 조선침략의 부당성을 주장하는 등 봉청화에 의해 흔들리며 균열을 보여준다. 또한 ‘뱀파이어’로 상징되는 팜므파탈적인 봉청화의 표상은 ‘나’의 호기심과 두려움이 혼재된 식민지적 환상과, 그에게 내재된 성적 억압과 봉청화를 욕망의 대상으로 바라보는 시선을 잘 보여주고 있다고 할 수 있다. 현재의 ‘나’가 과거 회상의 형식으로 기술하는 소설「봉청화」는 ‘나’와 봉청화 두 사람의 엇갈린 시선을 통해 결코 서로의 실체를 파악하지 못한 가운데 관계의 파탄을 맞이하는 일련의 과정을 그려내고 있다. 식민지 정책의 일환으로서 내선일체와 내선결혼이 주창되던 시기에 발표된 이시카와 다쓰조의 「봉청화」는 실제로 일본인 작가 이시카와 다쓰조와 한국의 여류작가 백신애를 모델로 하고 있으며, 작자의 실제체험과 당시의 시국적 요청인 내선결혼(연애)라는 주제를 소재적으로 차용하여 내선연애에 내포된 한계와 모순을 보여주는 대중소설로서 창작되었다고 판단된다. This study specifically reviewed how the love between the Japanese writer, Ishikawa Dasjoe, and a Korean woman named, “Bongcheongwha”, is described through his novel “Bongcheonghwa.” To me, ” Bongcheonghwa” is a very exotic existence, represented as a typical Korean of the Joseon dynasty. She is a figure who shows her longing for a Japanese and expressing her hatred against the Japanese at the same time, while concealing that she is a Korean. Such a look of Bongcheonghwa indicates a composition of a Korea-living Japanese/a Korean colonial, Korean/ a colonizer, ceaselessly involved in the relationship. It appears that the representation of ”Bongcheonghwa” captured in my eyes follows a typical look of a colonial person from the perspective of the relationship with such “I”. The novel, ”Bongcheonghwa”, describes in a form where the current “I” recall the past shows the failure of their relationship not figuring their mutual entity at all through two people’s crossed eyes between “I”"and “Bongcheonghwa”. Ishikawa Tatsuzo’s “Bongcheonghwa” released at the time when the Naeseon Ilche( “Korea and Japan are one”) was advocated and the Naeson Marriage (Marriage between Korean and Japan) adopts a real Japanese male writer, “Ishikawa Dasjoe,” and a real Korean female writer,” Back Shinae” as the models of the novel. Given this, it appears that this novel was created as a popular novel that shows the limitations and contradictions contained in the Naeson Love by borrowing an author"s actual experience and the time request, the “Naeson Marriage” as the material of the novel. 본고는 일본인 작가 이시카와 다쓰조 石川達三의 소설「봉청화」를 대상으로 여주인공 봉청화의 표상을 통해 일본인 남성과 조선인 여성과의 연애가 어떻게 그려지고 있는지를 구체적으로 검토하였다. ‘나’에게 있어 봉청화는 이국적인 존재로서 전형적인 조선인으로 표상되고 있다. 그녀는 조선인임을 은폐하려고 하며, ‘일본인’에 대한 동경과 갈망을 보여주지만, 동시에 일본인에 대한 증오감을 적나라하게 드러내는 인물이다. 이러한 봉청화의 표상은 일본인 남성 ‘나’와의 관계에 있어서도 내지인/조선인, 식민자/피식민자의 구도를 보여주며 관계에 끊임없이 개입한다. 이러한 ‘나’의 시선에 포착된 봉청화의 표상은 식민지소설에 등장하는 전형적인 피식민지인의 유형을 답습하고 있다고 보여진다. ‘나’는 ‘봉청화’에게 일본이 행한 조선침략의 부당성을 주장하는 등 봉청화에 의해 흔들리며 균열을 보여준다. 또한 ‘뱀파이어’로 상징되는 팜므파탈적인 봉청화의 표상은 ‘나’의 호기심과 두려움이 혼재된 식민지적 환상과, 그에게 내재된 성적 억압과 봉청화를 욕망의 대상으로 바라보는 시선을 잘 보여주고 있다고 할 수 있다. 현재의 ‘나’가 과거 회상의 형식으로 기술하는 소설「봉청화」는 ‘나’와 봉청화 두 사람의 엇갈린 시선을 통해 결코 서로의 실체를 파악하지 못한 가운데 관계의 파탄을 맞이하는 일련의 과정을 그려내고 있다. 식민지 정책의 일환으로서 내선일체와 내선결혼이 주창되던 시기에 발표된 이시카와 다쓰조의 「봉청화」는 실제로 일본인 작가 이시카와 다쓰조와 한국의 여류작가 백신애를 모델로 하고 있으며, 작자의 실제체험과 당시의 시국적 요청인 내선결혼(연애)라는 주제를 소재적으로 차용하여 내선연애에 내포된 한계와 모순을 보여주는 대중소설로서 창작되었다고 판단된다. This study specifically reviewed how the love between the Japanese writer, Ishikawa Dasjoe, and a Korean woman named, “Bongcheongwha”, is described through his novel “Bongcheonghwa.” To me, ” Bongcheonghwa” is a very exotic existence, represented as a typical Korean of the Joseon dynasty. She is a figure who shows her longing for a Japanese and expressing her hatred against the Japanese at the same time, while concealing that she is a Korean. Such a look of Bongcheonghwa indicates a composition of a Korea-living Japanese/a Korean colonial, Korean/ a colonizer, ceaselessly involved in the relationship. It appears that the representation of ”Bongcheonghwa” captured in my eyes follows a typical look of a colonial person from the perspective of the relationship with such “I”. The novel, ”Bongcheonghwa”, describes in a form where the current “I” recall the past shows the failure of their relationship not figuring their mutual entity at all through two people’s crossed eyes between “I”"and “Bongcheonghwa”. Ishikawa Tatsuzo’s “Bongcheonghwa” released at the time when the Naeseon Ilche( “Korea and Japan are one”) was advocated and the Naeson Marriage (Marriage between Korean and Japan) adopts a real Japanese male writer, “Ishikawa Dasjoe,” and a real Korean female writer,” Back Shinae” as the models of the novel. Given this, it appears that this novel was created as a popular novel that shows the limitations and contradictions contained in the Naeson Love by borrowing an author"s actual experience and the time request, the “Naeson Marriage” as the material of the novel.

소비자전문상담사 국가기술자격 개발 연구

이승신(Seung Sin Lee),이기춘(Kee Choon Rhee),박명희(Myung Hee Park),송인숙(In Sook Song),이은희(Eun Hee Lee),제미경(Mie Kyung Jae) 한국소비자학회 2001 소비자학연구 Vol.12 No.2

This study proposed the test model for national certification of consumer counseling professionals. First, the background of the necessity of national certification of consumer counseling professionals, the similar certifications in other country, the institutions for education and training, the roles and job opportunities of consumer counseling professionals were reviewed. Second, a survey was carried to analyze the tasks of consumer counseling professionals. The sample included consumer counseling professionals in businesses, public institutions, consumer organizations. The certification was divided into two level. And specific detail lists of each job, task and role were made. Based on the review and analysis. the test system of national certification for consumer counseling professionals was proposed.

교양일본어 튜터링 프로그램의 운영사례 연구 ― 활동내용과 참여자의 만족도를 중심으로 ―

임서연 ( Rim Seo-yeon ),이승신 ( Rhee Seung-shin ) 한국일본어교육학회 2021 日本語敎育 Vol.- No.97

In this paper, in order to examine the case of the Japanese language tutoring program, what kind of activities were conducted by the tutors in the tutoring program at S University in the second semester of 2020. After the activity, a survey was conducted to investigate the feelings and satisfaction of learners and tutors. First, the activity contents were analyzed by learning level. The tutoring activity of beginner-level focused on textbooks, practicing reading texts or using patterns, and practicing to make example sentences using sentence patterns. In the case of the tutoring activity of elementary and intermediate level, it consists of more diverse activities such as watching and discussing Japanese news, watching animations, and correcting writing, and the activities are tailored to the learner. The tutoring activity of the ‘Japanese Conversation’ class consists of a free-talking activity that compares the cultures of Korea and Japan by setting a topic other than the textbook. Next, after completing the tutoring, a survey was conducted for Korean tutees and Japanese tutors. As a result, both Korean tutees and Japanese tutors were satisfied. In the case of Korean tutee, all answered that it was helpful for understanding Japanese culture or cultural exchange. In the case of a Japanese tutor, in response to the question of ‘what was good or realized through the activities,’ they mentioned reflection on their native language and reward for their learners.