Korea's immigration policy : nationality act law revisions & the attainment of Korean citizenship for foreigners

Etienne, Sabine Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2014 국내석사

Under South Korea’s Nationality Act Law, Korean nationality may be acquired through “birth, acknowledgement, naturalization, reinstatement of nationality, etc.,” for all persons who meet certain conditions. Under the recent introduction of multicultural initiatives, which promote the integration of foreign residents the Korean government has revised it’s Nationality Act Law. Together with the Ministry of Justice’s Social Integration Program, the Korean government is addressing an important issue on how to better assimilate its rising foreign resident population into Korean society. This recent shift in revising the Nationality Act Law is significant because it acknowledges South Korea’s growing awareness that it has become a preferred choice state for immigrants looking to start a new life. However, due to innate prejudiced views from both the top-down and bottom-up divisions in the Korean government, an open and closed-door policy approach has taken place, limiting foreign residents accessibility toward attaining Korean citizenship. Reviewing South Korea’s Nationality Act Law and immigration policies, this study will address why ethnic and nationalist preferences exist within the Korean government’s Immigration Policy, and its negative effects on present multicultural initiatives and the process of citizenship attainment for foreign residents in South Korea.

(A) comparative study on ICT policies in higher education between China and Korea

Liu, Ting Sungkyunkwan University 2019 국내석사

21 세기의 학습을 위한 융통성있고 선진적이고 효과적인 기술에 대한 요구가 증가하고 있으며, 정보통신기술(ICT)이 지난 20 년 동안 고등교육 분야로 크게 확대되었다. 전세계 교육부는 고등교육에서 ICT 의 발전과 응용을 촉진하기 위해 다양한 정책을 시행하고 있었다. 특히 중국의 경우, 각 지역의 대학들은 고등교육에 ICT 통합을 지원하기 위해 다양한 정책을 실시하였다. 한편, 한국 정부는 고등교육의 ICT 발전 및 응용을 촉진하기 위해 교육개혁과 핵심 프로젝트의 건설에 막대한 자본을 계속 투자하고 있었다. 특히 중국과 한국의 경우에는 같은 유교문화권에서 비슷한 교육 이념과 혁신적인 인재를 양성하는 교육목표 등에서 유사점을 많이 갖고 있는 동시에 양국의 정치 체제, 교육방식, 사회 분위기, 문화풍속 등의 측면에서 많은 차이점도 갖고 있다. 본 연구는 중국과 한국의 고등교육 ICT 정책 실시현황 및 결과를 살펴보고, 양국의 고등교육 ICT 정책의 공통점과 차이점을 비교분석하고자 하였다. 이를 통해 양국의 향후 고등교육 개혁방향과 ICT 정책의 계획 및 실시에 대한 시사점을 도출하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 Kozma(2008)의 교육 ICT 정책의 오퍼레셔널요인 (Operational Components of ICT policy in Education)의 인프라 건설(Infrastructure development), 교사 연수(Teacher training), 기술 지원(Technical support), 교수방법 및 커리큘럼 변경(Pedagogical and curriculum change), 콘텐츠 개발(Content development) 등 5 가지 조건을 이론적 분석틀로 사용하여, 정부 공식문서 9 권, 국가발간 교육백서 8 권, 연간 보고서 5 권 및 학술 연구 96 권, 충 118 권의 연구 자료를 사용하였다. 이러한 자료를 바탕으로 문헌 연구와 비교 분석을 통해 중국과 한국 양국의 고등교육 ICT 정책에 대해 비판적으로 평가하고 비교하고자 하였으며, 이에 따라 미래 고등교육 ICT 정책의 실시 및 개혁 추진을 위한 시사점을 모색하고자 하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중국과 한국은 모두 고등교육에서 ICT 개발에 대한 필요를 크게 느꼈다. 2002 년 경 중국 교육부는 기술 혁명과 경제 세계화의 도전에 부응하기 위해 모든 핵심대학에서 ICT 인프라 구축이 시작되어야 한다는 10 년 계획을 발표했다. 그러나 한국의 경우에는 대학의 국제화, 국내외 핵심 대학의 서열화 등 중국과는 다른 목적에 집중하였으며, 한국의 고등교육 ICT 정책은 2000 년대 초에 처음 실시되어 2001 년에 가속화되었다. 그리고 2006 년 종합개발계획이 발표된 후에는 교육 연구 정보 서비스 등의 고등교육 개혁과 ICT 응용을 촉진하기 시작했다. 둘째, 중국과 한국의 고등교육 ICT 정책은 다양한 유사점과 차이점이 존재하였다. 중국과 한국 정부는 모두 ICT 인프라 개발, 교사들의 ICT 기술 훈련, 창의적인 교육방법 및 커리큘럼 변경, 디지털 콘텐츠 개발에 모든 노력을 기울였지만, 개발 목표가 서로 다르기 때문에 중국은 ICT 정책 실시가 미흡한 지역에 대한 인프라 구축과 교사 훈련 등에 더 많이 중점을 두었고, 한국은 디지털 획득 자원 발주와 개인 ICT 서비스를 개발하는 데 초점을 맞추었다. 이러한 연구결과는 고등교육 ICT 정책 응용과 추진에 관한 한국의 풍부하고 다양한 경험으로 중국에 많은 시사점을 제공하였다. 또한 중국과 한국 양국의 고등교육 ICT 정책에 대한 향후 개혁 이니셔티브를 제언하였다. Nowadays with the increasing demand of flexible, advanced and effective techniques for learning, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have greatly expanded into higher education field in last two decades. Ministry of Education around the world have implemented various policies to promote the development of ICT in higher education. Scholars continued to stress the demand for a deeper study on ICT policies in higher education to better promote ICT. Among which, China’s universities and colleges in various areas implemented different policies to support integration of ICT into higher education. Korean government continued investing a great amount of capital in education reform and construction of key projects to boost the development of ICT in higher education. In particular, China and Korea share many similarities such as similar educational ideology under Confucian culture, and educational goals on cultivating innovative talents. Meanwhile there are also many differences in terms of the political system, pedagogies, and social atmosphere between two countries. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to give a comparison of ICT policies in higher education between China and Korea according to the five basic principles of the Operational Component of ICT policy in Education formulated by Kozma (2008), through literature review and comparative analysis of the total 118 sources (including 9 official documents, 8 whitepapers, 5 yearbooks, and 96 academic researches) published by two countries. Implications and suggestions were presented for the future ICT policies reform in higher education of China and Korea. Both China and Korea felt an imperious demand for development of ICT in higher education. In the certain context of China, around year of 2002, the Ministry of Education issued a decade plan that ICT infrastructure construction should be started in every prime universities for undergraduate and graduate students to meet the challenge of technological revolution and economic globalization. However, in Korea, serving the different purpose such as internationalizing universities and colleges, raising the ranking of the prime universities and colleges at home and abroad, ICT policy in higher education was first surfaced in the early 2000s and accelerated in 2001 and only until 2006’s Comprehensive Development Plan that Korean government actually started to promote education reform and promote applications of ICT in higher education, such as educational research information services. The results shown that China and Korea shared various similarities and differences of ICT policies in higher education. Although Chinese and Korean government both put its full efforts on the ICT infrastructure development, teachers’ ICT skills training, creative pedagogical and curriculum change and digital content development, however with the different development goals, China attached more importance to the construction of infrastructure and teacher training on the behindhand areas whereas Korea aimed at improving digital education resources and developing personalized ICT service systems. Implications were provided for China from Korea’s rich and diverse experiences on development of ICT policies in higher education. Suggestions were also put forward to promote future reform initiatives on ICT policies for both Chinese and Korean higher education.

The Prospects and Challenges of a Korea-Japan Free Trade Agreement(FTA)

Lee, Jung Hwa 연세대학교 2002 국내석사

(The) impact of Korea-China FTA on China's FDI to Korea

최혜정 Graduate School of International Studies, Korea Un 2017 국내석사

The proliferation of FTAs since the 1990’s has effectively spurred the rise of FDI flows in that it seeks to remove trade and investment barriers. While countries in need of capital funding and knowledge and technology spillovers by foreign entities often use FTAs as a tool to attract FDIs, Korea is no exception to this trend. As the Korea-China FTA gives new momentum to investment and trade liberalization, it is expected to encourage the FDI flows from China. In light of this environment, the paper aims to investigate the impact of the Korea-China FTA on the China’s FDI to Korea. FDIs could be categorized into three groups by their underlying motives: market-seeking (horizontal), natural resource and efficiency-seeking (vertical), and export-platform and strategic asset-seeking (hybrid) FDI. More reliable investment conditions under enhanced legal protection of the Korea-China FTA contribute to boosting bilateral FDI activities. Specifically, liberalization of Korean financial service sectors to Chinese investors leads more horizontal FDIs to the Korean finance market. FDIs in the Korean manufacturing sector with competitive advantages over Chinese competitors are expected to increase as well, in accordance with the Chinese efforts to acquire strategic assets and enlarge market share in the integrated economy. Lastly, investment incentives with policies facilitating exports to third countries that the Korea-China FTA ensures would draw more export-platform FDIs from China. More negotiations for the full liberalization of investment and trade in services and Korean government’s efforts to provide a tailored service to match and support Chinese investors and Korean enterprises are required for further FDI inflows to Korea.

International Students' Experiences of Domestic Leisure Tourism in Korea : A Qualitative Study

왕조 경희대학교 일반대학원 2015 국내석사

International students’ travel market has been identified as the most rapid growing segment in Leisure travel sector. A few countries, including Australia, United States and United Kingdom have witnessed a rapid growth in this study broad students market. There are not many research has been done, focusing on international students globally. This study aims to understand international university students’ travel experiences in South Korea, find out what the constraints are for them during domestic trips in South Korea (including the planning part),and their solution; what are the motivations are for them to choose to come to South Korea or such travel destination. By understanding their points of view through long-term stays in South Korea, tourism industry can improve their services so as to attract more youth travelers and improve overall tourist satisfaction. This is a qualitative study in the purpose of understanding students’ personal travel experience. The results showed that information update and accuracy, local transport frequencies are the two main constraints for international students when they take domestic travel in Korea thus more detail information work are recommended to be done in tourism industries. Based on qualitative approach this study highlighted new findings about travel motivation and constraints then international students in Korea. The findings from indepth interview go beyond what can usually found by survey methods.

A Critical Analysis of Korea’s ODA : Focusing on KOICA Family Planning Program in Ethiopia

Hong, Sol Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. Graduate Sch 2015 국내석사

A Critical Analysis of Korea’s ODA: Focusing on KOICA Family Planning Program in Ethiopia This study explores the KOICA Family Planning Program in Ethiopia from 2008 to 2014. It focuses on whether or not the program reproduces the same logic of a wrong image, the link between overpopulation and the problem of poverty that was created by the West during the Cold War era. The distorted perception of the relationship between overpopulation and poverty was created by the West, especially by the United States, by objectifying the non-Western nations that were usually less developed. These include a number of countries in Asia during the Cold War period. The Family Planning program was an apparent solution as overpopulation was a potential threat for the West. South Korea also accepted it as a part of ODA from the United States in 1961 and it was actively implemented during the 1960s and 1970s. Through this ODA, South Korea was influenced to the extent that it internalized the idea of what the West had about population and its awareness towards non-Western peoples. After South Korea became a donor nation what it experienced as a recipient influenced their ODA policy. From the year of 2008 to 2014, Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) administered and at the same time implemented the Family Planning program on behalf of the Ethiopian government as a part of the South Korea’s ODA programs in Ethiopia. This study therefore attempts to see if the Korean Family Planning Program, as administrated by Westerners in Korea, was administered in the same manner by Korean officials in Ethiopia.

Impact of Korea-China FTA on Agricultural Products

LI XINYU 전남대학교 2024 국내석사

Since the 1960s, in order to deepen trade exchanges between countries, many countries or regions have called for the decrease of tariff barriers and the promotion of free trade. Therefore, bilateral or multilateral Free Trade Agreements (FTA) have emerged, and regional economic integration has begun to develop. On August 24, 1992, South Korea and China officially established ambassadorial level diplomatic relations, ending the long history of mutual non recognition and isolation between the two countries, and economic and trade cooperation between the two countries also began. Against the backdrop of the signing of the South Korean China FTA in 2015, agricultural product trade between the two countries has once again become a focus of global attention. As the first countries in Northeast Asia, sign bilateral free trade agreements, China and Korea have played a demonstrated role in the development of free trade for other countries in Northeast Asia, which is also conducive to the prosperity and economic development in Asia. The geographical location of Korea and China is adjacent, and the interdependence between the two countries is also high. Although China's agricultural products export to Korea has a trade surplus, Korea is more progressiveness and professional in the agricultural field. The two countries should change their thinking in the field of agricultural products trade, form more advantageous agricultural structures respectively according to the relevant content of the comparative advantage theory, and change a win-win situation of agricultural products export trade. At present, the trade exchanges and FTA development in Korea and China are limited by various factors, and there are still significant problems in agricultural export trade. This article is based on the background of the rapid development of the FTA between the two countries. Firstly, relevant theories were extensively searched and organized. On this basis, a large amount of relevant data was studied, with the aim of understanding the current situation of agricultural trade development between the two countries and proposing relevant opinions for the future development of the FTA between the two countries. After analysis, this article has drawn the following three reported results. Firstly, the building of a free trade zone between South Korea and China has a significant impact on the GDP and social welfare of both countries, and the social welfare level of both countries have improved compared to before. Secondly, after the free trade agreement between the two countries officially came into effect, the market share of Chinese agricultural products in the Korean market began to increase, but the market competitiveness was poor and mainly concentrated in primary agricultural products. Finally, with the gradual implementation of various trade facilitation clauses, agricultural exports from both countries is expected to usher in a new turning point. Therefore, with the gradual implementation of various trade terms, agricultural exports products from two countries is expected to usher in a new turning point. Based on the analysis of the size and construct of the trade between Korea and China, this paper uses the theory of comparative advantage to further explore the complementary and competitiveness between Korea and China about agricultural product trade, especially the changes of the agricultural trade after signing of the FTA in Korea and China in 2015. The results of this paper show that the establishment of the FTA of agricultural trade between the two countries has played a positive role in driving effect, the agricultural trade between Korea and China is more complementary than competitive, therefore, with the trade terms gradually effective, the two countries agricultural exports are expected to have a new turnaround, so need to strengthen cooperation and international competitiveness, promote the common development of economic relations and promoting trade exchanges between Korea and China. In response to the problems in agricultural trade between South Korea and China, this article proposes policy recommendations to further promote agricultural trade. Therefore, with Progressive entry into force of various trade terms, agricultural exports in Korea and China is expected to welcome a new turning point. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen cooperation and international competitiveness to encourage the common progress of the economic and trade exchange between Korea and China. Keywords: Korea-China FTA, Agricultural Trade, Comparative Advantage, Free Trade Development 1960년부터 각국 사이 무역을 심화하기 위하여 많은 국가와 지역에서 관세 장벽을 낮추어 자유무역을 촉진할 것을 호소하였다. 이로 인해 자유무역협정(Free Trade Agreement, FTA)이 운용되고 지역 경제통합이 촉진되고 발전되기 시작했다. 한중 두 나라는 1992년 외교관계를 건립한 이후로 두 나라의 경제 무역 관계는 밀접히 발전하고 있다. 한중 FTA는 2015년 체결하였다. 그 배경 아래 농산품 무역이 또다시 세계의 주목을 받았다. 동북아시아지구에서 가장 먼저 이 협정을 체결한 국가로서 중국과 한국은 자유무역의 발전이 다른 동북아시아의 나라들에게는 모범적인 작용을 하고 있다. 이는 아시아 경제의 번영과 발전에도 유리하다. 한국과 중국의 지리적 위치가 가까운 만큼 두 나라의 상호 의존도는 굉장히 높은 편이다. 아무리 중국 농산품이 한국 수출에 대해 무역 수지 흑자가 존재해도 한국이 농업 영역에선 더 높은 선진성과 전문성을 보유하고 있기에 양국은 농산품 무역 영역에서 방향을 틀어 비교 우세 이론에 의해 점차 서로 우세를 가진 농업구조를 형성하여 농산품의 수출 무역에서 윈윈의 국면을 실현해야 한다. 목전 양국의 무역과 FTA의 발전은 많은 여러 가지 요소의 제약을 받고 있다. 농산품의 수출 무역에서 현저하게 눈에 띄는 문제가 존재한다.본문은 양국의 FTA가 비약적인 발전을 하는 시대 배경 아래 관련된 이론에 대해 광범위한 탐색과 정리를 통해 대양의 수치들을 연구하였다. 이로 인해 양국의 농산품 무역의 현황에 대해 이해하는 연구 목적을 달성하였고 양국 미래의 FTA 발전을 위해 관련된 의견을 제기하였다. 분석을 통해 본문은 이하 세 가지 연구 결과를 얻었다. 우선, 한중 자유무역지대 구축은 양국의 GDP와 사회복지에 큰 영향을 미치게 되어 양국의 사회복지 수준이 이전에 비해 향상됐다. 다음으로 양국 간 자유무역협정(FTA) 체결 이후 한국 시장에서 중국산 농산물의 비중은 높아졌으나 시장 경쟁력이 열악하고 주로 1차 농산물에 집중되어 있다는 것이다. 마지막으로 다양한 무역원활화 조항이 점진적으로 시행되면서 양국의 농산물 수출은 새로운 전환점을 맞이할 것으로 예상된다. 본문은 한중 양국의 농산품 무역규모와 구조에 대해 분석을 진행하여 비교 우세 이론을 이용하여 한중 농산품 무역의 상호보완성과 경쟁성에 대해 탐색한다. 특히는 2015년 양국이 자유무역협정을 체결한 후 농산품 무역의 변화와 상황에 대해 해석을 진행한다. 연구결과 한중 FTA 체결이 양국 간 농산물 무역 활성화에 긍정적인 역할을 했다는 것을 얻어냈다. 따라서 다양한 무역조건이 점차 활성화되면서 양국 농산물 수출은 새로운 전환점을 맞이할 것으로 예상되며, 두 나라의 경제 무역 관계의 공동발전을 도모하기 위해서는 상호 협력과 국제경쟁력을 강화할 필요가 있다. 본문에서는 양국 간 농산물 무역에 존재하는 문제점에 대해 양국 간 무역발전을 더욱 촉진하기 위한 정책제안을 제시한다.

An Analysis of the Korean Government Policy toward Russia : from High Politics to Low Politics : 역대 한국정부의 대러시아 정책 분석: 하이폴리틱스에서 로우폴리틱스로

양정윤 서울대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

This paper aims to investigate Korean government policy toward Russia after establishing diplomatic relations between Korea and Russia in 1990. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, South Korea and Russia established diplomatic ties in 1990. For the last some 25 years, Korea has been implementing expansive diplomatic policy toward Russia. In 1994, under the former president Kim Young-sam administration, Korea-Russia relations were enhanced into ‘Constructive Mutually Complementary Partnership.’ In 2004, at the summit meeting held in Moscow, Korea-Russia relations were developed to ‘Mutually Trustful and Comprehensive Partnership’ and in 2008 the relations were once again upgraded as ‘Strategic Cooperative Partnership.’ Korea and Russia shared similar view and interests on many issues, such as peace in the Korean peninsula and the North Korean nuclear issue, economic interests, South Korea-North Korea-Russia Trilateral Cooperation including the Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR) and Trans-Korean Railway (TKR) extension, and so forth. However, neither Korea nor Russia could be completely assured of the stability of projects mentioned above due to the North Korea factor. For instance, constructing a Korea-Russia pipeline via North Korea is a lucrative project for both sides, but it causes complex security and military implications. Nevertheless, of special interest is that South Korea maintains its active foreign policy toward Russia for last 25 years. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate transition of Korean government policy toward Russia for past years in the Korea-Russia relation. At first, it will provide an overview of Korean government policy toward Russia after the normalization of Korea-Russia relations in 1990, and then it will analyze changing focus of Korean government major policies toward Russia from high politics to low politics. Considering the transition of Korean government policy to Russia and its policy issues, it is estimated that Korea-Russia diplomatic relations has been moved from high politics area to low politics area. Within the subfield of international relations, the concept high politics covers all matters that are vital to the very survival of the state, namely national and international security concerns. In opposition, low politics is a concept that covers all matters that are not absolutely vital to the survival of the state as the economics and social affairs. The hypothesis of this study is that the Korean government policy toward Russia started from high political area and gradually changed to low political area. Finally, this paper aims to evaluate Korean government policy toward Russia and implications from policy implementation.

코리아브랜드 개발의 방향성 연구

남상민 홍익대학교 산업미술대학원 2004 국내석사

국가간 무한 경쟁시대를 맞아 국가의 이미지는 소비자의 제품구매에 단서의 역할을 한다. 특히 우리같이 수출의존도가 높은 경제구조에서 좋은 국가이미지는 바로 국가경쟁력으로 연결된다. 세계 제 5위의 자동차 생산국인 한국은 반도체, 조선, 철강 등에서 세계 선두를 차지하고 있고 상당수의 한국제품들이 일류상품으로 '세계 속의 한국'을 외치지만 정작 지구촌에서 한국은 잘 알려져 있지 않거나 전쟁의 위험, 군사 독재에 의한 압축성장, 관 위주의 통제사회 등 부정적인 이미지가 더 강하다. 이로 인하여 2002년 우리나라의 GDP는 세계 13위, 교역규모 13위, 외환보유고는 1,155억원 달러로 세계 4위를 차지하고 있는 것으로 나타났지만 2002년 스위스 IMD가 밝힌 국가경쟁력 순위에서는 국내경제 43위, 국제화 수준 40위, 정부 37위 등 중국(9위), 대만(29위)보다도 낮은 국가경쟁력을 나타내고 있다. 이와같이 한국이 세계경제에서 차지하는 비중이 막강함에도 불구하고 국가이미지가 저평가 된 이유는 우리나라의 대표이미지의 부재로 인한 국제사회에서의 경쟁력의 약화로 이런 부정적인 이미지는 한국제품의 마케팅에도 큰 약점이 되고 있다. 국가간의 교역이 활발해지고 경제 전쟁이라 불릴 정도로 치열해진 국제사회에서 우리제품이 경쟁력을 갖고 다국적 기업(multinational company)과 경쟁하기 위한 국가이미지 제고에 대한 필요성이 끊임없이 제기되어 왔고 1998년 IMF를 기점으로 코리아 브랜드 개발에 대한 디자인계의 지속적인 관심과 노력이 있었다. 실제로 본 연구자를 중심으로 우리나라의 국기이며 우리고유의 미의식 원천(Identity)으로서 우리민족의 특성을 보여주고 우리민족을 형성하게 한 대표적 정신사상인 태극을 모티브로 한 디자인 개발을 수행하여 '태극전'이라는 명칭으로 1998년 기획전을 개최하기도 하였다. 이제는 국가마케팅(Marketing of Nation)시대 라고 한다. 국가마케팅은 국가이미지를 제고하여 국가경제의 실질 경쟁력을 국제 소비자들로부터 평가받는 과정을 통해 국내 생산품의 브랜드 가치를 극대화시키는 것으로 국가 이미지가 좋아지면 후광효과(Hallo Effect)로 기업이나 제품 이미지도 동반 상승하게 되어 글로벌 시장에서 수출증대, 수출상품의 가격상승 등 긍정적인 효과를 얻게 된다는 것이다. 국가이미지 제고 전략은 정부와 기업이 장기적 국가비전을 바탕으로 체계적이고 거시적인 연구를 통해 수립하여야 하는 국가적 사업임에도 불구하고 우리나라는 산발적이고 이벤트적인 행사에 의존하여 국가이미지를 제고하고 있는 상황이다. 이에 따라 본 논문은 국가이미지 관련 국가정책에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 국내와 해외 사례를 분석하며 우리나라 국가이미지의 현황과 문제점을 인식하고 거시적인 비전을 설정함으로써 코리아 브랜드 개발의 방향성을 제시하고자 한다. Government competitiveness. As can be seen here, despite Korea's central position on the map of the global economy, its national image used to remain unfavorable and negatively influence the global consumers. It is crucial for an economy heavily dependent upon export to build up an image as a competitive, progressive and sound marketplace. However, due to its turbulent historical developments for the past 50 years, Korea has been construed as an unstable, authoritarian society tightly controlled by the government to this day. Though Korea ranked 12th in terms of trade volume as a 172.3-billion-dollar exporter on the 2001 World Trade Statistics Report released by the World Trade Organization, it appeared to be lagging far behind in terms of overall national competitiveness according to the IMD of Switzerland. It came in 43rd place for the economic environment, 40th for the globalization level, and 37th for the government competitiveness. As can be seen here, despite Korea's central position on the map of the global economy, its national image used to remain unfavorable and negatively influence the global consumers. Increased exchanges between nations and rising competition in the international arena call for an enhanced national image to help Korean companies better compete against formidable multinational companies. The 1998 IMF bailout also spotlighted the importance of developing "a brand image" unique to Korea and thus stirred up the design circle's interest. The 1998 Taegeuk Exhibition, a project in which I participated as a major planner, best showcased the ongoing efforts to embody the spirit and sentiments of Korean people in commercial designs utilizing Taegeuk(a time-honored symbol representing the harmony of yin and yang) that also appears on the national flag. The 2002 FIFA World Cup provided a momentum to this surge to develop a nation's brand image. Korea's national flag Taegeukki emerged as the bestseller of all products sold in connection to the Games, speaking for the public's aspiration to have a symbol or a motif that represents Korea. Along with the flag, red came to be known as the color of Korean people through this sporting event, connoting their original, progressive spirit that never fears new challenges. The importance of establishing the right marketing strategy for a nation is being recognized more and more widely across the society. As said, consumers' perception of a nation can be an important determinant in their decision-making process and influence the marketability of products. An enhanced national brand can create a halo effect in boosting the images of private organizations and their products, and thus drive up exports. It is important to build up on the World Cup legacy and strive to further develop a favorable national image, preferably through capitalizing on Taegeuk that is noted as the symbol of Korea. To this end, an integrated national brand improvement and management system must be set up to demonstrate to the outside world the dynamism and vitality of Korea.

Characteristics and restrictiveness of rules of origin in the Korea-Australia FTA : an empirical analysis

Kang, Narae Korea University 2017 국내석사

Rules of origin (RoO) are necessary and important in free trade agreements (FTAs), given the fact that their function is to prevent trade deflection. However, with the proliferation of FTAs over the last two decades, diverse RoO among the different FTAs have resulted in increases in the cost of complying with the complex requirement of RoO. In other words, RoO can play a role as trade barriers. Thus, it is critical to find out how demanding RoO are, in order not to limit exporters’ opportunities for more markets. On this ground, this paper analyzed the restrictiveness of RoO, which can be hidden protection, with the example of the bilateral FTA between Korea and Australia, using a method proposed by Estevadeordal (2000). It revealed that the restrictiveness index of the Korea-Australia FTA is 4.26, lower than those of the Korea-China FTA (4.43), the Korea-EFTA FTA (4.53), the Korea-ASEAN FTA (4.59), and the Korea-Chile FTA (4.82). This low restrictiveness index of the Korea-Australia FTA can be explained mainly by the complementary industrial and trade structure and significant amount of trade volume between the two countries. Then, examining restrictiveness of RoO for nineteen sectors, it is found that the agricultural and animal sector is the most restrictive among all the sectors, whereas the chemical and electrical equipment sectors are less restrictive. In addition, the analysis has shown that the restrictiveness of RoO in major five sectors in the Korea-Australia FTA lies between those of the China-Australia FTA and the Japan-Australia FTA. Given the results of this research, even though RoO in the Korea-Australia FTA are less restrictive than those of Korea’s other FTAs, Korea should adopt a more strategic approach to trade policy, considering the restrictiveness of RoO and Korea’s position in the Australian market vis-à-vis China and Japan. Furthermore, the Korean government needs to review these factors for renegotiation of the Korea-Australia FTA in the future.