Benefits of Angiotensin Receptor Blockade: Preventing Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence and Beyond

송박용,김재호 대한심장학회 2019 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.49 No.7

생리, 약학적 관점에서 fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)의 대사 효과 고찰

송박용(Parkyong Song) 한국생명과학회 2020 생명과학회지 Vol.30 No.7

간, 췌장 및 지방 조직에서 많은 수준으로 합성되는 섬유 아세포 성장 인자 21(FGF21)은 FGF19과 FGF23와 함께 FGF 패밀리의 비정형 구성원에 속해 있다. FGF21은 발현 조직에 따라 endo/paracrine특징을 보여주며, 포도당 대사 및 에너지 항상성을 포함하는 많은 종류의 대사 경로를 조절하고 있다. 생리학적 조건 하에서 많은 종류의 스트레스가 조직 별 FGF21의 합성을 유도한다고 알려져 있고, 이렇게 증가한 FGF21은 위와 같은 스트레스에 적응하거나 방어하기 위한 세포 내 기전을 활성화 시키게 된다. 이 과정에서 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) 및 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)가 지방 및 간 조직에서 FGF21의 발현을 조절하는 대표적인 전사 조절자로 알려져 있다. 지난 10년간의 연구를 통해 약리학적FGF21 투여는 체중을 감소시키고 비만 마우스 및 2 형 당뇨병 환자에서 인슐린 감수성 및 지단백질 프로파일을 개선시키는 것으로 보고되었고, 이를 바탕으로 FGF21은 제 2 형 당뇨병, 비만 및 비 알콜 성 지방간 질환(NAFLD)의 치료제로서 큰 주목을 받아 왔다. 그러나 조직 별 상이한 FGF21 발현의 역설적 조건 및 생리 약학적 기능의 차이로 인해 FGF21의 이해는 여전히 부족한 수준에 있다. 따라서 본 총설을 통해 FGF21의 조직 특정 기능 및 해당 동작 메커니즘을 포함한 이전 연구들에서 발생하였던 흥미로운 문제를 논의하고, FGF21 아날로그를 이용한 임상 시험의 현 상황을 요약하고자 한다. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an atypical member of the FGF protein family which is highly synthesized in the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue. Depending on the expression tissue, FGF21 uses endo- or paracrine features to regulate several metabolic pathways including glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. Different physiologically stressful conditions such as starvation, a ketogenic diet, extreme cold, and mitochondrial dysfunction are known to induce FGF21 synthesis in various tissues to exert either adaptive or defensive mechanisms. More specifically, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha control FGF21 expression in adipose tissue and liver, respectively. In addition, the pharmacologic administration of FGF21 has been reported to decrease the body weight and improve the insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein profiles of obese mice and type 2 diabetes patients meaning that FGF21 has attracted huge interest as a therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, understanding FGF21 remains complicated due to the paradoxical condition of its tissue-dependent expression. For example, nutrient deprivation largely increases hepatic FGF21 levels whereas adipose tissue-derived FGF21 is increased under feeding condition. This review discusses the issues of interest that have arisen from existing publications, including the tissue-specific function of FGF21 and its action mechanism. We also summarize the current stage of a clinical trial using several FGF21 analogs.

영어경시대회 측정도구의 과업별 적절성 검증 및 개선 방안

송미정,박용예 서울대학교 어학연구소 2002 語學硏究 Vol.38 No.1

This study analyzes the validity of the tasks in Test of oral Proficiency (TOP) and Test of Writing Proficiency (TWP) as means of evaluating advanced-level high school students' English proficiency in a nation-wide English contest. For this purpose, both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. The results show that all the tasks are statistically valid except for Task Ⅰ (Answering simple questions) for Group Ⅱ (who have stayed overseas longer than one year). The examination of students' recorded responses for TOP reveals how differently Groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ responded to the tasks and what can be done to improve task questions. Based on the findings, we suggest that for TOP, the current format be maintained for Group Ⅰ (who have stayed overseas shorter than one year). For Group Ⅱ, however, a modified use of TOP or its replacement with interviews is recommended. For TWP, since Task Ⅰ (Summary) and Ⅳ (Free writing) among the four tasks are very effective to measure students' writing proficiency, we recommend to use these two tasks alone instead of using all four of the tasks. We also suggest that a thorough training and detailed guidelines be provided for raters.

대학 교양영어 교육의 통합적 접근: 서울대학교 대학영어 프로그램의 사례 연구

송미정,박용예 한국영어교육학회 2004 ENGLISH TEACHING(영어교육) Vol.59 No.2

This paper aims to introduce a freshmen English course called College English at Seoul National University and to provide the overall evaluation of the course both quantitatively and qualitatively. The course was designed to improve students’ four skills in English in an intergrated way. In order to assess the effectiveness of the course, this study first examined several test results of the students who took College English in Spring, 2003. The tests used include both pre- and post-test results of a general English proficiency test (TEPS), an oral interview, and a writing test. The results show that the students made statistically significant progress in speaking, listening, and writing. The study also examined survey questionnaires collected from both the students and the instructors. The results show overall satisfaction from the respondents but they also indicated several areas that can be further improved. It is hoped that this study can provide a useful model for instructors and administrators of freshmen English courses in other universities.

차광처리에 따른 병풍쌈의 용기 내 발아 및 초기생장 특성

송기선 ( Ki Seon Song ),전권석 ( Kwon Seok Jeon ),김창환 ( Chang Hwan Kim ),윤준혁 ( Jun Hyuck Yoon ),박용배 ( Yong Bae Park ),김종진 ( Jong Jin Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.4

This study was carried out in order to investigate the germination and the early growth characteristicsof Parasenecio firmus. Seed pre-treatment before the each experiment was carried out by shading treatment (withdrying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT) and water soaking (WS) for 48 hours). Experiment was performed by shading treatment (full sunlight, 35%, 50%, 75%, and 95% shading). Seeds ofParasenecio firmus were surveyed the highest germination rate (61.1%) in full sunlight with WS (overall25.7~61.1%). Height was surveyed the highest under 95% shading. And root collar diameter was surveyed thehighest in full sunlight. Fresh weights (leaf, shoot, root and total) were the highest under 50% shading. Dry weights(leaf, shoot and total) were the highest under 75% shading. It was indicated the lowest leaf, shoot, root and totalunder 95% shading. Leaf growth (leaf area, leaf length, leaf width and leaf thickness) and root growth (total rootlength, root project area, root surface area, root diameter and root volume) were good under 35%~75% shading,but the lowest under 95% shading. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, seed of Parasenecio firmusgrows well under 50%~75% shading after germination by high sunlight with water soaking (WS).

차광수준이 곰취 유묘의 생장 및 형태적 특성에 미치는 영향

송기선,진권석,김창환,윤준혁,박용배,김종진 (사) 한국생물환경조절학회 2014 생물환경조절학회지 Vol.23 No.2

This study was carried out to survey the early growth characteristics of Ligularia fischeri, plants of halfshadedgrounds, primarily used as functional wild edible greens and examine its shading treatment to transplant seedling. The shading treatment was regulated with the shading level(full sunlight, 35%, 50%, 75%, and 95% of full sunlight). According to the experiment, the height was the highest under 75% of shading (17.3 cm), and root diameterwas the highest under full sunlight (2.13 mm). It was found that fresh weight (leaf, shoot, root and whole) was thehighest (1.784 g, 1.330 g, 0.791 g, 3.905 g respectively ) under 50% of shading. In case of dry weight, leaf, shoot andwhole dry weight were surveyed the highest under 35% of shading, and root dry weight was the highest under fullsunlight. It was found that S/R ratio and moisture contents (leaf, shoot, root and whole) were the highest under 95%of shading. Leaf area was the highest under 50% of shading (39.3 cm2) and the higher shading level, the higher SLAand LAR. It was surveyed that the higher shading level, the thinner leaf thickness. In case of root characteristics, itwas showed that the relatively high height growth under 35%~75% of shading, excepting 95% of shading. As aresult of surveying the whole experiment, it is concluded that the early growth of L. fischeri is more effective in producingit under 50% of shading. 본 연구는 기능성 산채로서 수요가 확대되고 있는 곰취를 포장에서 본격적으로 생산하는데 필요한 이식용 유묘를 생산하는 과정에서 차광처리가 반음지식물인 곰취유묘의 초기 생장에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자실시하였다. 실험은 차광수준(전광 및 35, 50, 75, 95%차광)을 달리하여 실시하였으며, 차광별 생장과 형태적특성을 각각 조사하였다. 실험 결과, 곰취의 초장은75%차광에서 17.3cm, 뿌리직경은 전광에서 2.13mm로가장 높은 생장을 보인 것으로 조사되었다. 부위별(잎,줄기, 뿌리) 및 전체 생체중은 모두 50% 차광에서 각각1.784g, 1.330g, 0.791g, 3.905g으로 가장 높은 것으로조사되었다. 건물중의 경우, 지상부(잎, 줄기)와 전체 건물중은 35% 차광에서, 뿌리는 전광에서 가장 높게 나타났다. S/R율, 부위별(잎, 줄기, 뿌리) 및 전체 함수율은모두 95% 차광에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 엽면적은 50% 차광에서 39.3cm2로 가장 높게 조사되었으며,SLA와 LAR은 차광 처리구에서 차광률이 높아질수록증가하였다. 엽두께는 차광률이 높아질수록 얇아지는 경향을 보였다. 뿌리 특성에서는 95% 차광을 제외하고 전반적으로 좋은 생장을 보였으나 상대적으로 35~75% 차광에서 세근발달이 더 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험결과를 종합적으로 살펴보면, 곰취의 유묘는 50% 차광처리하여 생육하는 것이 포장 이식용 유묘 생산에 보다효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

고로쇠나무 종자 수확시기에 따른 발아특성 및 초기생육

송기선,윤준혁,전권석,김창환,박용배,김종진 한국약용작물학회 2016 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Background : Acer pictum is a deciduous tree belonging to the family Aceraceae. This study was conducted to collect basic data on mass propagation techniques by surveying the germination and growth characteristics of A. pictum seeds. Methods and Results : A. pictum seeds were harvested in 2014 on August 19, September 5, September 29 and October 31. The seeds were then sown on the same dates they were harvested. A portion of seeds harvested in August 2014 were stored at low temperatures and subsequently sown on March 11, 2015. The germination rate of A. pictum seeds was highest in seeds that were stored harvested on October 31. Mean germination time (MGT) was shortest and germination velocity (Rs) was fastest in seeds harvested on October 31. Root collar diameter, total root length, and dry weight were also highest from seeds collected October 31. Conclusions : A. pictum seeds harvested on October 31 had highest germination and growth rates compared with seeds harvested on earlier dates. It is expected that these results demonstrating optimum harvesting and sowing dates will be applicable to future seedling production for this tree species.

임간재배지 내 차광처리에 따른 하수오의 뿌리생장 및 생리적 반응

송기선(Ki-Seon Song),전권석(Kwon-Seok Jeon),최규성(Kyu-Seong Choi),김창환(Chang-Hwan Kim),김동윤(Dong-Yoon Kim),박용배(Yong-Bae Park),김종진(Jong-Jin Kim) 한국약용작물학회 2015 한국약용작물학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.1

차광처리에 따른 곰취 유묘의 생장 특성

송기선 ( Ki Seon Song ),전권석 ( Kwon Seok Jeon ),김창환 ( Chang Hwan Kim ),윤준혁 ( Jun Hyuck Yoon ),김동윤 ( Dong Yoon Kim ),박용배 ( Yong Bae Park ),김종진 ( Jong Jin Kim ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

본 연구는 기능성 산채로서 수요가 확대되고 있는 곰취를 대상으로 차광처리가 반음지식물인 곰취 유묘의 초기 생장에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 실시하였다. 실험은 차광수준(전광 및 35, 50, 75, 95% 차광)을 달리하여 실시하였으며, 차광별 생장과 형태적 특성을 각각 조사하였다. 실험 결과, 곰취의 초장은 75%차광에서 17.3cm, 근원직경은 전광에서 2.13mm로 가장 높은 생장을 보인 것으로 조사되었다. 부위별(잎, 줄기, 뿌리) 및 전체 생중량은 모두 50% 차광에서 각각 1.784g, 1.330g, 0.791g, 3.905g으로 가장 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 건중량의 경우, 지상부(잎, 줄기)와 전체 건 중량은 35% 차광에서, 뿌리는 전광에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 엽면적은 50% 차광에서 39.3cm2로 가장 높게 조사되었으며, SLA와 LAR은 차광 처리구에서 차광률이 높아질수록 증가하였다. 엽두께는 차광률이 높아질수록 얇아지는 경향을 보였다. 뿌리 특성에서는 95% 차광을 제외하고 전반적으로 좋은 생장을 보였으나 상대적으로 35∼75% 차광에서 세근발달이 더 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 본 실험 결과를 종합적으로 살펴보면, 곰취는 높은 광도로 인한 피해를 입은 전광과 저조한 생장을 보인 95% 차광을 제외한 35%∼75% 차광에서 상대적으로 좋은 유묘 생산이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. This study was carried out surveys on early growth characteristics of Ligularia fischeri, plants of half-shaded grounds, primarily used as functional wild edible greens. The shading treatment was regulated with the shading level (full sunlight, 35%, 50%, 75%, and 95% of full sunlight). According to the experiment, the height was the highest under 75% of shading (17.3cm), and root collar diameter was the highest under full sunlight (2.13mm). It was found that fresh weight (leaf, shoot, root and whole) was the highest (1.784g, 1.330g, 0.791g, 3.905g respectively) under 50% of shading. In case of dry weight, leaf, shoot and whole dry weight were surveyed the highest under 35% of shading, and root dry weight was the highest under full sunlight. Leaf area was the highest under 50% of shading (39.3cm2) and the higher shading level, the higher SLA and LAR. It was surveyed that the higher shading level, the thinner leaf thickness. In case of root characteristics, it was showed that the relatively high height growth under 35%∼75% of shading, excepting 95% of shading. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, if the early growth of L. fischeri is performed under 35%∼75% of shading, excepting full sunlight and 95% of shading, it would be more productive.

충청북도 농촌 지역의 강수의 산성도에 관한 기초 연구

송기형,정용승,박국태,박용남 한국교원대학교 환경과학연구소 1993 환경연구논문집 Vol.- No.1

In this study the quantities of the inorganic ions in the precipitation of the rural area of Choongbook Province are analyzed. The sampling period of the study was between February and June of 1991. Anion concentrations were determined by ion chromatography. Metal cation concentrations were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Nessler's reagent was used for ammonium ion. The average pH of the rain was 4.6. Occasionally, however, acidic rain of pH 3.5 was found. The ratio of anion/cation was 0.57, where the concentraions of anion was much smaller than the same of the cation. This was attributed to the high concentrations of the ammonium ion. Ion concentrations where higher in February and March than other months. Also, it was found that the 2[SO₄?] + [NO₃?]-[NH₄?] gave the highest correlation with the pH values.