한국 및 미국의 요보호아동의 자립을 위한 서비스 프로그램 분석

노충래,김혜란 한국아동복지학회 2001 한국아동복지학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2001 No.12

헤이그 입양협약과 관련된 아동복지의 과제

노충래 한국아동권리학회 2012 아동과 권리 Vol.16 No.2

As the Korean government plans to join the Hague Convention on the Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (hereafter, Hague Convention), this study examines child welfare issues related to the Hague Convention in conjunction with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Additionally, it suggests ways to promote the child care system in the Korean child welfare system. After reviewing statistical data related to the numbers of children in out-of-home care & unwed mothers, and children who acquired Korean citizenship, the author discusses child welfare issues such as child welfare & family policy, designation of the central authority, parental rights and abduction of children, children’s participation in the decision-making process, relationships with ratified countries, and issues after ratifying the Hague Convention. 이 연구는 헤이그국제아동입양협약과 관련하여 유엔아동권리협약과 헤이그협약의 주요 쟁점을 국내 아동복지의 주요 통계현황과 해외입양을 바탕으로 살펴보고, 아동복지의 과제 및 그 해결방안을 모색하는 것을 주 목적으로 하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 문헌고찰을 통해 보호를 필요로 하는 아동과 관련된 통계, 즉 요보호아동의 수 및 발생원인, 미혼모 현황, 그리고 결혼이주여성 및 외국인근로자의 수 등을 살펴본 후, 헤이그협약과 유엔아동권리협약의 아동의 최상의 이익 및 상거소 문제점을 검토하였다. 그리고 아동복지 정책 및 실천측면에서 개정된 아동복지법과 민법, 입양특례법을 검토하면서 아동복지 및 가족복지의 연계, 중앙당국의 지정문제, 자녀양육권 및 자녀해외납치, 자녀의 부모면접권과 의사표현의 문제, 헤이그협약 회원국 및 비회원국과의 관계설정, 헤이그협약 가입후의 문제로 나누어 살펴본 후 이에 따른 해결방안을 논의하였다.

중학생의 부부폭력 목격경험, 아동학대, 학교폭력 가해여부의 공존성 및 학교폭력 가해 예측요인에 관한 연구

노충래,김현경 이화여자대학교 사회복지연구센터 2004 이화사회복지연구 Vol.5 No.-

본 연구는 중학생을 대상으로 가정에서 발생하는 부부폭력(아내학대, 남편학대)과 아동학대 (부 또는 모의 아동학대), 그리고 학교폭력 가해여부의 공존성을 알아보고 학교폭력의 가해여부를 예측할 수 있는 요인을 밝혀냄으로써 사회복지적 함의를 도출해내는 것을 그 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위해 서울시의 중학교에 재학중인 383명의 중학생을 대상으로 2002년 10월부터 11월까지 2주 동안 설문조사를 실시하여 교차분석과 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용한 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전체적으로 학교폭력의 가해비율은 54.31%였으며, 부부폭력목격경험, 아동학대, 그리고 학교폭력의 가해여부의 공존성은 부부폭력과 아동학대의 유형에 따라 적게는 7.31%에서 많게는 9.66%로 조사되었다. 둘째, 부부폭력 목격경험이 있고 아동학대 경험이 있는 집단이 부부폭력 목격경험이 있지만 아동학대 경험이 없는 집단에 비해 학교폭력을 가해하는 비율이 높게 나타났다. 그리고 부부폭력 목격경험이 없는 집단 내에서는 아동학대 경험이 있는 집단 아동학대 경험이 없는 집단에 비해 학교폭력을 가해하는 비율이 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 마지막으로 성별, 성적, 가족의 경제수준과 아내학대, 남편학대, 부의 아동학대, 모의 아동학대, 그리고 부부폭력 및 아동학대의 공존성변수를 활용하여 학교폭력 가해여부를 예측하는 변수를 파악하고자 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 남자청소년이 여자청소년에 비해 학교 폭력을 가해할 odd가 3.56배로 나타났으며, 아내학대를 목격한 점수의 단위가 하나씩 증가할 때 학교폭력을 가해할 odd는 3.877배, 부의 아동학대 점수가 한 단위씩 증가할수록 응답자가 학교폭력을 가해할 odd는 3.281 배씩 증가하는 것을 알 수 있다. 그리고 모의 아동학대 점수가 한 단위씩 증가할 때 학교폭력을 가해할 odd는 4.423배씩 증가하는 것을 알 수 있어, 어머니로부터의 아동학대가 학교폭력에 가장 심각한 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있다. 하지만 학교폭력의 가해여부를 예측하는데 있어 부부폭력 및 아동학대의 공존성 변수는 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다. 이상과 같은 결과를 토대로 사회복지에 주는 함의를 논의하였다. This study aims to find coexistence of intraparental abuse, child abuse, and school violence among middle school students and to identify predictive factors for school violence, so that implications for social work can be drawn. For the purpose of the study, three hundred eighty three students were recruited and completed self-administered questionnaires from Oct 2002 to Nov. 2002. Crosstab analysis and logistic regression analysis were used. The results of the study are as follows. First, 54.31% out of 383 students indicated their involvement in school violence over the last year period. The ratio of coexistence of Intraparental abuse, child abuse, and school violence varied from 7.31% to 9.66%, depending on types of abuses. Second, students who witnessed intraparental abuse and were abused showed higher rates of school violence when compared with those students with intraparental abuse and without child abuse. In addition, within the group which did not experience intraparental abuse, those with child abuse showed higher rates of school violence involvement than those with no child abuse. Last, gender, wife abuse, child abuse by father and by mother were identified as predictive factors for school violence. In particular, students whom were abused by mothers were 4.423 times more likely to be involved in school violence than those whom were not abused by mothers. However, the coexistence variable of intraparental abuse and child abuse was not a statistically significant variable for prediction of school violence. Based on the results, implications for social work practice and policy were discussed.

국내 난민아동 한국사회 적응 실태조사

노충래,고주애,윤수경,김주리 초록우산 어린이재단 2017 아동복지연구소 보고서 Vol.2017 No.2

○ Background of the study - Due to discrimination, conflicts, and civil wars, the number of refugees has been increased globally. End of 2016, there are more than 22.5 million refugees in the world and more than 51% of them are children under age 18, which increase significantly from 41% in 2009. International cooperative efforts to protect refugee children are in great need as refugee children are particularly vulnerable. - Republic of Korea joined ‘Convention relating to the Status of Refugees’ in 1992 and enacted Law on Refugees in 2013. As of April, 2017, there are 25,510 Refugee Status Applicants, 688 Recognized Refugees, and 1,321 Humanitarian Status Holders in Korea. Korea Ministry of Justice reported that as of the end of 2016, 1,015 children under 18 were refugee status applicants, 169 recognized refugees, and 238 humanitarian status holders. - The acceptance rate of recognized refugees and humanitarian status holders versus refugee status applicants was 13%, which is relatively low compared to 27% in other countries. It means that many refugee applicants could not meet their basic needs because of inadequate supports, their transitional and unstable status. In addition, unlike Korean children born to Korean parents and recognized as Korean citizen, children born in Korea by refugee status applicants are recognized neither as a Korean citizen nor as a citizen of parents’ country. Refugee applicants receive temporary assistance for 6-12 months whereas their application process takes more than a year. This puts refugee applicants, particularly children, in a very vulnerable situation psychologically and economically. - Refugee children as well as their parents face uprooting process, where they are forced to flee from their familiar home, climate, food, language, and families and relatives and then must relocate and adapt to different situations. The abrupt process that they had to flee from political, religious, and social oppression, and civil wars, traumatic experiences in the home country and in refugee camps, and settlement in a country where they were accepted as recognized refugees create various psychological and social chaos including anxiety, traumas, acculturative stress, and racial discrimination. Some refugee children are forced to flee from their homes, or are born in refugee camps or in a country where they were accepted. All these experiences add double and triple burden in addition to their adaptation to a new environment, which may threaten their physical and psychological health. - Refugee children as minority, including refugee status applicant children, must have full protection from vulnerable situations and their basic rights to have healthy and happy life must be fully protected and exercised in accordance with 「UN Convention on the Rights of the Child」. However, they are excluded from various rights to education, health and medical services, social services, and others. Further, there is a lack of studies on their current status and life conditions, which makes it difficult to draw implications for policy and practice. ○ Purpose of the study - The purpose of the study is to examine psychosocial adaptation and needs of services among refugee children and their parents and to draw implications to satisfy their psychosocial needs. · For the purpose of the study, this study would examine psychosocial needs and adaptation in terms of individual, parents, school, and community levels so as to draw policy and practice implications based on empirical evidences. · Finally, we would make suggestions to satisfy their needs and to enhance their qualities of lives. ○ Scope of the study - This study will examine definitions of refugees, refugee application process in Korea, statistics and status of refugees in Korea, services and policies for refugee children and their parents in Korea and three countries (USA, Germany, and Japan), and their adaptation. - This study will also examine their psychological adaptation and service needs. - Based on literature review and empirical research, and consultation with professionals, this study will make practice and policy suggestions to facilitate and enhance psychosocial adaptations of refugee children and their parents. (Summary of Literature Review is not provided due to its length.) ○ Research method - Literature review: Through literature review, this study examined status, current conditions, and statistics of refugee children and their parents, in addition to laws on and services to refugee children and their parents. Further, policy and services to refugees in the United States of America, Germany, and Japan were reviewed so as to draw implications for Korean refugee services and policy. - This study used mixed research method to fully grasp adaptation issues and service needs of refugee children and their parents and to complement limitations of both quantitative and qualitative methods. · First, this study used quantitative method using both individual and group survey method. Participants were recruited snowball sampling and purposive sampling through non-governmental agencies which have worked with this population. Researchers explained research purpose, contents of research, their free will to agree and participate and to withdraw from the research, and ethical issues. Further, due to language issues, all translators also received pre-training in terms of protection of participants and ethical consideration. This study made additional efforts to match children and parents for cross-checking their adaptation and interactions at home. · This study recruited 118 parents to answer structured questionnaires on their views of children and service needs for children. One hundred seven children between 4 months old and under 72 month answered Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants & Children. Further, seventy-four children ages between 6 and 18 answered self-administered questionnaires related to their psychological adaptation and overall experiences in Korea. Of those answered questionnaires, 3 cases whose refugee status was finally declined and 2 cases whose developmental ages were mismatched were excluded from the final analysis. Thus, the final number of participants were total of 114 families (114 parents, 101 children under age 72 months, and 73 children ages between 6 and 18). Data was collected from mid. July to end of October, 2017. · For quantitative analysis, we used descriptive analysis, cross tabs, ANOVA, t-tests, and correlations with SPSS Statistics 23.0 - Adapting in-depth interviews and focus group interviews, this study also used qualitative method to examine their experiences in their home countries and refugee camps and difficulties in various sectors of life in Korea. · Among the participants in quantitative method, researchers examined refugee status, nationality, reasons for applying to seek refugee status, sex, and the level of adaptation to Korea and asked if they would participate in qualitative research. Researchers first explained them research purpose, interview questions, their free will to participate and agree and withdraw from research, and compensations for their participation. We used semi-structured questions to comprehend their adaptation to Korea. Five children and five parents had in-depth individual interviews whereas 10 children and 10 parents from two separate ethnic groups (or 5 children and parents from each group) participated in focus group interviews for 1-2 hours. For each interview, a trained translator participated to translate their stories. Content analysis method was used to analyze their stories. - Lastly, this study also sought consultation from government officials, field workers at NGOs, university professors, and lawyers who might be knowledgeable on this population so as to draw implications for practice and policy based on the research results and beyond. - This study obtained full approval of Institutional Review Board at Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea (Approval no. 138-29). ○ Major Findings and Suggestions - There must be a system to protect children whose nationality is not obtained or not identified. Of the participants, 55.2% children did not have a nationality or did not go through a process to identify their nationalities. These children, compared to those with nationality showed lower school adaptation, family support, emotional support, and community awareness. · Officials responsible for registering foreigners may need to be more sensitive to special circumstances where these refugees experienced in their displacement. These children and their parents may have difficulties to register nationality of their children or seek for nationalities of their children from their own countries (Embassies in Korea). Further, they may need to explain refugee parents that Korea follows nationality principle systems. - Various services and supports need to be provided to refugee parents. Parents with refugee status applicants and humanitarian status holders, compared to those with recognized refugees and resettlement status had lower rates of full time employment, lower rate of employment, and lower monthly household income. Refugee parents in this study indicated economic hardship as the most serious difficulty, followed by language difficulties, child rearing, and child education. Similar results were shown in in-depth interviews. · Poverty can be detrimental to child’s development and growth. Considering this, differential support to refugee parents in terms of employment and their refugee status need to be developed to help parents gain economic independence. Further, for parents with irregular employment and long working hours, ‘regular and extended day care services’ need to be provided so that young children are not left alone at home without parental supervision. - Rights to health and medical services need to be protected for refugee children. Our study showed that 42.1% of refugee children could not see doctors during the past 1 year mainly due to high medical cost (66.7%) when they were sick. These children did not have national health insurance, which made them pay high medical cost in cash. This becomes double and triple economic burdens on their parents. In addition to economic difficulties and high medical cost, refugee parents did not have relevant information on child birth and its related hospitals, and insufficient medical cost for child birth. Special needs on pregnancy and child birth for refugee women must be met through social safety net. · In accordance with ‘United Nation Convention on Rights of Children (UNCRC)’ and its principle that child’s best interest must be respected regardless of their status, refugee children must be provided with access to basic health and nutrition, medical services, education, and information, so that their rights can be fully supported. Particularly, Republic of Korea must comply with provision of health, medical, and educational services for vulnerable refugee children regardless of their refugee status. - For refugee infants and toddlers, language and speech services need to be supported for their adequate development. Our study showed that refugee infants and toddlers showed lower scores in language and speech section, which required further follow-up services. Depending on the developmental sections, 20-50% of refugee infants and toddlers required ‘in-depth examination’ for their age appropriate development. · For refugee infants and toddlers showing slower or delayed development compared to Korean counterparts, age appropriate services tailored to their developmental levels and needs must be provided via health services centers. Further, active outreach services are necessary to facilitate utilization of these services. When necessary, non-governmental agencies, rather than public services may provide services to this population with government’s administrative and financial auspice. In addition, bilingual and translation services need to be provided and professionals with bilingual skills and culture specific knowledge and skills need to be hired to provide necessary services. - For school age and younger refugee children, Korean language services, academic supports, music and art, and career development services must be provided. Refugee children’s rights to appropriate education were deprived in their homelands, and their access to formal education in Korea also was delayed due to their language difficulties, adaptation to Korean society, and inadequate previous formal education in their homeland. At times, they had to attend schools with younger children or their admission to public school system was denied due to their status. Further, 58.4% of children in this study acknowledged difficulties in study. Parents with school aged children acknowledged similar difficulties indicating that they could not help children be prepared for school supplies or homework. · Older children who came to Korea as adolescents need bilingual education in school, and bilingual classes and services in after school programs. Governments need to provide supports for schools and NGOs working with refugee children, even at local children’s services center. For parents with school age children, it is necessary for local children’s service centers and welfare centers to provide information related to school , which Korean government must consider in intermediate and long-term plans to provide these services in their own mother tongue. Obviously, these services must be provided in culture specific practice and policy, and bilingual professionals must be hired to meet their needs accordingly. - Psychological services and emotional supports are recommended for children who came to Korea at their adolescent age. Of the participants, 36.8% of children were born outside Korea. In addition, 55.8% of their parents sought refugee status due to political opinion, followed by religious reasons (21.2%) and civil wars (19.2%). Further, among children ages between 6-18, more than half of the children were separated from their parents. Children born outside Korea, compared with those born in Korea, had lower self-esteem, lower Korean language skills, and lower level of life satisfaction. In addition, children separated from parents had a higher level of acculturative stress. · Psychological and emotional support services for children with post-traumatic stress disorder need to be provided to help them recover from such traumas caused by political and religious oppression as well as civil wars. Study participants expressed their relief in interviews as they had an opportunity to express their past experiences for the first time. Such psychological and emotional supports can be provided through public school system and NGOs, in addition to mental health promotion center and public health service centers. Refugee parents wanted their children to uphold cultural heritages of motherland as their children become ‘more and more Korean’ despite of their skin color. Yet, they wanted children to adapt well to Korean society and to have happy life in Korea. Thus, services aiming promotion of parent-child relationships need to be provided. Lastly, psychological services (i.e., counseling and education) for refugee parents need to be developed as they experienced forced displacement, political and religious oppression, and lengthy but almost unformidable refugee seeking process. - Public education and advertisement for general public is necessary to help them understand refugee conditions and to minimize discrimination against refugees. About 27.4% of children and 51.8% of parents in this study experienced discrimination or felt ignored. They were often compared to multicultural families in Korea and yet excluded from public services due to refugee status and races. Children with racial discrimination, compared to those with no such experiences, showed lower self-esteem and reported lower health whereas showing higher levels of depression and anxiety, somatization, dissatisfaction in relationship with parents, academic activities, and lower emotional support. · Public education services to enhance cultural awareness and to accept differences between refugees and Koreans are strongly recommended. Further, institutional violence based on ‘red-tapes’ or various barriers to access public service need to be removed so that equality and equity as human beings must be warranted. Ongoing in-service training and education for public officials need to be developed and provided whereas cultural festivals and social integration services are also recommended to bring harmony between refugees and Korean neighbors. Multicultural Family Center can be a frontier service center where such educational and cultural services are given. ○ Recommendation Based on research results and consultation, we make following recommendations. - These recommendations are made with the following principles: 1) ‘Quality of life among refugee children should to be warranted based on UN Convention on Rights of Children; 2) Public service delivery system must be built to provide necessary services in terms of UN Convention on Rights of Children; 3) Community-based public and private partnership need to be built to ensure basic rights of refugee children; and 4) Strengthening services to help refugee children grow as healthy and happy citizens and adapt to Korean society are necessary while culture-specific practices to help them uphold cultural heritages and better understanding of their origin of culture. - In terms of practice, following recommendations are made based on UN Convention on Rights of Children. 1) Rights to Survival: ‘Psychological therapeutic services with resiliency perspective need to be provided; Due to their young ages (such as infants and toddlers), periodic service provisions such as basic nutrition, immunization, and physical development must be made to ensure their healthy development in preventive perspective. 2) Rights to Protection. ‘Existing service networks that are already connected with refugee children and parents may provide family-centered services including child protection (child abuse and neglect prevention), parent-child relationship enhancement, and effective parenting education. 3) Rights to Development. ‘Various programs such as language services, programs to enhance adaptation to Korean society and understanding of mother land cultures, art and music classes, and career services for all age groups are necessary to ensure their development, and these programs may need to be provided through NGOs. 4) Rights to Participation. ‘For refugee children and parents, religious institution serves as a place to share information on their motherland and Korea and to provide social support, in addition to religious services. Thus, services can be linked with these religious institutions where cooperative efforts can be made to provide language programs, various child and family services, counseling, independent living programs etc.’, ‘Accessibility to useful information must be guaranteed to refuge children so as to help them access various information, internet lectures and services, and academic support’. - In terms of policy changes, we make following recommendations: ‘Separating counseling and support services from refugee status application process must be necessary so as to provide adequate information and to strengthen social integration.’, ‘For refugee children born in Korea whose nationality is not recognized or registered, a birth registration service both on-line and off-line basis need to be made so that their social existence is recognized.’, ‘Child welfare laws, policy, and practice must incorporate services to refugee children.’, ‘Commission on Policy on Foreigners must play roles of mediator and coordinator for various governmental and non-governmental agencies in order to properly provide services for this population.’

국제사회복지의 동향과 추세

노충래 국제사회복지학회 2012 국제사회복지학 Vol.2 No.1

국제개발협력이 확대되면서 사회복지분야의 역할이 더욱 증대되고 있는 상황이다. 사회복지 기관들이 해외사업에 20여 년 넘게 관여해온 반면 사회복지학계에서는 이제까지의 해외연수 를 넘어서 최근 해외실습 및 국제협력(저개발국가 사회복지의 전수 및 인력양성)에 보다 많은 관심을 갖게 되었다. 이에 본 연구는 국제사회복지의 최근 동향과 추세를 논함에 있어, 국제사 회복지와 관련된 주요 이슈들을 정리해봄으로써 향후 사회복지학계에서 해결해야 할 국제사 회복지의 방향에 대해 짚어보고자 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 선행연구 고찰을 통해 국제개발협력과 관련된 주요 원칙들 가운데 국가 간, 그리고 민‒관 및 민간기관들 간의 파트너십에 대해 살펴보고, 지속가능성, 현지화 등에 대 해 논의하였다. 또한 세계화가 경제 문제 및 국제사회복지에 주는 영향을 짚어보고, 국제 사회 복지문제 가운데서 빈곤, 여성, 아동, 자연 및 인적 재해, 난민 문제의 주요 이슈 등을 간략하게 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 국제사회복지의 과제로 1) 국가간, 정부‒민간기관간, 그리고 민간기 관 들 간의 협력, 2) 비정부기구의 역할, 3) 사회복지전문직의 준비와 대응을 다루었다. 비록 본 연구가 문헌고찰을 통해 사회복지전문직의 국제사회복지에 대한 전반적인 이슈들을 살펴보 기는 하였지만, 본 연구는 우리나라 사회복지전문직의 국제사회복지의 주요 과제들을 살펴봄 으로써 향후 이에 기여할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 하였다.

개인 및 조직특성과 대리외상이 성매매 피해 여성 상담원들의 소진에 미치는 영향

노충래,주한나,손유경 한국정신건강사회복지학회 2008 정신보건과 사회사업 Vol. No.

The purpose of this study is to identify predictive factors of burnout among counselors working with sex-workers. This study used self-administered questionnaires by mails and 156 counselors working at 4 different types of support centers participated in this study in December 2006. Results are as follows. First, the results showed that the level of vicarious trauma was at a low level and job satisfaction was at the moderate level. However the levels of sub-areas of burnout exceeded cutoff points showing higher level of burnout. Second, positive relationship was found between vicarious trauma and two sub-factors of burnout(emotional depletion and dehumanization of clients) whereas negative relationships were found between job satisfaction and all sub-factors of burnout. Third, marital status, years of experience, contemplation of leaving job, and intrusive thoughts in vicarious trauma were predictive factors for emotional depletion of burnout whereas age, years of experiences, work and co-worker satisfaction were significant for lack of feelings of achievement of burnout. Lastly, age, availability of supervisor, work hours, work satisfaction, and intrusive thoughts in vicarious trauma were significant factors for dehumanization of clients. Based on the results, implications for prevention of burnout in counselors were discussed. 본 연구는 성매매 피해 지원시설에 근무하는 상담원들의 소진에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하여 상담원들의 소진을 예방할 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 실시되었다. 연구의 목적을 위하여 2006년 12월에 성매매 피해 지원시설에 종사하는 상담원 384명을 대상으로 우편을 통한 자기기입식 설문조사를 실시하여 총156명의 설문지를 수거, 분석에 활용하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 상담원들은 낮은 수준의 대리외상, 직무만족에서는 중간보다 약간 낮은 점수를 나타내었으며, 소진의 경우는 정서적 탈진, 비인격화, 성취감결여에서 기준점을 상회하는 점수를 나타내었다. 둘째, 대리외상과 소진의 정서적 탈진과 비인격화는 유의미한 정적 상관관계를 나타내었으며, 직무만족은 소진의 정서적 탈진, 비인격화, 성취감결여와 유의미한 부적 상관관계를 나타내었다. 셋째, 소진의 하위요인 중 정서적 탈진에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 미혼여부, 근무년수, 이직고려정도, 대리외상의 침습이, 성취감 결여에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 연령, 근무년수, 업무만족, 동료만족이, 그리고 마지막으로 비인격화에는 연령, 슈퍼바이저여부, 주간근무시간, 업무만족, 대리외상의 침습이 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 소진예방을 위한 함의를 논의하였다.

발달단계 및 위탁형태에 따른 가정위탁보호아동의 심리적 적응에 관한 연구 - 자아존중감과 우울을 중심으로-

노충래,김미영,박은미,강현아,신혜령 한국정신건강사회복지학회 2008 정신보건과 사회사업 Vol. No.

본 연구는 가정위탁보호 내 아동의 연령별 발달단계 및 위탁형태에 따라 심리적 적응 가운데 자아존중감과 우울 수준에 차이가 있는지를 알아보고, 이들의 심리적 적응에 영향을 주는 요인을 파악함으로써 위탁아동을 위한 임상적, 정책적 개입을 위한 기초자료를 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2007년 2월 중앙 및 지역가정위탁지원센터의 협조를 얻어 위탁아동 가운데 388명을 대상으로 자기기입식 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 위탁아동들의 자아존중감은 중간 수준의 점수를, 우울은 낮은 수준의 점수를 보였다. 하지만 전체 가운데 약 14.2%는 임상적 수준의 우울점수를 나타내었다. 둘째, 위탁아동의 심리적 적응은 발달단계에 따라 유의미한 차이를 보였으나, 위탁형태에 따른 집단간 차이는 유의미하지 않았다. 셋째, 위탁아동의 개인적 특성, 위탁관련특성 및 학교적응과 친구관계의 요인 가운데 위탁부모와의 관계, 학교적응 및 친구관계는 심리적 적응에 공통으로 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났다. 또한 위탁형태는 자아존중감에, 위탁기간은 우울에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 위탁아동 대상의 정신보건사회사업적 함의를 논하였다. This study examines group differences in the level of self-esteem and depression depending on age and types of foster care and explores predictive factors for psychological adaptation among children in foster care. For the purpose of the study, 388 children in foster care were recruited through central and regional offices of foster care during Feb. 2007 and self-administered questionnaires were used. The results of the study is as follows: First, the level of self-esteem among participants remained in the middle whereas the level of depression were below average. However, 14.2% of the participants showed a clinically significant level of depression. Second, although the level of psychological adaptation was statistically different according to age group, the types of foster care did not show group differences. Third, relationship with foster parents and friends and school adaptation were significant predictors for both self-esteem and depression. In addition, the type of foster care was identified as a significant factor for self-esteem and the duration in foster care was significant for depression. Based on the results, implication for child and adolescent mental health services for foster care children were discussed.

퇴소청소년을 대상으로 한 자립기술훈련

노충래 한국아동복지학회 2001 한국아동복지학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2001 No.12

청소년의 성희롱 피해 및 가해경험에 관한 탐색적 연구

노충래 한국 정신보건 사회사업학회 2002 정신보건과 사회사업 Vol.14 No.-

성희롱의 피해 및 가해를 모두 경험한 청소년들의 성희롱경험에 관한 선행연구가 전무한 상태이다. 이러한 점에서 본 연구는 성희롱의 피해 및 가해를 모두 경험한 청소년들을 대상으로 기술적 통계자료를 수집하여 정신보건사회사업의 임상적·정책적 함의를 모색하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상은 서울시 거주 인문계 고등학교 1∼2학년에 재학중인 189명으로 이들의 성희롱 피해 및 가해빈도 성희롱 피해 당시의 느낌과 피해정도. 가해 당시의 느낌, 피해 및 가해의 상대방, 그리고 성희롱 피해경험 후 대응방법에 초점을 두고 빈도와 평균. 그리고 카이자승 검사를 실시하였다. 연구결과. 청소년들 가운데 유형에 따라서는 최고 64% 정도가 1년 동안에 최소한 1회 이상 성희롱을 경험한 것으로 나타났으며, 동성친구에 의한 성희롱이 남자는 71.1% 여자는 61.6%로 나타나 동성친구에 의한 성희롱 경험이 심한 것을 알 수 있다. 반면 남자청소년의 동성친구 가해비율은 60.0%인 반면 여자청소년의 동성친구 가해비율은 81.8%인 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 교사에 의한 성희롱은 여자청소년의 경우 약 30.3%로 조사되었다. 그리고 연구대상 청소년들은 피해 당시의 느낌에 대해서 분노와 복수심. 그리고 불쾌감을 갖기는 하지만 심각할 정도의 부정적인 느낌을 갖지는 않는 것으로 나타났다. 나아가 청소년들의 피해 정도는 심리적으로 안정되지 않고 공부에 집중할 수 없는 피해를 본 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 청소년들은 가해경험 당시 느낌으로 재미나 장난으로 인식하는 경우가 많았고 극소수만이 미안한 감정과 잘못한 생각을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 청소년들은 피해경험 후 아무런 대응도 하지 못하거나 화를 내는 정도에 그치고 있으며, 교사나 부모 전문기관에게 도움을 요청하는 비율은 친구와 상의하는 경우에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 정신보건사회사업의 임상적·정책적 함의를 성희롱 예방교육의 측면에서 논하였다. This exploratory study investigates sexual harassment among high school students who were subject to both victims and perpetrators of sexual harassment and aims to draw implications for social work in mental health. Participants of the study were 189 high school students attending 1st and 2nd grades in general high schools in Seoul. This study explored their experiences of sexual harassment as victims and perpetrators, examining frequencies of sexually harassing behaviors and their emotional reactions to sexual harassment. This study further investigated targets of their sexual harassment and feelings associated with sexually harassing behaviors, and help-seeking behaviors. Main statistical analysis used for this study included frequencies, means, and Chi-square tests. The results of the study indicates that in some types, about 64% of the participants indicated experiences of sexual harassment at lease once during the past year, and same-sex sexual harassment was relatively higher than cross-sex harassment. About 30% of female students also indicated sexual harassment by teachers. While the participants indicated rage, revengeful feeling, and discomfort, it seemed that their level of stress was not severe. Furthermore, they indicated unpleasant feeling and difficulties in concentrating on study as a result of sexual harassment, whereas only few expressed regretful feeling after sexually harassing their peers. Finally, participants hardly took actions against perpetrators and rather suppressed their negative feelings. In addition, they seldom sought help from parents, teachers, and professionals while most of them talked about such experiences with their peers. Implications for social work in mental health were discussed.

Does Size Matter? Comparing Medium-Term Cost- Effectiveness of Group Homes with Institutional Care in South Korea

노충래,우석진,Hyunah Kang,전종설,정익중 한국사회복지학회 2016 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.10 No.2

Using unique 5-year longitudinal data on Korean children in group homes and those under institutional care, this paper compared the medium-term cost-effectiveness of group homes and that of institutional care facilities in terms of developmental outcomes. Results from propensity score matching estimation show that children in group homes tend to have more desirable positive outcomes and fewer behavioral problems in the medium term to a statistically significant margin. The cost-effectiveness ratio of being placed in a group home is consistently higher than placement in an institutional care facility. That is, for one dollar spent on an out-of-home care service, we anticipate the children in group homes have more desirable outcomes in the medium term than their counterparts in institutional care facilities.