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6종 漢譯 ≪金剛經≫에 나타난 의미의 전달과 의미의 생성
강경구 대한중국학회 2010 중국학 Vol.37 No.-
此文探討六種漢譯≪金剛經≫所表現的諸般內容與特形式徵, 其硏究結果如何。一、鳩摩羅什譯文出於名詞形思惟方式, 與此相比玄獎譯文出於動詞形思惟方式。通過考察, 我們可以發現, 印度語與動詞形思考有密切關係, 而漢語與名詞形思考有關係。鳩摩羅什考慮中國的傳達性, 將印度的動詞形語言飜譯成中國的名詞形語言。二、鳩摩羅什等人有時爲了佛敎發揮宗敎權威, 在 飜譯過程中把原的內容縮約或變形。而過了一段時間佛敎已在中國社會確保一定的地位, 不需要有意强化佛敎的宗敎權威, 因此玄獎等人把鳩摩羅什的舊譯改譯成新譯, 此新譯回復了≪金剛經≫的原來面目。三、佛爲何佛? 是因爲做了些什麽偉大的工作? 實際上佛給我們開導了的那個新途經, 不外乎回復到現在這個位置, 時時刻刻覺悟認識‘這個’罷了。所以如果有人問佛爲什麽偉大,那我們只能用一個文章回答, 就是因爲佛無處不有。但是中國的文化環境裏,人的偉大, 決定於他所作的偉大工作。鳩摩羅什重視這種文化特徵, 就把佛從原來存在的次元移過來, 在道德主義的次元强調他的偉大性。 .
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직역과 의역의 대화 - 我․人․衆生․壽者相의 번역과 해석에 대한 고찰
강경구 중국인문학회 2009 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.41
直译与意译恐怕是自有人类的翻译实践以来,便一直存在的了. 要取哪種譯法, 飜譯者根據自己的世界觀與語言觀, 採取不同的態度. 但是在讀者接受這些飜譯物時, 只能有每個人獨特的經驗形態. 因此我們應該重視異文化飜譯以後發生如何的影向, 成立如何的意義. 此文考察≪金剛經≫的四相(我相ㆍ人相ㆍ衆生相ㆍ壽者相)飜譯介紹以后有哪些意味轉換與意味生成. 考察的結果如下. 一. 根據梵本, 整理四相的文本意味. 通過考察我們可以知道, 我相指主張眞我實體的想法, 人相指主張輪回主體的看法, 衆生相是指主張有生命的根本核心的說法, 壽者相指主張靈魂實體的觀念. 二. 鳩摩羅什重視讀者接受時的效果, 玄獎重視正確傳達佛敎原來的敎理. 但是鳩摩羅什譯≪金剛經≫的盛行, 就能證明飜譯及接受過程中的互相活潑作用. 三. 各朝代有各不相同的解釋內容. 本文具體考察各朝代有什麽樣的特性. 其結果可以如下簡單整理. 1) 晉隨時期: 向印度學者, 認眞學習的階段. 2) 唐代初期: 了解世親等印度學者的觀點, 深化理解及再整理的階段. 3) 當代後期: 慧能等傑出的宗敎家在佛敎着根于中國這一側面, 已告完成的階段. 4) 宋代: 與新儒學互相交流, 經典解釋相也可以發現其深大的影向. 5) 明代: 幾個皇帝也主持≪金剛經≫的集注事業, 因此在表面上這一個時期可以說是興隆發展時代. 5) 淸代: 考證訓詁學的影向之下, ≪金剛經≫的解釋也經常出現對於個別字與個別句的考證與訓詁.
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강경인 한국현대언어학회 1994 언어연구 Vol.10 No.1
A categorial grammar is proposed for the coordinate constructions, which attempts systematically to exploit the use of Lambek's product connective. A categorial grammar for coordinate constructions is proposed, based on the use of the Lambek's product. The main idea of any categorial grammar for coordination constructions in English must be the category assigned to conjunctions and its category assignment in English is XI(X^+ *X). It is shown that this allows a small grammar to describe a range of coordination of constituents and non-constituents. This paper is to develop a precise categorial grammar for English coordinate constructions, to establish and explore the products within a categorial calculus, and to discuss the nature and problem of a categorial grammar incorporating products and the significance of formal equivalence.
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강경자(康慶子) 한국일본문화학회 2018 日本文化學報 Vol.0 No.76
This study aims to examine the effects of the Tokyo Trial on the peace awareness of postwar Japanese people. By investigating the arguments of the Tokyo Trial defendants and their lawyers in court, the attitudes of the media towards the Tokyo Trial, and postwar public opinion polls, this study demonstrates the impacts of the Tokyo Trial on Japanese society and public awareness. All the testimonies of the defendants and the claims of the defense attorneys denied the war responsibilities of the war criminals, the Japanese emperor, and the nation. Additionally, the defendants and the defense attorneys questioned the validity of the Trial, justifying Japan’s aggressive war as self-defense war. Moreover, the media at the time shifted the war responsibilities only to some warlords, exonerating the Japanese emperor, political leaders, and citizens. Thus, the Japanese people perceived themselves as victims of warlords, and the negative image of the Trial made them feel that they were victims of a lost war. The opinion polls reveal that signs of repentance about the Japanese invasion and a sense of guilt towards Asian countries was absent in the Japanese public attitude. Rather, the victimhood of a lost war resulting from the Trial was detrimental to postwar Japan’s peace awareness and accelerated the rightward shift. Critical studies and discussions of the Tokyo Trial are required in order for Japanese people to recognize the aggressive war crimes perpetrated by their country and establish peace awareness.
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