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권오성,김윤수,김성철,조경호 한국행정연구원 2004 기본연구과제 Vol.2004 No.-
현행 예산회계법은 각 독립기관의 의견이 예산에 충분히 반영되도록 하기 위하여 독립기관의 예산편성에 예외적인 규정을 두었다. 그러나 이러한 제도적인 장치가 민주화, 분권화, 자율화 등 우리나라 행정환경의 변화에 부응하지 못하고 있어서 독립기관의 예산편성절차에 대한 개혁이 필요하다는 의견이 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 독립기관의 예산편성의 자율성을 높이는 동시에 책임성을 제고할 방안을 모색하는데 있다. 본 연구는 3가지 측면에서 독립기관 예산편성의 자율성과 책임성에 대한 주제에 접근한다. 첫째, Allen Schick의 예산결정이론인 구성요소이론을 통하여 우리나라 예산편성과정을 분석한다. 둘째, 우리나라 독립기관의 예산편성현황을 분석한다. 셋째, 미국, 프랑스, 독일, 영국, 일본 등 주요 선진국의 예산편성과정에 관련된 문헌연구 및 전문가 인터뷰를 통하여 우리나라에 대한 시사점을 도출한다. 구성요소이론을 통한 분석결과 보존기능의 급격한 이동은 팽창적 예산배분으로 연결되어 지금까지 지속되어 온 우리나라 중·장기 재정계획에 중대한 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있다. 우리나라 독립기관의 경우에 중앙선거관리위원회를 제외한다면 거의 세출예산의 70%-90% 가까이가 인건비·기본사업비 등 경상비의 성질이 강하기 때문에 현행 제도의 유지가 독립기관의 자율성을 침해한다고 볼 여지가 적다고 생각된다. 또한 최근 23년간 독립기관의 예산요국액 예산반영비율을 분석해 본다면 일반 행정부처의 예산반영비율을 훨씬 상회한다는 점에서 행정부가 독립기관의 세출통제를 통해 이들 기관에 대한 영향력 행사를 시도한다고 할 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 오히려 독립기관의 자율성을 보장하려는 노력으로 보인다. 미국, 영국, 프랑스, 독일, 일본 등 주요 외국의 경우를 보면 이들 국가에서는 의회민주주의의 오랜 전통으로 행정부와 입법부 및 각 독립기관 사이에 대화와 타협의 전통이 확립되어 있는 경우가 대부분이다. 환언하면, 제도적으로는 독립기관이 자체적으로 예산편성을 하는 것 같지만 오랜 관습과 전통에 의해서 중앙예산기관과 긴밀한 이해와 협조를 통해 독립기관의 예산편성이 이루어진다. 우리나라의 경우 정치적 이유 등으로 인하여 그간 행정부와 국회 사이의 예산에 대한 힘이 불균형적으로 유지되어 왔다. 이러한 상황 하에서 우리나라 예산시스템 전반에 대한 충분한 검토 없이 단지 몇 가지 예산제도만을 바꾼다는 것은 예산실무자들에게 과중한 업무부담만을 안길뿐이며 그 실효성을 기대하기는 어려울 것이다. 따라서 우선 중앙예산기관과 각 독립기관, 특히 국회 사이에 원활한 대화의 창구가 마련되어 져 야 할 것이다. 이것은 불신에 기초된 통제를 의미하는 것이 아니라 서로에게 도움이 되는 정보를 공유하고 협력할 수 있는 시스템이 시급히 마련되어야 할 것이다. According to the Budget and Accounting Act, constitutionally independent agencies in Korea are entitled to exceptional treatment to respect their independence when the central budget office prepares the budget. However, some argue this provision is insufficient to reflect the recent changes in democratization, decentralization, and autonomy. The purpose of this study is to investigate ways to improve both the autonomy and responsibility of independent agencies` budget preparation. This study approaches the subject from three distinctive viewpoints. First, it introduces Allen Schick`s component theory and uses it to analyze the budget process in Korea. Second, it examines the recent situation in independent agencies` budget preparation. Third, it reviews the related literature regarding US, France, Germany, UK, and Japan. It also includes interviews with US budget experts. Applying the component theory to the Korean situation, I find that sudden transfer of the conserving function results in increasing the budget outcome, thus adversely affecting Korea`s long-term fiscal planning. Except for the National Election Commission, 70 - 90 percent of total expenditures in independent agencies consist of operating costs including labor costs. Therefore, the current system is not likely to undermine the autonomy of independent agencies. Also, after analyzing the recent 23-year-period data, I find independent agencies` budget requests are more often accepted than those from agencies in the executive branch. This finding means the executive branch does not try to have an influence on other branches in terms of expenditure control; rather, it tries to improve the autonomy of independent agencies. US, UK, France, Germany, and Japan, which have had a long tradition of parliamentary democracy, reach agreement through conversations and compromise. In other words, although independent agencies of these countries seemingly make their own budget preparations, it is actually done by negotiation with the central budget office. In korea, there has been an imbalance in power between the executive and legislative branches. Under this circumstance, a few reform agenda will not make the system work effectively and efficiently. The most urgent agenda is to provide cooperative and information-sharing environments.
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반도성 $BaTiO_3$ 세라믹스의 Sol-gel법에 의한 $SiO_2$ 첨가 및 냉각속도 효과
권오성,정용선,윤영호,이병하 한국세라믹학회 1996 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.33 No.12
Generally it requires high sintering temperatures more than 135$0^{\circ}C$ to make semiconductive BaTiO3 ceramics. Also it is very difficult to achieve a homogeneous mixing in solid-state reaction method. Therefore the liquid phase distributed to non-uniform dilute the characteristics of PTCR. In order to improve the uniformity this study is used the sol-gel coating method. Using this method we studied the new manufacturing process that had a high reproducibility and mass production capability. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as a source of Si. The semiconductive BaTiO3 ceramics which was produced by sol-gel method for the SiO2 addition and sintered between 124$0^{\circ}C$ and 130$0^{\circ}C$ showed almost same resistivity at room temperature among 125$0^{\circ}C$ and 130$0^{\circ}C$. As the results We could be sintered the semiconducting BaTiO3 ceramics at lower temperature even at 125$0^{\circ}C$ maintaining the same specific resistivity ratio ($\rho$max/$\rho$min) at 130$0^{\circ}C$. The specific resistivity both below and above the Curie temperature were increased by slow cooling and the steepness of the plots in the reasion of transition from low to high resistance increased as the cooling rate decreased.
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열수처리에 의해 석출된 HA 결정이 Ti-6Al-7Nb 합금의 생체활성에 미치는 영향
권오성,최석규,문장원,이민호,배태성,이오연,Kwon O. S.,Choi S. K.,Moon J. W.,Lee M. H.,Bae T. S.,Lee O. Y. 한국재료학회 2004 한국재료학회지 Vol.14 No.9
This study was to investigate the surface properties of electrochemically oxidized Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy by anodic spark discharge technique. Anodizing was performed at current density 30 $mA/cm^2$ up to 300 V in electrolyte solutions containing $DL-{\alpha}$-glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate($DL-{\alpha}$-GP) and calcium acetate (CA). Hydrothermal treatment was done at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs to produce a thin outermost layer of hydroxyapatite (HA). The bioactivity was evaluated from HA formation on the surfaces in a Hanks' solution with pH 7.4 at $36.5^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The size of micropores and the thickness of oxide film increased and complicated multilayer by increasing the spark forming voltage. Needle-like HA crystals were observed on anodic oxide film after the hydrothermal treatment at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs. When increasing $DL-{\alpha}$-GP in electrolyte composition, the precipitated HA crystals showed the shape of thick and shorter rod. However, when increasing CA, the more fine needle shape HA crystals were appeared. The bioactivity in Hanks' solution was accelerated when the oxide films composed with strong anatase peak with presence of rutile peak. The increase of amount of Ca and P was observed in groups having bioactivity in Hanks' solution. The Ca/P ratio of the precipitated HA layer was equivalent to that of HA crystal and it was closer to 1.67 as increasing the immersion time in Hanks' solution.
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Ti-6Al-7Nb 합금의 표면 활성에 미치는 양극산화 공정조건의 영향
권오성,류경호,박광범,이민호,배태성,이오연 대한금속재료학회 2005 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.43 No.2
This study was performed to investigate whether the bioactivity of the anodized and hydrothermally treated Ti-6A1-7Nb alloy were affected by the process conditions of anodic oxidation. Anodizing was performed at a current density of 5-50 mA/㎠ in up to 240~300 V in electrolyte solutions containing DL-α-glycerophosphate(DL-α-GP) and calcium acetate (CA). Hydrothermal treatment was done at 300℃ for 2 hours to produce hydroxyapatite (HA) for bioactivity. Bioactivity was evaluated from surface activation layer formed on the surfaces in a Hanks' solution with pH 7.4 at 36.5℃ for 30 days. The size of micropores and the thickness of oxide film were increased by increasing the spark forming voltage, and more complex oxide layers were formed. HA crystals were observed on the anodic oxide film after hydrothermal treatment at 300℃ for 2 hours. The anodic oxide films were composed of strong anatase peak and rutile peak, and showed the increase in intensity of anatase peak after hydrothermal treatment. When electrolyte composition, voltage and current density were increased, the deposited HA crystals showed a fine shapes. Bioactivity in Hanks' solution was accelerated when the oxide films were composed of strong anatase peak with rutile peak. Oxide layers selectively showed surface activity at the pertinent electrolyte composition. When voltage and current density were increased, the surface activity was increased. The amount of Ca and P was increased in surface having bioactivity in Hanks' solution. (Received December 1, 2004)
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