장애인단체 종사자의 직무 스트레스 결정요인 연구 - 종사자 집단(장애인, 비장애인) 비교 분석을 중심으로 -

문영임(Youngim Moon),이성규(Seongyu Lee),김지혜(Jihye Kim) 경기연구원 2023 GRI 연구논총 Vol.25 No.1

원 · 하청기업의 임금 격차 및 해소방안에 관한 연구 - 공급측 요인과 수요측 요인의 종합적 접근 -

문영만(Moon, Young-Man) 한국지역사회학회 2019 지역사회연구 Vol.27 No.2

본 연구는 원·하청기업의 임금 격차 및 결정요인을 공급측 요인뿐만 아니라 수요측 요인도 함께 분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, Oaxaca-Blinder의 임금 격차 요인분해법을 활용하여 공급측 요인의 임금 격차 요인을 분해한 결과, 원·하청기업의 총임금격차는 47.5%였으며, 이 중 인적자본 등의 차이에 의한 임금 격차가 28.8%이고, 차별에 의한 임금 격차가 18.7%로 추정되었다. 임금 격차의 주요한 요인은 기업 규모, 근속연수, 학력 순이었으며, 비제조업보다 제조업에서 더 컸다. 둘째, 기업의 경영실적 등 수요측 요인의 임금 격차 요인을 분해한 결과, 총임금격차는 39.1%였으며, 이 중 기업특성 등의 차이에 의한 임금 격차가 32.2%, 차별에 의한 임금 격차가 6.3%로 추정되었다. 임금 격차에 미치는 영향력은 기업 규모, 부가가치 노동생산성, 노조, 외주비율 순으로 컸다. 셋째, 하청기업의 임금 결정요인을 추정한 결과, 공급측 요인은 남성, 연령, 학력, 노조, 근속연수 등의 변수가 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치고, 비정규직 변수는 부(-)의 영향을 미쳤다. 수요측 요인은 자본집약도, 연구개발비(t-3), 부가가치 노동생산성, 노조 변수는 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 반면, 외주비율과 거래집중도 변수는 하청기업의 임금에 부(-)의 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 분석결과는 원·하청기업의 임금 격차를 해소하기 위해서는 인적자본의 차이 등 공급측 요인뿐만 아니라 기업의 경영실적 등 수요측 요인도 함께 고려하여 종합적으로 접근할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. First, As a result of decomposing the total wage gap and factor of supply side factors using factor decomposition method of Oaxaca-Blinder, the gross wage gap of the flagship company and subcontractors was 47.5%. Among them, the wage gap due to the difference in human capital was 28.8%, and the wage gap due to discrimination was estimated at 18.7%. Second, the total wage gap was 39.1% as a result of decomposing the gross wage gap and factors due to demand side factors such as business performance. Among them, the wage gap was 32.2% due to differences in characteristics of firms, The wage gap due to discrimination was estimated at 6.3%. Third, as a result of estimating the wage determinants of the subcontractors, the supply side factors had a significant positive effect on the variables such as gender (male = 1), age, education, labor union, and years of service. The demand-side factors had a significant positive impact on capital intensity, R & D expenditure (t-3), value added labor productivity, and unions. However, the outsourcing ratio and transaction concentration variables were negatively related to wages of subcontractors.

노동문제에 대한 통계적 분석 : 패널데이터를 이용한 정규직과 비정규직의 노동조합 가입의향 결정요인

문영만 ( Young Man Moon ) 한국산업노동학회 2013 산업노동연구 Vol.19 No.2

본 연구는 한국노동패널데이터(6차~13차)를 병합하여 정규직과 비정규직의 노조가입의 향 결정요인에 대해 ‘패널 로짓 확률효과 모형’을 사용하여 분석하였다. 종속변수인 노조가입의향에 대해 정규직은 성별, 연령, 사업체 규모, 임금, 직무만족도, 노조만족도, 이직의사, 직종(생산기능직) 등의 변수가 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미쳤으며, 비정규직은 연령, 학력(대학원졸), 사업체규모, 고용안정, 노조만족도, 이직의사, 직종(생산기능직) 등의 변수가 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 연령, 사업체규모, 노조만족도, 이직의사, 직종(생산기능직) 변수는 고용형태와 관계없이 정규직과 비정규직 모두에서 노조가입의향에 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 반면, 성별, 임금, 학력, 고용안정성 변수는 고용형태에 따라 다르게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 각 변수별로 노조가입의향에 어느 정도 영향을 미치는 지를 살펴보기 위해 승산비를 분석한 결과, 정규직은 노조만족도(3.2배), 이직의사(1.9배), 성별(1.5배), 사업체규모(대기업1.5배, 중기업 1.3배) 순으로 영향을 미쳤으며, 비정규직은 노조만족도(3.6배), 사업체규모(대기업 3.0배, 중기업 2.0배), 이직의사(1.9배), 직종(생산기능직 1.8배) 순으로 영향을 미쳤다. 따라서 비노조원의 노조가입의향을 높이기 위해서는 최우선적으로 노조만족도를 높일 필요가 있으며, 정규직과 비정규직의 고용형태별 특성을 고려할 필요가 있다. 또한 노조가입률이 지속적으로 하락하고 있으나 비노조원의 24%가 노조가입의향이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 잠재된 수요를 노조가입으로 연결시키기 위해서는 노조가 없는 사업장에 노조를 적극적으로 공급함과 더불어 정규직노조의 가입범위를 비정규직까지 확장할필요가 있다. This study analyzed the determinants of the regular and non-regular employees` willingness to join the labor unions by using the ``panel logit random effect model`` after combing the Korean Labor and Income Panel Data (KLIPS) (6th~13th). As for the willingness of joining labor unions which is a dependent variable, the variables such as gender, age, business size, wage, job satisfaction, union satisfaction, turnover intention, job type (production and technical posts) had a statistically significant effect on the regular employees, while the variables such as age, education (graduate diploma), business size, employment stability, union satisfaction, turnover intention, job type (production and technical posts) had a significant effect on non-regular employees. While the variables such as age, business size, turnover intention, job type (production and technical posts) had a statistically significant effect on the willingness of joining labor unions in both of the regular and non regular employees regardless of the employment type, the variables such as gender, wage, education, employment stability were found to have an effect differently depending on the employment type. In addition, as a result of analyzing the odds ratio to investigate the extent to which each variable has effect on the willingness of joining labor unions, the regular employees were affected by the variables in the order of union satisfaction (3.2 times), turnover intention (1.9 times), gender (1.5 times), and business size (large businesses, 1.5 times; medium sized businesses, 1.3 times), while the non-regular employees were affected by the variables in the order of union satisfaction (3.6 times), business size (large businesses, 3.0 times; medium-sized businesses, 2.0 times), turnover intention (1.9 times), and job type (production and technical posts, 1.8 times). Therefore, in order to increase the non-regular employees` willingness to join labor unions, there is a need to increase union satisfaction as a priority, and the characteristics of the regular and non-regular employees by employment type need to be considered. Additionally, it has been analyzed that 24% of the non-union members have the willingness to join labor unions although the rate of joining unions is continuously decreasing, In order to connect these potential demands to joining labor unions, there is a need to expand the range of joining regular employees` labor unions to non-regular employees as well as providing labor unions actively for the workplaces without a labor union.

외국인노동자의 종사상 지위별 임금격차 및 임금결정 요인에 관한연구

문영만 ( Young-man Moon ) 한국산업노동학회 2016 산업노동연구 Vol.22 No.2

본 연구는 통계청의 『외국인고용조사』 2012년~2015년도 원시자료를 사용하여 외국인노동자 임금격차 및 임금결정 요인을 분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 외국인노동자들의 임금수준은 동일한 조건의 내국인노동자에 비해 낮았으며, 특히 상용직에서 내ㆍ외국인노동자 간의 임금격차가 크게 나타났다. 둘째, 회귀분석을 통해 외국인노동자들의 임금결정 요인을 추정해 본 결과, 종사상지위(상용직=1), 성별(남=1), 연령, 혼인상태(배우자 유=1), 학력, 근속연수, 산업(제조업=1), 직업(기능직=1)변수 등이 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 근무지역(수도권 =1), 국적(아시아=1), 체류자격(고용허가제=1) 변수는 부(-)의 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 종사상 지위별로 임금결정요인을 추정해 본 결과, 상용직과 달리 임시ㆍ일용직은 학력, 산업변수에서 유의한 영향이 없었으며, 근무지역 변수는 상반된 결과가 나왔다. 셋째, 내ㆍ외국노동자들의 임금결정요인을 비교ㆍ분석해 본 결과, 외국노동자들은 내국인노동자들에 비해 종사상지위, 성별, 학력 등의 변수는 임금에 상대적으로 적은 영향을 미치는 반면, 노동시간과 관리ㆍ전문직은 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 외국인력 정책에서 가장 중요한 내ㆍ외국인노동자 간의 동일노동 동일임금 원칙을 실현하기 위해서는 상대적으로 저임금을 받고 있는 외국인노동자들의 임금을 높일 필요가 있으며, 이러한 정책을 펴는 데 있어서 외국인노동자들의 임금에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 결정요인들을 고려할 필요가 있다. This study analyzed the wage differentials and wage determinants of foreign workers using the 2012~2015 raw data of “Foreigner Employment Investigation” released by Statistics Korea, and the results are as follows: First, the wage level of foreign workers was significantly lower than that of domestic workers in the same conditions, and the wage differentials between domestic regular workers and foreign regular workers were particularly large. Second, as a result of the estimation for the wage determinants of foreign workers through a regression analysis, the status of work (regular employee=1), gender (male=1), age, marital status (married, spouse present=1), education, years of service, industry (manufacturing=1) and occupation (technical employee=1) variables had significant positive (+) impacts, while the working area (metropolitan area=1), nationality (Asia=1) and residence status (employment permit system=1) variables had negative (-) impacts. Furthermore, as a result of the estimation for the wage determinants by the status of work, industry variables had no significant impacts on temporary and daily workers unlike regular employees, and the working area variable showed a contradictory result. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the wages of foreign workers who receive relatively lower wages in order to realize the principle of equal pay for equal work, which is the most important thing in the foreign manpower policy, and it is necessary to take into consideration the determinants that have significant impacts on the wages of foreign workers in implementing these policies.

문법교육 : 문법 탐구 과제의 해결 경험에 대한 학습자 반응 사례 연구

문영은 ( Young Eun Moon ),김은성 ( Eun Sung Kim ),최신인 ( Shin In Choi ),최은정 ( Eun Jeong Choi ),이세연 ( Se Yeon Lee ) 한국문법교육학회 2014 문법 교육 Vol.21 No.-

This study investigates which intellectual stimulus learners experience in the process of the inquiry learning of grammar and which reponses they make as a result. The ultimate goal of this study is to emphasize the necessity that learners should be considered as a principal factor in studies on the inquiry learning of grammar. For this, experiences of grammar inquiry were provided for learners, and then by making them free to write about their experiences, the learners were required to verbalize their thoughts occurred in the inquiry process. This material shows an introspective character since it describes the inner side of learners. Therefore, by conducting the “Consensual Qualitative Research(CQR)” this study attempts to draw more reasonable and objective results. In conclusion, the responses of learners which are revealed in the resolution experiences of grammar inquiry tasks are largely divided into two dimensions. In the aspect of process, two noteworthy responses were “‘Finding Flow’ through problem solving by stages” and “experiences of intellectual interaction through horizontal teaching and learning.” In the aspect of results, on the other hand, the remarkable responses were“experiences of three-dimensional recognition for languages” and the “enhancement of self-confidence through the manifestation of potential language abilities.” The responses of learners revealed in this study is expected to provide a practical clue for planning grammar inquiry tasks or conducting practice study of the inquiry tasks.

기업 차원의 노동소득분배율 결정요인

문영만(Moon Young man),홍장표(Hong Jong pyo) 한국경제발전학회 2017 經濟發展硏究 Vol.23 No.2

본 연구는 통계청의 기업활동조사(2008년~2014년)와 부경대 SSK산업생태계 연구단에서 구축한‘기업 간 거래네트워크 DB’를 병합하여 기업차원의 노동소득분배율 결정요인을 분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기업차원 노동소득분배율은 2009년 글로벌 금융위기 시기에 약간 하락하였으나 2011년도 이후 점차 회복되는 추세를 보였다. 업종별로는 제조업(56.8%)이 비제조업(64.3%)에 비해 낮았으며, 원청ㆍ대기업(47.9%)이 중소ㆍ하청기업(58.4%)에 비해 낮았다. 둘째, 패널회귀분석을 통해 기업차원의 노동소득분배율 결정요인을 추정한 결과, 노조의 협상력을 의미하는 노조조직률 변수는 전반적으로 노동소득분 배율 높이지만, 사용자의 협상력을 나타내는 외주가공비율 및 비정규직 변수는 노동소득분배율을 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 다만 해외자회사투자율 변수는 해외투자가 이뤄진 당해 연도에는 노동소득분배율을 낮추지만, 그 다음해에는 노동소득분배율을 높이는 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 노동소득분배율 결정요인은 업종(제조업/비제조업)과 원ㆍ하청 거래네트워크 위치에 따라서 다르게 영향을 미쳤으며, 원청ㆍ대기업은 노동소득분배율을 높이는 반면, 중소ㆍ하청기업은 노동소득분배율을 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 노동소득분 배율을 높이기 위해서는 적절한 임금인상과 더불어 외주가공 및 비정규직의 축소도 함께 협상할 필요가 있다. 또한 상대적으로 노조조직률과 협상력이 취약한 중소ㆍ하청기업의 노조조직률을 높일 필요가 있으며, 노동소득분배율 결정요인이 업종과 원ㆍ하청 단계별로 다르게 작용하는 만큼 이를 고려할 필요가 있다.(JEL 분류: D3, J3, J5) This study analyzed the determinants of the labor income share ratio at the enterprise level by combining the Enterprise Activity Survey (2008 ~ 2014) of the Statistics Korea and the Intercompany Transaction Network DB of the SSK Ecosystem Research Center of Pukyong National University, and the results are as follows. First, the labor income share ratio at the enterprise level declined slightly due to the global financial crisis in 2009, but it has gradually recovered since 2011. By industry, manufacturing (56.8 percent) was lower than non-manufacturing (64.3 percent), while contractors and large companies (47.9 percent) were lower than subcontractors and small and medium-sized companies (58.4 percent). Second, as a result of the estimation of the labor income share ratio at the enterprise level through panel regression analysis, it was found that the union organization rate variable, which means the bargaining power of the union, generally raises the labor income share ratio but the outsourcing ratio and non-regular worker variable, which mean the bargaining power of the employer, lower the labor income share ratio. However, the analysis showed that the investment ratio of foreign subsidiaries lowered labor income share ratio in the year of foreign investment but it raised the labor income share in the following year. Third, the determinants of the labor income share ratio had different influence depending on the type of industry and the location of contracting-subcontracting network, and the analysis showed that contractors and large companies raise the labor income share ratio, while subcontractors and small and medium-sized companies lower the labor income share ratio. Therefore, in order to raise labor income share ratio, it is necessary to discuss not only the appropriate wage increase but also the reduction of outsourcing and non-regular workers. In addition, it is necessary to raise the union organization rate of small and medium-sized companies and subcontractors with relatively low union organization rate and weak bargaining power. It is also necessary to analyze the determinants of the labor income share ratio considering that they act differently depending on the industry and the contracting-subcontracting phases.(JEL Classification: D3, J3, J5)

우리나라 대학생들의 영어 대화 함의 해석 능력

문영인(Moon, Young-in) 한국외국어교육학회 2009 Foreign languages education Vol.16 No.3

Conversational implicature is a means of indirect communication. Many times the literal meaning of what someone says does not match with the intended meaning of the speaker. In this case, the listener has to search for another possible meaning that is derived from the given context. Messages that are understood through this inferential process are called implicatures(Grice, 1975). Conversational implicature is, in fact, a common and frequently used strategy in communication. However, coming from different cultural background, EFL learners often experience difficulty understanding implicature due to lack of exposure to and explicit instruction of it. This study specifically investigates Korean university students' ability to interpret English conversational implicatures. Given the situational descriptions and dialogues, the participants were asked to indicate their level of confidence on the 5-point Likert scale. They wetr then asked to write down their own interpretation of implicatures asked. The results showed that the participants misunderstood the implicatures 30% of the time, and they especially showed a great difficulty understanding the 'understated criticism,' one of the categories of implicatures. The analysis also illustrated that the confidence level and the accuracy in interpreting English implicatures did not always coincide with each other. The results are expected to provide useful pedagogical suggestions to English teachers and text developers.

“내가 좋아하는 먹방 BJ는요……”

문영은(Young Eun Moon),심지수(Ji Soo Shim),박동숙(Dong Sook Park) 사단법인 언론과 사회 2017 언론과 사회 Vol.25 No.2

2000년대 후반 인터넷방송이 유행함에 따라, 새로운 방송 콘텐츠인 ‘먹방’이 등장했다. 면대면 형식으로 많은 양을 차려놓고 먹는 BJ 먹방은 이제 하나의 고유한 방송 콘텐츠로 자리매김하였다. 먹방에는 전통미디어 콘텐츠의 인기요소-아이돌 스타의 출연, 화려한 영상미, 스토리의 개연성 혹은 흡입력 있는 각본과 같은 요인들이 전혀 없다. 그럼에도 불구하고 먹방 콘텐츠가 젊은 세대 사이에서 선풍적인 인기를 끄는 이유는 무엇인가? 수용자들로 하여금 지속적으로 먹방 콘텐츠를 소비하도록 만드는 원동력은 어디에서 오는가? 이러한 현상을 탐색하기 위하여 본 연구는 유튜브로 BJ 먹방 콘텐츠를 시청하는 20∼30대 남녀 수용자 14명을 대상으로 심층 인터뷰를 실시하였다. “왜 먹방을 보는가?”라는 초기의 질문에서 시작된 연구는 인터뷰가 진행됨에 따라 수용자와 BJ의 상호작용에 주목하게 되었고 최종적으로 “수용자는 BJ를 통해 어떻게 몸매강박에 대한 위안을 얻는가?”라는 연구문제를 중심으로 먹방 시청 현상에 대한 해석 작업을 시도할 수 있었다. 연구 참여자들은 날씬한 몸매를 유지해야 한다는 사회적 억압을 자연스레 개인화된 부담으로 떠안고 있었으며, 그러한 억압은 이들로 하여금 음식과 식욕을 늘 절제의 대상으로 여기게 하였다. 따라서 이들은 비정상적으로 엄청난 양과 금기시된 고열량의 음식을 태연하고도 맛있게 먹어 주는 BJ를 통해 몸매 유지를 강요하는 사회에 대리적으로 저항해 주기를 기대했다. 그와 동시에 수용자들은 자신들이 통제하기 쉬운 순하고 착한 캐릭터의 BJ를 선호하였는데 이는 역할전이를 통해 그들을 통제하고 감시함으로써 자신들에게 가해진 통제와 억압으로부터 일시적이나마 벗어날 수 있었기 때문이다. 그러나 연구 참여자들은 BJ와의 가상적 관계를 통해 BJ에게 사회적 억압에 저항할 수 있는 권리를 이양하고 가해자의 역할을 맡아 봄으로써 일시적 위안을 얻기도 하지만, 결국 본인은 식욕을 참음으로써 몸에 대한 억압에 순응하는 모습을 보이며 다시 자발적으로 억압의 굴레로 되돌아가고 있었다. 역설적이게도 연구 참여자들에게는 BJ를 통한 대리적 저항과 나에게도 부여된 통제권을 즐길 수 있는 BJ 먹방 시청 시점이 또다시 순응적으로 몸매관리 프로젝트에 자발적 참여를 재개하게 되는 새로운 출발점이 되었다. With the rise of internet broadcasting in the late 2000s, a new form of broadcasting content called “Mukbang” became very popular in South Korea. Mukbang is a form of online broadcasting content in which the broadcasting jockey (BJ) consumes large quantities of food while interacting with his or her audiences. It has become a distinctive and popular style of broadcasting content in South Korea. It lacks the usual entertainment factors of traditional media content such as the casting of celebrities, sophisticated filmography, plausible storyline, or an addictive plotline. Nevertheless, Mukbang is extremely popular, which brought us to two interesting questions: “Why has Mukbang become so popular in South Korea?” and, “What is the driving force behind Mukbang that attracts the audiences to view it repeatedly?” To explore this phenomenon, this study focuses on the specific situations and contexts in which interactions between Mukbang audience members and BJs occur. This is a qualitative research that utilizes in-depth interviews to examine 14 people in the 20∼30 age group who watched Mukbang BJs on YouTube. Focusing on the relationships between BJs and viewers as the interviews proceed, the central research question is, “How are the audiences vicariously comforted through BJs while audiences themselves are enduring their appetites to stay ‘fit’?” All research participants were under the social oppression of maintaining slim figure that Korean culture demands, hence treating food and appetite as subjects of abstinence. Therefore, participants regarded the BJs-who consumed large quantities of food and inordinately high calories without a care in the world-as a proxy who would revolt against the social norm that forced abstinence of food consumption. Simultaneously, the viewers preferred BJs who are kind, gentle, polite and easily manipulated, as the viewers were able to temporarily forget about their oppressed status by controlling and monitoring the BJs, putting the audiences themselves on the other side of oppression. However, though viewers obtained momentary satisfaction via this virtual relationship, the viewers returned to the brink of oppression at the end of the program. Paradoxically, for audience, the most intriguing part of watching Mukbang-which includes vicarious resistance through BJ and retaining control and power over the BJ-was inversely creating a new starting point for their voluntary participation in maintaining a slim figure as mandated by the societal norm.

요청과 불평에서 나타난 언어 수준별 화용능력 발달 특징

문영인(Moon Young-in) 한국외국어교육학회 2006 Foreign languages education Vol.13 No.1

The review of previous studies on interlanguage pragmatics reveals that they have been modelled on cross-cultural pragmatics. However, in order for interlanguage pragmatics to contribute in the area of second language acquisition, it should examine how L2 pragmatic competence develops as L2 linguistic competence increases. Therefore, interlanguage pragmatics studies should be modelled on acquisitional pragmatics. As an effort to explore developmental features of pragmatic competence by linguistic proficiency, this study investigated the speech act behaviors of three linguistically distinctive groups. A total of 159 English learners, which consisted of high school 1st and 2nd graders, university freshmen, and university seniors, participated in this study. Their written responses to the 7 situations in the Discourse Completion Test (DCT) were analyzed in terms of response length, vocabulary, request forms, and the use of please. The three groups showed different behavioral patterns in the realization of requests and complaints, utilizing different linguistic strategies to be responsive to the social factors. For future research, expanding learner population to include very low and high level learners, developing a new research tool other than DCT, a more systematic grouping by linguistic proficiency were suggested.

광역시·도별 임금격차 실증분석

문영만(Moon, Young Man) 한국지역사회학회 2013 지역사회연구 Vol.21 No.1

This study estimated the wage differentials of 16 metropolitan cities and provinces based on the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey conducted by the Korea Employment Information Service. The OLS regression analysis confirmed that wage premium in Seoul and its surrounding areas existed. In particular, the average monthly wage in Ulsan area was higher than that of Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon, when the human capital that affected wages was not controlled. However, when the human capital was controlled, the wage level of Ulsan in terms of net wage differentials was lower than those of Gyeonggi, Incheon and Seoul. When decomposing wage differentials by using Oaxaca decomposition, the wage differential between the labor market in Seoul metropolitan area and non-Seoul metropolitan area was estimated to be 8.15%. The biggest factors that affected wage differentials were education and career variables. The wage discrimination by gender was more serious in non-Seoul metropolitan area than in Seoul metropolitan area.