명상효과에 대한 비교분석 연구

윤형준,이선화,한명호,박현구 한국문화융합학회 2020 문화와 융합 Vol.42 No.11

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the effects of meditation in the form of repetitive sounds and meditation in the form of inducing physiological and psychological relaxation through respiration and sound meditation. To this end, sound meditation and general meditation developed according to the purpose of this study were applied to 92 selected university students. The evaluation items used in the mood scale, stress response scale, physical symptom scale, and anger evaluation scale were reconstructed and used for this study. In order to compare the meditation effects of sound meditation and general meditation, a corresponding 2-sample nonparametric test was conducted, and descriptive statistics were conducted to compare and find the average value of each item of sound meditation by sound source and general meditation. The main research results were as follows: First, the effects of sound meditation and general meditation showed significant results excluding singing ball, and sound meditation of harp and healing music was found to be more effective than normal meditation. And the sound meditation of the waterfall sound was found to be less effective than general meditation. Second, looking at the meditation effects for each evaluation factor of sound meditation and general meditation, the meditation effects of instability were in the order of harp, healing music, general music, drum sound, singing ball, and waterfall sound meditation. General meditation, and drumming meditation in that order. The meditation effect of fatigue was in the order of harp, general meditation, and waterfall sound meditation, and the meditation effect of anger was in the order of harp and general meditation. Finally, the meditation effect of discomfort was lower than that of general meditation in the sound meditation effect of singing bowl and waterfall sound.

명상에 대한 기독교적 고찰

유명복(Myung B. Yoo) 한국기독교교육정보학회 2014 기독교교육정보 Vol.0 No.42

종교의 영역에서 신비한 것으로 여겨지던 명상이 최근에는 심신의 고통을 치유하는 실제적인 방법으로 인식되어 대중의 관심을 끌고 있다. 본 논문에서는 명상의 유형과 특징, 명상의 효과 및 기독교 관점에서 명상을 조명하였다. 명상에는 크게 집중명상과 통찰명상이 있다. 집중명상은 특정한 대상에 주의를 집중함으로 산란한 마음을 고요하게 안정시키는 방법이다. 통찰명상은 몸과 마음에서 일어나는 현상을 관찰하고 알아차림으로써 존재의 실상을 체득하는 지혜를 얻는 수행방법이다. 요가, 초월명상, 그리고 마음챙김에 대해 각각 설명하였고 현재 기독교계에 논의가 되고 있는 관상기도에 대해서도 언급하였다. 동양의 명상은 변형된 의식을 목표로 하고 하나님을 바라보기보다 자신의 내면을 바라보며, 대부분의 명상체계는 궁극적인 실재와의 합일을 갈망하고, 그 궁극적인 실재는 브라만이나 우주와 같은 비인격적인 실재이다. In this paper, types of meditaiton, characteristics of meditation, the effect of meditation and christian perspective on meditation are discussed. Many people view meditation as a means to develop their natural and psychic powers. In other cases, people practice meditation with the goal of self-relaxation. Whatever the case may be, the fact is, this kind of meditation—that is, Eastern meditation— is characterized by self-centered objectives. In Christian perspective, Eastern meditation draws people away from God by encouraging them to look inwardly to themselves rather than to God. Additionally, the kind of meditation emptying one’s mind opens up the possibility of demonic deception, manipulation, and yes, even possession. In fact, Christian meditation calls us to look upward and outward to God so that our minds may be filled with godly wisdom and insight, and so that our hearts may be filled with comfort, happiness, and joy. Meditation need to be investigated more in order to lead people to have sound doctrine about meditation for sound faith community.

명상상담의 이론적 토대와 연구현황

윤희조 한국선학회 2024 한국선학 Vol.- No.68

명상상담은 명상을 기반, 매개, 첨가하는 상담을 포괄하면서, 명상과 상담이 본질적으로 개입의 관계에 있다는 것을 보여준다. ‘명상이 개입된 상담’은 명상상담의 포괄적 정의이면서 본질적 정의라고 할 수 있다. 명상의 명(瞑)에서 어두운 상태, 사유·사려 이전의 상태, 무의식의 상태, 정(定), 지(止)의 의미를 볼 수 있고, 상(想)에서 밝은 상태, 사유· 사려하는 상태, 의식의 상태, 혜(慧), 관(觀)의 의미를 볼 수 있다. 이미지적으로 명상의 밝은 모습, 밝은 생각을 볼 수 있다. 명상의 어원적 의미를 통해 명상의 출발점, 기제, 방법론, 목표를 도출할 수 있다. 상담에서 상(相)은 연기적 통찰을 포함하고 있으며 담(談) 은 언어적 소통뿐만 아니라 비언어적 소통까지 포함한다. 상담이라는 두 글자에서 상담의 대상, 기제, 방법론, 목표를 도출할 수 있다. 연구현황 분석은 계량서지학적 방법을 따르고 있다. 키워드 ‘명상상담’은 ‘호흡명상, 영상관법, 불안, 앵거(anger), 스트레스(stress), 마인드풀니스(mindfulness)’와 연관되어 나타난다. 명상상담은 ‘호흡명상, 영상관법, 마인드풀니스(mindfulness)’를 주요 방법론으로 활용하고 있고, ‘불안, 앵거(anger), 스트레스(stress)’는 명상상담의 주제에 해당한다. 해외동향이 구체적인 증상에 초점을 맞추고 있다면, 국내동향은 긍정적인 정서함양에 초점을맞추고 있다. 명상상담은 명상이 모든 문화에 보편적이라는 근거하에 불교 밖으로 횡적인 확장을 지향함으로써 보편성을 획득할 수 있고, 불교교의의 첨단으로서 명상을 추구함으로써 고유성을 획득할 수 있다. Meditation counseling encompasses all counseling that is based on, mediates, or adds to meditation, showing that meditation and counseling are essentially in a relationship of intervention. ‘Meditation-Intervened Counseling’ can be said to be a comprehensive and essential definition of meditation counseling. In myeong(瞑), you can see the dark state, the state before thinking, the state of unconsciousness, concentration, and tranquility, and in sang(想), you can see the brightstate,the state ofthinking, consciousness, wisdom, and insight. In the image, you can see the bright appearance and bright thoughts of meditation. In this way, the starting point, mechanism, methodology, and goal of meditation can all be derived from the two letters of myeongsang(瞑想). In counseling, ‘sang(相)’ includes insight of dependent origination, while ‘dam(談)’ encompasses not only verbal communication but also non-verbal communication. From these two characters that make up the word ‘counseling(相談)’ we can derive the subject, mechanism, methodology, and goals of counseling. The research status follows bibliometric analysis. The keyword ‘meditation counseling’ appears in relation to ‘breathing meditation, image-based mindfulness meditation, anxiety, anger,stress, and mindfulness’. Research on meditation counseling uses ‘breathing meditation and image-based mindfulness meditation’ as the main methodology, and ‘anxiety, anger, and stress’ can be said to be topics of meditation counseling. While overseas research trends focus on specific symptoms, domestic research trends focus on cultivating positive emotions. Meditation counseling can acquire universality by aiming for horizontal expansion outside of Buddhism on the basis that meditation is universal to all cultures, and can acquire uniqueness by pursuing meditation as essence of Buddhist doctrine.

The Relationship between Martial Arts Training and Meditation

Seongkon Choi J-INSTITUTE 2023 International Journal of Martial Arts Vol.8 No.-

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the relationship between body and mind through the process of meditation, which is receiving increasing attention in modern times. This study will contribute to the educational utilization of martial arts in meditation by comparing and analyzing the relationship between body and mind, identifying the body and mind as inseparable, and the training of the body as a technical means to improve the mind and personality. This will contribute to the educational utilization of martial arts in meditation. Method: As one of the data collection methods to study social and cultural phenomena, the method of collecting necessary information through existing literature data was selected. This was approached as a qualitative research method that collects data and interprets the meaning of the phenomenon through the intuitive insight of the researcher. Results: There are two types of meditation: static meditation and dynamic meditation. Static meditation is a seated, stationary practice that involves sitting in a certain posture and focusing your consciousness on a single thought, clearing your mind of distractions, and calming your mind. Dynamic meditation is a form of meditation that involves repetition of certain movements, such as walking or practicing martial arts, in which you imagine an area as a sanctuary and walk a certain distance every day without stopping. As you continue to perform physical exercises, the mind becomes increasingly unresponsive to external stimuli and focuses only on mental images. Repetitive physical exercises like this have the effect of meditation. In this way, practicing Taekwondo or the Chinese martial art of kung fu can have a meditative effect. The Taekwondo curriculum are consisted of 1)The trainees must perform repetitive movements through 360 hours of training 2)1 Dan/Poom holders require 240 hours of training, 2 Dan/Poom holders require 480 hours, 3Dan/Poom holders require 720 hours, 4 Dan/Poom holders require 960 hours, 5 Dan holders require 1200 hours, 6 Dan holders require 1440 hours, 7 Dan holders require 1680 hours, and 8 Dan holders require 2060 hours of training in nine years. These required hours are divided into units for repetitive training such as Poomsae, competition, defeat, character, self-defense, taekwondo physical fitness, taekwondo gymnastics, taekwondo demonstration, and core exercises. Conclusion: The study found that repetitive physical exercises make the mind increasingly unresponsive to external stimuli and focus on mental images. This has the effect of meditation, so martial arts training and meditation are closely related.

사당가요가의 관점에서 살펴본 『티벳사자의 서』 명상법

송미숙 원광대학교 종교문제연구소 2021 한국종교 Vol.49 No.-

This thesis analyses the detailed contents of "The Tibetan Book of the Dead”, "Bardo Thödol" in ancient language of Tibet, in order to redefine meditation methodology for the practices of the living. Also, the author tried to make precise reinterpretation of Bardo Thödol from the viewpoint of "ṣaḍ-aṅga-yoga", 6 accessories of yoga. During analysis and reinterpretation, Bardo was arranged in reverse order, and "ṣaḍ-aṅga-yoga” of “Maitrī-Upaniṣad” was applied as meditation methodology. In this manner, the author was able to present a new meditation methodology of ṣaḍ-aṅga-yoga, which fits every step of Bardo, and this comprehensive analysis of Bardo introduced meditation objects and prohibitive objects during meditation. A summary of this analysis came into each new tables and complete diagram after reviewing the meanings of ṣaḍ-aṅga-yoga, meditation objects and prohibitive objects during meditation. When applying ṣaḍ-aṅga-yoga, “prāṇāyāma” was used for the choosing of the womb-door of Sidpa Bardo, and “pratyāhāra” was exercised for the closing of the door of the womb. By reviewing the application, meditation objects and prohibitive objects during meditation were fully examined. In Chönyid Bardo, I also utilized “dhyāna”, “dhāranā” and “tarka” all together so that the author could assess meditation objects and prohibitive objects during meditation. In Chikhai Bardo, “samādhi” was applied in general, “sabīja-samādhi” was employed for the stage of the secondary clear light, and “nirbīja-samādhi” was adopted for the primary clear light, which enabled the author to evaluate meditation objects and prohibitive objects during meditation. 이 글은 원어 제목이 『바르도 퇴돌(Bardo Thödol)』인 『티벳사자의 서』를 생자의 수행을 위한 명상수행서로써 재구성하기 위하여 전체적인 구성내용을 분석하고 사당가요가의 관점에서 재해석하였다. 이를 위하여 바르도의 순서를 역순으로 배열하였으며, 명상수행법으로는 마이뜨리-우빠니샤드의 사당가요가를 적용하였다. 따라서 바르도별로 적용되는 사당가요가의 명상법을 제시하였고, 모든 바르도의 구성내용을 분석하여 명상대상과 제거대상을 나타내었다. 또한 바르도별로 적용되는 사당가요가와 명상대상 및 제거대상을 종합분석하여 새롭게 표로 만들어 나타내었으며, 전체적인 종합표로도 만들어 제시하였다. 사당가요가의 적용은 시드파 바르도의 자궁문 선택하기에서는 쁘라나야마를, 자궁문 닫기에서는 쁘라티야하라를 적용하여 명상대상과 제거대상을 살펴보았다. 초에니 바르도에서는 디야나, 다라나, 따르까를 함께 적용하여 명상대상과 제거대상을 분석하였다. 치카이 바르도에서는 전체적으로는 사마디를 적용하였는데, 치카이 바르도의 두 번째 빛의 단계에서는 유종자사마디를 적용하였고, 마지막으로 치카이 바르도의 첫 번째 빛에서는 무종자사마디를 적용하여 명상대상과 제거대상을 종합분석하였다.

국내외 명상앱 프로그램의 실태와 발전 방향

김화영 동국대학교 종학연구소 2024 宗學硏究 Vol.11 No.-

이 연구는 명상 산업의 빠른 성장 속 모바일 앱의 발전과 함께 명상앱 관련 연구를 고찰하여 명상앱 프로그램의 발전과 실태를 바르게 파악함으로써 명상앱의 발전 방향을 탐색해보는 연구이다. 오랜 명상의 역사에 비해 현대 명상이나 명상앱의 발전은 매우 짧은 기간 동안에 이루어졌기에 AI와 같은 최첨단 기술의 발전으로 그 속도가 더욱 가속화하고 있는 이러한 때, 광범위한 확장성을 가진 모바일을 바탕으로 한 명상앱의 활용에 대해 바르게 파악하고 발전해 나갈 수 있도록 이끌어간다면 명상의 확산에 기여할 뿐만 아니라 명상을 생활화․과학화로 이어지는 데 있어 핵심적인 수단이 될 수 있을 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 모바일이 발전해 온 과정과 함께 명상앱을 주제로 연구해온 다양한 학술적 결론들을 종합해 본 뒤에 명상앱의 현황을 발전과정과 함께 고찰해 보았다. 그리고 국외 및 국내 명상 앱들이 어떤 특징을 가지고 있는지, 어떻게 활용되고 있는지 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 명상앱의 발전 방향에 대해 프로그램의 다양화, 세분화 및 컨텐츠화 지속, AI 및 거대언어모델 등 최신 IT기술과의 접목, 바이오 센싱기술(bio sensing technology)을 기반으로 한 AR, VR 및 명상기기 연동의 확산, 정신건강 관련 타 분야와의 융합, 기업, 기관으로의 확산, 오프라인 연계 및 커뮤니티화, 윤리․철학적 기준 필요성의 증대 등으로 살펴보았다. 그리고 마무리에 선명상, K-명상의 입장에서 명상앱을 활용하는 방안에 대한 제언을 하였다. 명상앱이 IT 기술 발전에 발맞추어 바르게 중심을 잡으며, 다양한 분야로 확산되어 간다면 명상앱은 명상의 보조수단으로서의 역할을 넘어 인류에 공헌하는 뛰어난 명상가이드로 나아가게 될 것이라 기대한다. This study aims to explore the development and current status of meditation apps, in light of the rapid growth of the meditation industry and the advancement of mobile apps. Unlike the long history of meditation itself, the development of meditation and meditation apps has occurred over a very short period, accelerated even further by cutting-edge technologies such as AI. Understanding and advancing the use of mobile-based meditation apps with broad scalability could not only contribute to spreading awareness about meditation but also lead to its integration into daily life and scientific practices. To achieve this, various academic decisions related to mobile development and research on meditation apps were reviewed in conjunction with an examination of their present state alongside their developmental process. Additionally, an investigation was conducted into both foreign and domestic features of meditational apps as well as their current directional trends. Lastly, regarding the development direction of meditation apps, diversification of programs, continued segmentation of contents, integration with the latest IT technologies such as AI and Large language models, and spread of linkage with meditation device based on bio sensing technology and AR, VR, convergence with other fields related to mental health, spread to companies and institutions, offline linkage and communityization, and the increase in the need for ethical and philosophical standards. Based on this, if the meditation app continues to evolve in line with the advancement of AI technology and spreads into various fields, meditation apps will go beyond their role as meditation aids and become outstanding guides contributing to humanity through meditation.

명상의 세계윤리적 가치

김용환 ( Yong Hwan Kim ) 사단법인 한국교수불자연합회 2010 한국교수불자연합학회지 Vol.16 No.1

Meditation can be divided into Yoga meditation and Zen meditation. The outer bahiranga of Yoga meditation and inner antaranga of Yoga meditation. In inner yoga focuses on more subtle and minute samadhi solidarity. In this samadhi state, the meditator can cultivate public common citizenship through meditation. The aim of Yoga meditation is the solidarity of consciousness. It can fulfill not mystical vision and super power but awareness of transcendental self and freedom from citizenship`s limitation. It would cultivate solidarity value of global ethics to live on desirable life as global citizenship free from karmic force. It focuses on the deep interconnection between mind and body, which can be experienced directly by disciplined attention to the physical sensations that form the life of the body, and that continuously interconnect and condition the life of the mind. Zen meditation of Buddhism can be divided into Northern invocation of dharma topic and Southern Vipasana(Pali) insight. It is a way of self-transformation through self-observation and introspection. The aim of Zen meditation is the abolition of past karmic force and rediscovery of suchness nature as intermediatory subjectivity. It could help to reach Nirvana arahat to practice the tolerance toward the others. It can contribute desirable life as global citizenship to practice tolerance to be free from agnosic circulation life. Specially in Zen meditation of Buddhism, clear consciousness practice can calm the mind, only insight can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which leads to prajna(Pali). Buddhist meditation as taught by the Buddha, it is essentially non-sectarian in character and has universal application toward global citizenship. We can conclude it is possible to make a new life of global citizenship through public solidarity and tolerance to contribute human freedom, hope and conviviality.

A Study on Biophilic Elements in Workplace Meditation Spaces

임정화,노혜정,김주연 한국공간디자인학회 2025 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.20 No.2

(Background and Purpose) Korea's rapid industrialization and informatization have caused significant job stress for office workers, adversely impacting their mental and physical well-being, as well as organizational productivity. In response, companies have adopted meditation programs as a stress-mitigation strategy. However, research on the healing environment of meditation spaces remains limited. Research has demonstrated that biophilic design has a positive effect on emotional healing and recovery by fostering a connection between humans and nature. In light of these findings, the present study aims to examine how meditation spaces can function as healing environments by analyzing cases in which biophilic design elements have been incorporated into workplace meditation spaces. (Method) First, a theoretical review was conducted on the concept and effect of meditation space through prior studies, and natural design elements related to healing environments were identified. Second, based on biophilic design theory, elements of biophilic healing design were extracted to establish criteria for case analysis. Third, cases of applying these design elements in workplace the meditation spaces were analyzed. (Results) Among the biophilic healing design elements, those frequently applied included eco-friendly materials, natural light, visual access to nature, organic forms, and real natural objects. Most meditation spaces were located near large windows to enhance visual connections with the outside and maximize daylight. In spaces with outdoor views, actual natural objects were typically not included. Auditory elements were delivered through speakers, and artificial nature images applied the wall or videos. Eco-friendly materials were used for wall or floor finishes, while geometric patterns and organic forms were appeared in ceiling structures, rather than applying a diverse range of healing-focused biophilic design elements. (Conclusions) A growing number of companies are establishing meditation spaces with the objective of promoting the well-being of their employees. These corporate meditation spaces function as healing environments, with the objective of alleviating employees' stress and promoting emotional stability through meditation. The concept of biophilic design, which has been the subject of research both domestically and internationally, is examined from the perspective of emotional healing and restoration. This approach, characterized by its evolutionary biological foundation, seeks to establish a connection between humans and nature, thereby playing a pivotal role in the creation of healing environments. This approach is founded on the premise that humans inherently seek connection with nature, thereby establishing a profound relationship with healing environments. To assess the efficacy of corporate meditation spaces in functioning as healing environments, an analysis was conducted to determine the incorporation of biophilic design elements into these spaces. The findings of this study suggest that the elements of biophilic design are only partially implemented in these spaces, indicating a need for further research into diverse strategies for enhancing the healing functions of workplace meditation spaces through biophilic design.

종교의 자유와 명상에 관한 헌법적 해석

전지수 가천대학교 법학연구소 2023 가천법학 Vol.16 No.3

헌법은 종교의 자유를 보장한다. 종교의 자유의 보호대상에 명상은 포함되는지 의문이다. 전통적으로 명상은 종교의 목적을 달성하기 위한 수단으로 활용되었다. 하지만 현대의 명상은 종교성에서 세속화·대중화·산업화로 변천되었다. 명상의 세속화는 종교의 개념에 대한 재해석을 요청한다. 명상의 개념은 더 이상 종교에 국한하지 않는다. 명상은 종교적 차원과 세속적 차원이 조응 혹은 분리된 개방적 개념으로 확장된 것이다. 그렇다면 명상을 종교로 포섭하여 일률적인 종교의 자유의 보호영역으로 설정할 수 없다. 국가는 종교의 자유를 보호할 수 있도록 종교의 범위에 대하여 고민하여야 한다. 합의된 헌법적 정의는 부재하다. 이에 대한 헌법적 대답을 부과한다. 헌법질서 아래 상이해진 두 개념 간에 평화적 공존을 위해서는 새로운 정립이 필요하기 때문이다. 명상에 관한 헌법적 문제는 크게 세 가지로 정리된다. 첫째, 명상은 종교인가? 둘째, 헌법상 명상의 개념은 무엇인가? 셋째, 종교의 자유와 명상은 어떠한 관계를 갖는가? 종교적 명상과 세속적 명상으로 구분하여 종교의 자유에 대한 실효성 있는 헌법해석을 시도해 볼 수 있다. 종교적 명상의 경우 종교가 추구하는 유일한 목적에 이르기 위한 수단이다. 이와 달리, 세속적 명상의 경우 각인의 다양한 목적을 내적으로 경험하기 위한 생활의 실천이란 점에서 합리적인 헌법적 해석이 전제되어야 한다. 본고는 종교성을 갖는 명상의 경우 종교의 자유의 영역이지만, 세속성을 갖는 명상의 경우에는 무종교의 자유의 영역으로 보는 것은 정당한지 여부에 대하여 고찰한다. 이를 논증하기 위하여 헌법상 종교와 명상의 개념, 종교의 자유와 무종교의 자유를 구분하여 탐색한다. 그리고 무종교의 자유의 구체적인 내용으로 무신앙의 자유, 무종교적 행위의 자유, 무종교적 집회·결자의 자유, 무종교의 자유 제한의 한계를 명상의 개념을 접목하여 살펴보고, 이어서 종교의 자유와 무종교의 자유에서 각기 파생되는 가칭 ‘종교적 명상의 자유’와 ‘세속적 명상의 자유’에 대하여 제언한다. 본 연구의 목적은 헌법상 종교와 명상의 개념을 살펴보고, 헌법해석을 통해 상충할 수 있는 종교적 명상과 세속적 명상의 기본권 보호의 범위를 법익형량 할 수 있는 방향성을 제시함에 있다. The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. It is doubtful whether meditation is included in the protection of religious freedom. Traditionally, meditation has been used as a means to achieve religious goals. Modern meditation is losing its religiosity. In other words, modern meditation is changing into secularity, popularity, and industrialization. The secularization of meditation calls for a reinterpretation of the concept of religion. The concept of meditation is no longer limited to religion. Meditation is an expansion of an open concept in which the religious dimension and the secular dimension correspond or separate. Meditation cannot be embraced as a religion and set as a uniform protection area for religious freedom. The state should consider the scope of religion to protect religious freedom. There is no agreed upon constitutional definition. A constitutional answer to this is required. This is because a new interpretation is needed for peaceful coexistence between the two different concepts under the constitutional order. The constitutional issues regarding meditation are largely organized into three categories. First, is meditation a religion? Second, what is the concept of meditation in the constitution? Third, what is the relationship between freedom of religion and meditation? It is possible to try an effective constitutional interpretation of religious freedom by dividing it into religious meditation and secular meditation. In the case of religious meditation, it is a means to the only end pursued by religion. Unlike this, in the case of secular meditation, a reasonable constitutional interpretation must be premised in that it is a practice of life to internally experience the various purposes of each person. This study considers whether it is legitimate to regard meditation with religiousness as the realm of freedom of religion, but in the case of meditation with secularity, as the realm of freedom from religion. To prove this, the concept of religion and meditation, and freedom of religion and freedom from religion in the Constitution were distinguished and explored. The specific content of freedom from religion was reviewed by grafting the concept of meditation on the freedom of unbelief, freedom of non-religious activities, freedom of non-religious assembly and assembly, and the limits of freedom from religion. And, tentatively named 'freedom of religious meditation' and 'freedom of secular meditation' derived from freedom of religion and freedom from religion are presented. The purpose of this study is to suggest the direction of legal interests by setting the concept of religion and meditation in the Constitution and the scope of protection of the basic rights of religious meditation and secular meditation that may conflict through the interpretation of the Constitution.

어원적 관점에서 보는 暝想과 相談 - Homo Meditatus and Homo Consiliatus

윤희조 한국불교학회 2019 韓國佛敎學 Vol.90 No.-

There are two areas and meanings related to the etymology of meditation. Myung(暝) covers the fundamental area, sang(想) covering the higher area. Bhāvanā signifies to develop the original state of the mind. Homo Meditatus or meditating man is a characteristic and possibility that human beings inherently have. Meditation is a methodology and is associated with a certain purpose. Among meditations, Buddhist meditation shares the purpose of the Buddha's problem-solving. Buddhist meditation can be called one of the methodologies for solving the suffering. If the area of Buddhist meditation includes all areas of the fundamental, the higher, and the ordinary, it can be the area of the Noble Eightfold Path. This problem solving is changed according to the ages, and it can be seen through the changes of problems in Mahayana Buddhism. A triangle model of meditation would be possible in that the area covered by meditation might be posited as the base of both ends of the fundamental and the higher, with its objective as a point on the base. Due to the dynamics of the three points, various triangular models will be possible. The area of the fundamental and the higher might be approached not only by meditation but also by counseling. Counseling is also a methodology, associated with a certain purpose. In counseling, Buddhist counseling shares the purpose of the Buddha's problemsolving. And the triangular model of meditation can be applied to counseling. The triangular model of counseling becomes possible when the fundamental and the higher, as the area of c ounseling, are posited as the base of the triangle with the goal of the counseling as one point. Due to the dynamics of the three points, various types of triangular models become possible. Unlike these common points of meditation and counseling, the specificity of counseling can be found in the etymology of counseling. This can be seen in relation to the etymology of counseling. There are two assumptions about the etymology of counseling. It can be seen that the relational field is formed from the sang(相) and the changes through the vibration can be seen through the dam(談). Homo Consiliatus or counseling man is a characteristic and possibility that human beings inherently have. 본고는 어원에 기초하여 명상과 상담의 공통점과 차이점을 모색함으로써 둘의관계를 보고자 한다. 나아가서는 불교심리학 안에서 불교명상과 불교상담의 위치를 살펴보고자 한다. 먼저 명상의 어원에서 명상과 상담의 공통점을 볼 수 있고, 상담의 어원에서 명상과 상담의 차이점을 볼 수 있다. 명상의 두 영역은 명상과 상담의 공통된 특징이라고 할 수 있고, 상담의 두 전제는 상담의 고유한 특징이라고 할 수 있다. 명상의 어원에서 명상의 두 가지 영역을 볼 수 있다. 한자어 명(暝)은 근원적인영역, 상(想)은 고원적인 영역을 의미한다. 빨리어 바와나는 마음의 원래 상태를계발하는 것을 말한다. 인간에게 근원에 대한 호기심과 고원에 대한 추구가 있다면 호모 메디타투스 즉 명상하는 인간은 인간이 본래 가지고 있는 특징이고 가능성이라고 할 수 있다. 명상은 방법론으로, 목적과 연관되어 있다. 명상 가운데 불교명상은 붓다의 문제의식에 따른 목적을 공유한다. 괴로움의 해결이라는 목적을위한 방법론 가운데 하나를 불교명상이라고 할 수 있다. 명상이 다루는 영역인근원과 고원의 양 끝점을 밑변으로 하고, 목적이 밑변 위에 존재하는 하나의 점이된다면, 명상의 삼각형 모델이 성립할 것이다. 세 점의 역동성으로 인해서 다양한삼각형 모델이 가능할 것이다. 근원과 고원의 영역은 명상뿐만 아니라 상담의 영역이기도 하다. 상담 또한 방법론으로, 목적과 연관되어 있다. 상담 가운데 불교상담은 붓다의 문제의식에 따른 목적을 공유한다. 그리고 명상의 삼각형 모델은상담에도 적용될 수 있다. 상담의 영역인 근원과 고원을 삼각형의 밑변으로 하고상담의 목표를 밑변 위의 하나의 점으로 보면, 상담의 삼각형 모델이 가능해진다. 세 점의 역동성으로 인해서 다양한 형태의 상담의 삼각형 모델이 가능하게 된다. 상담의 어원과 관련해서 상담의 두 가지 전제를 볼 수 있다. 상(相)으로부터연기적 장이 형성되는 것을 볼 수 있고, 담(談)을 통해서 진동을 통한 변화를 볼수 있다. 여기서 ‘함께[相]’는 함께 생활하는 존재 즉 중생으로서 모든 생명체의특징과 연관되어 있다. 함께 모여서 이야기함으로써 진동으로 인한 변화의 가능성이 열리게 된다. 그러므로 호모 콘실리아투스 즉 상담하는 인간은 인간이 본래가지고 있는 특징이면서 가능성이다. 명상하는 인간과 상담하는 인간은 인간에게 내재해 있는 가능성을 계발하고, 인간에게 내재해 있는 전제에 기반하고 있다고할 수 있다.