텔레비전 보도프로그램의 초상권 침해에 관한 연구 : 알 권리와 초상권의 갈등을 중심으로

조근주 중앙대학교 신문방송대학원 1999 국내석사

재난보도의 피해자 인격권 침해 : 세월호 참사 방송뉴스를 중심으로

송유라 고려대학교 대학원 2016 국내석사

2014년 세월호 참사 보도에서 발생한 비윤리적이고 선정적인 보도는 피해자에 대한 배려가 부족했다는 지적을 받았다. 이는 윤리적 문제뿐만 아니라, 피해자의 인격권 침해 문제로 이어질 수 있기에 그 심각성이 강조된다. 특히 영상을 활용해 시각적으로 피해자의 모습을 보여주는 방송보도 과정에서 초상권과 사생활권이 침해될 가능성이 크다. 따라서 본 연구는 KBS와 JTBC의 세월호 방송보도를 샷(shot) 단위로 분석함으로써 방송사별로 피해자의 초상권과 사생활권이 어떻게 얼마나 침해됐는지, 또한 보호되었다면 어떻게 보호됐는지 알아보고자 했다. 또한, 세월호 보도 중간에 발표된 세월호 참사 가이드라인 전후 보도 비교를 통해 피해자 인격권 침해 개선 정도를 비교해보았다. 연구 결과, 전체적으로는 공영방송인 KBS가 JTBC보다 초상권과 사생활권 침해 비율이 높게 나타났다. 그러나 주목 할만한 점은 KBS의 경우 보도 초반에 문제가 됐던 장면들이 보도 후반부로 갈수록 개선됐으며, 가이드라인 발표 이후 인격권 침해의 문제 소지가 있는 장면이 확연히 줄어들었다. 그러나 JTBC의 경우 20일 발표된 가이드라인에 개의치 않고 계속해서 피해자의 초상권과 사생활에 대해 배려를 하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. JTBC는 보도 당시 피해자의 입장을 가장 많이 대변해준 방송사로 세월호 참사 피해자와 국민의 신뢰를 얻었으나, 피해자에 관한 내용을 많이 다룬 만큼 그들의 초상권, 사생활권 등 인격권 침해에 있어 형식적으로 많은 부분 문제가 있었던 것으로 보인다. 인터뷰 장면에서 발생한 초상권과 사생활권의 침해는, 전반적인 초상권과 사생활권 침해 비율과 별 차이가 나지 않았다. 이는 더욱 신경 써야 할 인터뷰 화면에서도 여전히 인격권 침해가 많이 발생하고 있다는 문제로 지적된다. 또한, KBS가 JTBC보다 같은 인터뷰의 반복이 많은 것으로 드러났다. 그 외에도 사연 위주의 리포트에서 인격권 침해가 많이 발생했으며, 인격권 보호처리가 방송사 내에서도 일관되지 못하고 허술했다는 점 등의 문제점을 발견할 수 있었다. Media coverages of 2014 Sewol ferry incident have received criticisms for their unethical and sensational coverage of victims. Not only do such media coverages contain ethical issues but more importantly, they could lead to the problem of invasion of victims’ personal rights. In particular, victims’ privacy and portrait rights are more likely to be violated during the process of TV news coverage that includes visual images of victims. Therefore, this study analyzes KBS and JTBC’s media coverage of Sewol ferry incident in order to examine the degree of victims’ personal rights invasion and how the victims’ personal rights were protected if they were protected. Also, this study looks at the level of improvement in terms of victim’s personal rights invasion by comparing media coverages before and after the ‘Coverage guideline for Sewol ferry’ was released. According to the results, KBS was found to be violating victim’s personal rights more often than JTBC in general. However, KBS media coverages containing personal rights invasion issues showed improvement throughout the coverage period. Also, the number of shots containing controversial images in terms of victim’s personal rights invasion decreased visibly after the release of the ‘Coverage guideline for Sewol ferry.’ On the other hand, JTBC was found to be covering victims without consideration for their personal rights regardless of the guideline that was released after the incident. JTBC has gained the public’s trust as a media that spoke for victims during the incident, but during the process of covering victims on television news, issues related to victims’ privacy and portrait rights seemed to have emerged. The ratio of invasion of victim's privacy and portrait rights in interview scenes did not significantly differ from the overall ratio. This indicates that interview scenes, which are supposed to be more concerned with victim’s personal rights than other scenes, contained issues related to personal rights invasion. In addition, KBS was found to be covering the same interviews of victims more repetitively than JTBC. It was also found that the problem of personal rights invasion emerged more often in news reports that were focused around victims’ personal stories, and that the protection of victim’s personal rights within each broadcasting company was very inconsistent and poorly done.

영상보도에 의한 초상권 침해와 보호에 관한 연구 : 판례와 대학생 의식의 차이를 중심으로

정힘찬 동국대학교 2005 국내석사

The purpose of this study was to discuss the infringements of individuals' image right by mass-media reports and thereby, determine the relationship between freedom of the press and people's right of knowledge. For this purpose, judicial cases were reviewed to analyze the infringements of image right and suggest the ways to protect it. This study focused on which should take precedence among such legitimate freedom and rights as freedoms of expression, right of knowledge and image right and what are the grounds for such a precedence. The study points were set up as follows; First, how is the image right specified by domestic law and regulations? Second, how can the cases about infringements of image right by mass-media reports be categorized? And what were the grounds for the decisions and judgements of the court? Third, how do college students perceive the image right and the journalism for that matter? In order to find the answers to the first question, domestic laws and internal codes of relevant authorities were reviewed. As a result, it was found that current laws specify the image right comprehensively, while internal codes of relevant authorities set the conditions for infringement of image right. In order to meet people's right of knowledge, the mass-media screens should be edited in consideration of people's image right, but freedom of the press or right of expression may take precedence over image right in the reports about socially sensational cases, those accidents invoke people's indignation or other cases relevant to the public interest. In short, the public interest provides the ground for exceptions of image right protection. In order to answer the second question, domestic judicial cases about infringement of image right were analyzed to understand the trend of image right protection as well as its legal theories. In most cases, the court decided that image right was infringed on by mass-media if the person himself or herself had not agreed to the report about himself or herself, or if he or she had been reported against the original intention explained to him or her, or if his or her identity had been revealed in a report irrelevant to him or her, or if he or she had been video-taped recklessly as a criminal suspect. After all, most of the judicial cases were about conflict between fact-finding efforts of mass-media and individuals' image right, and the court decided on such cases in favor of individuals' image right. Namely, the court ruled that the mass-media had unjustly and carelessly infringed on people's image right neglecting their right and interest in the name of the public interest. However, such cases are deemed unfair by the broadcasting companies emphasizing freedom of expression and people's right of knowledge. In order to find the answers to the third question, college students were surveyed for their perception of image right and mass-media for that matter. As a result, it was found that as the individualism is expanding, college students tend to be more conscious of people's self-esteem and protection of people's rights as subjects of personality right. As people's personality right is protected by law, they think that personal rights and interests are starting points and centripetal points. However, since they feel that people's social responsibility may take precedent over their personal rights and interests as far as the mass-media reports reflect public interest and concern, which suggests that most of the college students may be generous to exposure of their identities. On the other hand, college students feel that mass-media tend to impede people's judgement about the public interest by featuring the cases sensationally to protect the private interests of mass-media, and therefore, that mass-media are much responsible for themselves. Moreover, college students are seriously concerned about the mass-media reports infringing on people's personal rights and interests. Such a finding attributable to college students' enhanced sense of rights and particularly image right may prove their wish that our journalism would restrain themselves from the expansive legworks increasing in name of people's right of knowledge.

보도사진의 초상권침해와 알권리에 관한 연구 : 법원의 판례분석을 중심으로

이종원 동국대학교 언론정보대학원 2003 국내석사

As journalism becomes more and more visualized, more photos are used for printed materials, and therefore, photo journalism becomes more influential socially. Since a newspaper news covers an event of the human community, figure photos must account for a considerable portion of photo journalism. As an independent news source, a figure photo seems to be a decisive factor enhancing the reality and vitality of a news provided by newspaper, while newspapers are entitled and obliged to deliver the visual information to their readers. However, such a right of journalism to report about the events for public welfare and interests may conflict frequently with individuals' liberty and personal rights. In other words, a photo journalism may tarnish individual's honor or infringe on his or her privacy, which may result in infringement on his or her property right or credit right. Then, there will exist a conflict of legal interests between individual's human right and freedom of speech and publication. Under such circumstances, this study was aimed at analyzing the cases of infringement of photo journalism on people's figure right to determine their types and causes, and thereupon, exploring the ways to fundamentally resolve the conflicts between people's right to know and their figure rights. To this end, concepts and legal backgrounds of figure right and people's right to know were reviewed. The fundamental cause for the conflict between right to know and figure right may be reduced to the conflict between the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. Since both of these two legal interests cannot be ignored, the conflict between them seems to be inevitable. In order to resolve such a conflict, were suggested such principles as equilibrium between interests, harmony of norms, and order of priorities. These principles dictate that we should compare the interest gained from protected freedom of journalism with that from limited freedom of journalism when we face a specific situation. The cases where the freedom of journalism may override the figure right or privacy may be reviewed in reference to such theories as right waiving, public interest and value of journalism, and public existence. This study reviews two cases guaranteeing the freedom of journalism to a maximum degree. The former case relying on illegality indemnity theory specified that "a journalist who reported about an event truly to the public interests shall not be punished", while the latter case relying on considerable reason theory specified that 'if it can be justified that a journalist believed in the truth of an event, he or she shall be exempt from punishment". In addition, in consideration of our conditions, the cases where the figure right may be limited are divided into 4 categories: figure right holder's consent, public figures, reports about crime, and reports about gathering or demonstration. On the other hand, judicial cases about infringements on figure right and conditions for the infringements were reviewed and analyzed, while types of the infringements were divided into 5 categories: unconsented photographing, unconsented publication, secondary infringement, variations during production, and distorted interpretation. In addition, the judicial cases were divided by types, and thereby, their frequencies were examined by period, type, and figures' social status, while the ratio of the cases where newspaper companies won was analyzed. Besides, conditions for infringement on figure right as well as for limited figure right were presented in diagrams. The reform measures to resolve the conflict between figure right and freedom of journalism can be suggested as follows; First, it is urgent to enhance the ethics of journalism and journalists as professional news producers armed with a sense of mission. Second, it is required of the individuals to appeal to the authority for their infringed right in order to check the supra-legal behaviors of journalism and thereby, enhance their human rights with an improved legal sense of rights. Third, in terms of social and legal reforms, it is necessary to organize a court devoted to the lawsuits about journalism, and at the same time, make efforts to remedy the infringements on figure right through an autonomous jury of journalism. After all, the infringements of photo journalism on individuals' figure right should be settled in a way striking a harmony among journalism, individuals and legal or institutional procedures. Then, photo journalism will be freely distributed, while individuals' figure right be protected appropriately with minimized infringements on figure right.

포토저널리즘에서의 肖像權 侵害와 알 권리의 관계 硏究 : 1981-2001년 판례분석을 중심으로

최우창 東亞大學校 大學院 2001 국내석사

이 연구는 포토저널리즘의 영향력이 증대되는 시점에서 문제되기 쉬운 개인의 초상권에 관한 천착이다. 연구자는 언론의 자유와 국민의 알 권리, 그리고 이와 대립되는 개인의 초상권 모두 법적 정당성을 지닌 것이라는 점에서 이들이 상충될 때 어떠한 근거에 따라 어느 쪽에 더 무게를 두어져야 하는지를 살펴보기 위해 우선 초상권 침해 문제에 접근하였다. 연구에서는 우선 국민의 알 권리와 초상권은 무엇이며, 두 권리 간에 갈등이 일어난 경우 적용되는 원칙이 무엇인가를 살펴본다. 이에 대한 답으로 이익형량(利益衡量)·규범조화(規範調和)·서열질서(序列秩序) 등의 원칙이 제시되었다. 이것은 언론의 자유를 보호할 때 얻는 이익과 제한할 때 얻는 이익을 개개의 사건에 따라 구체적인 상황을 고려해서 결정하는 방법이다. 또한 언론의 자유가 우선시되어 사생활의 비밀과 자유가 제한되고 초상권이 침해되는 것이 허용되는 경우는 권리포기 이론, 공익과 보도 가치성이론, 그리고 공적 인물 이론 등 세 가지로 나누어 적용해 볼 수 있다. 두 번째로는 판례에 나타난 초상권의 침해 유형과 초상권 침해 구성요소는 무엇인가에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 먼저 기존 연구를 통해 초상권 침해가 발생할 우려가 있는 상황들을 분류해 유형화시켰다. 먼저, 무단촬영에 의한 초상권 침해, 둘째, 무단공표에 의한 초상권 침해, 셋째, 2차 사용에 관한 침해, 넷째, 제작상의 변형에 의한 침해, 다섯째, 해석상의 왜곡 등이 그것이다. 그리고, 수집한 판례를 침해 유형별로 나눈 후 연구판례의 시기별 건수, 침해 유형별 판례 건수, 사회적 지위에 따른 판례 건수, 원고의 사회적 지위에 따른 언론사 승소 비율 등을 알아보았다. 또한 초상권 침해의 구성요건을 초상권 침해 요인과 초상권 적용제한 요인으로 도식화하였다. 마지막 세 번째로 알 권리와 초상권 간의 갈등을 해소하는 법리적 개선 방안에 대해 살펴보았다. 여기서는 국민의 알 권리와 초상권간의 갈등에 대한 해결을 위한 개선방안을 생산자 측면, 수용자 측면, 법적·제도 측면으로 나누어 제시하였다. 첫째, 수용자 측면에서 살펴본다면 언론의 윤리성 회복, 취재·보도의 관행의 타파, 책임있는 후속보도의 정립 등을 들 수 있다. 언론의 윤리성 회복이 필요한 이유는 언론이 '언론의 자유로부터의 자유'를 누리려고 하고 있기 때문이다. 법적인 제재와 제한보다 언론이 진정으로 국민의 알 권리를 위해 힘쓴다면 언론 스스로 책임의식을 제고하는 것이 필요하다. 일반 국민들은 최초의 보도에 의해 그 사건을 기억하고 평가한다. 만약 그 보도가 오보라면 이로 인해 명예와 신용, 초상의 피해를 입은 피의자는 재판의 결과가 어찌되었든 돌이킬 수 없는 상처를 입게 된다. 이때 필요한 것이 언론의 책임있는 후속보도이다. 언론 스스로 노력하여 보다 자율적이고 책임감있는 후속보도를 기획해 낸다면, 오보로 인해서 실추된 언론의 신뢰를 한층 높일 수 있는 계기가 될 수 있을 것이다. 둘째, 법적·제도 측면이다. 법적 측면에서는 우선 언론관련 소송만을 관장하는 전담재판부를 확대 운영해야 한다. 전담재판부는 신속한 판결을 통해 피해자에 대한 최대의 권익보호를 가능하게 할 것이며 적절한 시기에 피해를 보상해 줄 수 있는 기틀을 마련해 줄 수 있을 것이다. 또한 언론자유의 충분한 보호, 공인보도에 대한 언론의 폭넓은 면책 등이 보장되는 추세에서는 피해자에 대한 위자료와 손해배상액의 판결액을 높여야 한다. 그리고 마지막으로 초상권 침해 구제제도의 일원화가 필요하다. 이러한 법제도의 확충과 함께 언론의 자율기구 등을 통한 제도적 측면에서의 보완도 필요하다. 세 번째, 개인적 측면이다. 앞서 언론의 노력과 더불어 수용자들 즉 국민들의 법의식도 달라져야 할 것이다. 언론의 피해자나 일반 수용자들은 언론의 초월적 행위에 저항하여야 할 것이다. 깨어서 지켜보고 있는 국민들이야말로 언론에게 법적인 규제나 제한보다 언론 스스로의 자율적인 규제가 가장 합리적인 것임을 깨닫게 할 수 있기 때문이다. This study is the report about individual right to his/her portrait that can be easily issued at the time when the influence of photo-journalism is increasing. Researcher approached the infringements on the right to ones portrait to find to which side more justice should be invested with which evidence when freedom of the press and individual rights to portrait against the freedom of the press is conflicted each other, taking the point that both of them already has their own legal justice into our consideration At first investigation, I defined what the national rights to know and the rights to his/her portrait is respectively. And also we you can see which principal would be applied to the situation when theres a conflict between above mentioned two rights. comparative advantage, the harmony of standard and rank order are suggested as answers to the question. This is the method to decide the interest that can be secured when freedom of the press is observed and at the same time to decide the interest when its limited considering its specific condition by cases, When freedom of the press takes precedence, and private secret and freedom is limited, it can be explained with the theory of right resignation, the theory of public interests and newsworthiness, and the theory of public man. At second investigation, I investigated the types and factors of the infringements on the rights to ones portrait. First, I classified the situations where the rights to portrait might be easily infringed through existing studies, and they are as follows : The infringements on the rights to ones portrait by photographing without permission, the infringement by public announcement without permission, the infringement by the secondary use, the infringement by the modification at work, and the infringement by distorted interpretation are those. And I also investigated the figures on the number of the study cases by season, the relationship between social status of the victims and the percentage of winning the case, and the ratio of winning case of the press according to the number of violation cases. In addition, I schematized the structural elements of the infringement of the rights to portrait as the factor of violation of the rights to portrait and the factor of limit of application of the rights to portrait. Lastly, I investigated the jurisprudential. Improvement method to solve the conflict between the fights to portrait and national right to know. At this investigation, fundamental solution for the conflict between the rights to portrait and national right to know is suggested in producers side, Consumers side, and legal side. At consumer side, the recovery of the morals of the press, overthrow of the traditional practice of coverage, and setting up of succeeding coverage can be explained. The recover of the morals is necessary because the press want to free from its freedom of the press. Its highly required that the press should be more responsible if It pays its extra effort to meet the needs of national rights to know prior to the legal sanction. Common people remember and evaluate the matter at its initial report. If the initial report is wrong, the victim of this wrong report cannot recover his/her his value on honor, credit, and his portrait regardless of the judgement. The succeeding responsible report is quite necessary at this time. If the press exert its every effort to plan for succeeding responsible report, its very good change for the press to retrieve its credit ever before. At legal side, the exclusive court for the press-related affair should be organized and conducted. The exclusive court would enable victims to protect their rights through streamlined judgement, and it would lay the foundation for compensation at proper time. And the compensation amount should be increased only after the freedom of press and immunity from responsibility of reporting of governmental officer is fully secured. The relief system of the infringement of the rights to portrait should be unified, and self-controlled organization of the press is also required as well as the set-up of legal system. At personal side, The way of thought of the people should be changed, as well as above mentioned the effort of the press. The ordinary consumer as well as victim of the press should resist against the super power of the press. Because the people who is watching, and screening the activities of the press is the most reasonable control over all other legal limit and control for the press, and only people can make the press realize this truth

판례로 보는 초상권의 연구

양용철 중앙대학교 신문방송대학원 2001 국내석사

현대 민주주의는 언론에 의한 여론의 형성과 비판에 크게 이바지 해온 것이 사실이다. 하지만 언론과 시민간의 갈등은 어떻게 조정될 수 있는가가 오늘날 언론에 있어서 중요한 문제가 되었다. 최근 우리나라의 언론사들, 특히 TV방송사들이 많은 소송사건에 시달리고 있다. 대부분의 경우가 언론 보도 내용으로 인해 개인의 명예나 초상권 침해를 당했다며 손해배상액을 청구하거나 반론보도를 청구하는 사례들이다. 각 언론사들은 초상권과 관련된 소송이 늘어나면서 고발성 프로그램의 제작과정에 변호사의 법률자문을 구하는 등 나름대로 초상권 문제에 많은 관심을 기울이고 있지만, 방송제작 현업자들은 정작 자신의 문제가 될 때까지 멀리 느끼고 있는 것은 안타까운 현실이다. 본 논문에서는 언론과 관련된 최근의 법원 판결 내용을 살펴봄으로써 방송현업자들의 방송제작실무에 도움이 되고자 함이다. It is true that modern democracy has been contributed to the press formating public opinion and criticism. However how to arbitrate the conflict between the press and public is still a major issue for the press in nowdays. Recently, media, especially TV station, have been involved in many lawsuits. Many cases are held for libeling and violating individual's portrait right. Each cases demanded compensations and counterargument news from the broadcasting station. As the number of lawsuits related to portrait right increases, broadcasting stations try to put many efforts such as getting legal advises for muckraking reporting. In reality, however, actual operating workers do not take it seriously until they confront with the problem. In this report, we are trying to make operating workers' job easier by studying recent court dealing with media's violation of individual's portrait right.

인격적표지를 상업적으로 이용할 권리, '퍼블리시티권'에 관한 비교법적 고찰 : 우리나라와 프랑스의 논의를 중심으로

김연수 서울대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

The advancement of visual media and information and communications technology and the development of advertisement and content businesses have given rise to commercial use of an individual's identity, such as his or her name and image, thereby increasing conflicts related to the practice. In the beginning, this issue was approached in the scope of the right to privacy in the United States. In some cases involving celebrities, however, it proved to be difficult to deem their rights to privacy violated when their names or images were exploited without consent, due to attributes of their professions. Consequently, the right of publicity emerged in the Haelan decision handed down in 1953, and the right to commercially use one’s identity has developed into a separate property right. In Germany, what is discussed as the right of publicity in America is dealt within the framework of personality rights. In the famous Marlene Dietrich decision, the Federal Court of Justice of Germany held that property elements of personality rights are inheritable regardless of their transferability. This decision bears significance in that the court recognized inheritability of property elements under personality rights though it did not clarify its position on transferability. The American right of publicity was also introduced in Korea, and the right of publicity has since been acknowledged in some cases. However, there has been neither substantive enactment regarding the right of publicity nor precedents established by the Supreme Court of Korea in respect to recognition or the legal nature of the right of publicity. The discussion on the need to protect the right of commercially using personal identity seems to have reached a consensus. However, it has still been hotly debated whether the right should be protected either under the right of publicity, which deems a separate property right, or by extending the scope of protection of personality rights to economic benefits. This paper aims to draw implications for reasonable settlement of the issue by introducing the French legal system, which plays a crucial role in civil law. In France, commercial exploitation of personal identity is discussed within the scope of the right to name (droit au nom), the right to voice (droit à la voix), and the right to image (droit à l'image). The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the French judiciary, acknowledged the right of one’s name that is nationally well-known as property. In terms of the rights to one’s voice and image, the prevailing theory regarded these rights as no more than personality rights in the early 20th century when the main problem concerned was the photographing and exploitation of someone else’s image without consent made possible by the advancement of advertisement technology. Since the mid and late 20th century, however, when individual’s identity, such as one’s name and image, began to be subject to contract and property, the predominant views have been either an integrated approach that the right to one’s image holds the nature of both personality and property rights or a separate approach which divides the right to one’s image into a personality right as a negative right and a property right to image as a positive right. An even more radical theory, which proposes that the original image rights be incorporated into the right to privacy and that the right to one’s image be newly legislated as a property right, has also emerged. The nature of property rights which image rights hold has been recognized in a number of precedents in the first instance courts and courts of appeal. The Court of Cassation, however, has never clearly indicated whether the right to one’s image can be considered a property right but only approached the issue as a matter of contract attributed by agreement and consent of the individual concerned. As can be seen from the above, how the country deals with changes in the society and resolves the problems arising from them is bound to differ depending on its law and theories built upon it, and its legal system established based on precedents. In the case of Korea, taking into consideration the need for protection of the right to commercial use of individual’s identity, its background, theoretical and legal basis, and consistency and predictability in problem-solving procedures, I propose that this right be understood as property rights in a broad sense in order to prevent unfair competitions and that its transferability and inheritability also be recognized. In a specific case, it should be examined whether the use of the individual’s identity infringes one’s rights or is subject to regulation according to the elements of Civil Law Article 270 and Unfair Competition Prevention Act Article 2 Subparagraph 1. The worry over the formalization of personality can be dispelled by strictly interpreting the intent of the individual concerned, and applying general principles of jurisdiction, such as public order and morality good morals, principle of good faith, and abuse of right. 영상매체와 정보통신기술의 발달, 광고 및 콘텐츠 산업의 발전은 사람의 성명, 초상 등 인격적 표지가 상업적으로 이용되는 현상과 이에 따른 분쟁의 증가로 이어졌다. 미국에서는 이 문제를 프라이버시권(Right of Privacy)으로 접근하였다. 그러나 연예인, 운동선수 등은 성명이나 초상이 무단으로 사용되더라도 직업의 특성으로 인해 프라이버시가 침해되었다고 볼 수 없는 경우가 발생하였다. 그리하여 1953년에 Haelan 판결에서 퍼블리시티권(Right of Publicity)이 등장하였고, 인격적 표지를 상업적으로 이용할 권리가 별개의 재산권으로 발달하였다. 한편 독일에서는 미국에서 퍼블리시티권으로 논의되는 문제를 인격권의 영역에서 다루고 있다. 독일연방대법원은 개별적 인격권과 일반적 인격권에 재산권적 성격이 있다고 본다. 독일연방대법원은 1999년 말레네 디트리히 판결에서 인격권의 재산적 구성부분은 그 양도성 여부와 상관없이 상속된다고 하였다. 인격권의 재산적 구성부분의 양도성에 대해서는 명시적으로 입장을 밝히지 않았으나, 상속성은 인정한 것이다. 우리나라에서도 미국의 퍼블리시티권론이 소개되었고, 퍼블리시티권을 인정하는 판례들이 나왔다. 그러나 아직 퍼블리시티권에 관한 명문 규정이나 그 인정 여부 및 법적 성격에 관한 대법원 판례가 없다. 오늘날 인격적 표지를 상업적으로 이용할 권리를 보호할 필요가 있다는 점에 대하여는 어느 정도 논의가 정리되어 가고 있다. 다만, 그 권리를 퍼블리시티권이란 별개의 재산권으로 보호할 것인지 아니면 인격권의 보호범위를 재산적 이익으로 넓힘으로써 보호할 것인지 치열한 논쟁이 계속되고 있다. 이 논문에서는 대륙법계의 중요한 흐름을 형성하고 있는 프랑스의 법제도를 소개함으로써 이 쟁점의 합리적 해결을 위한 시사점을 찾고자 하였다. 프랑스에서는 인격적 표지의 상업적 이용에 관한 문제를 성명권(droit au nom), 음성권(droit à la voix), 초상권 내지 이미지권(droit à l'image)의 측면에서 논의하고 있다. 프랑스 사법법원의 최고법원인 파기원은 국가적으로 알려진 이름의 재산권성을 인정하였다. 음성권과 초상권의 경우 사진, 광고 기술의 발달로 허락 없이 타인의 초상을 촬영하고 이를 이용하는 것이 주로 문제되었던 20세기 초에는 이 권리를 인격권으로만 파악하는 학설이 많았다. 20세기 중후반부터 성명, 초상 등이 거래의 대상이 되는 인격의 계약화․재산화 현상이 나타나자 초상권에 인격권적 성질과 재산권적 성질이 공존하고 있다고 보거나, 소극적 권리로서의 초상권과 적극적이고 재산적인 권리로서의 ‘초상에 관한 권리’를 나누어 보는 견해가 대세를 이루고 있다. 나아가 종래의 초상권은 사생활권으로 흡수하고, 초상권을 재산권으로 재구성할 것을 제안하는 학설도 등장하였다. 프랑스의 1심과 항소심 판례 중에는 초상권의 재산권적 성질을 인정한 사례가 다수 있다. 그러나 파기원은 지금까지 초상권에 재산권적 성질이 있는지 명시적으로 판단한 바 없고, 초상권자의 동의, 승낙으로 인한 계약의 문제로 접근하고 있다. 이처럼 사회현실 변화에 대한 대응과 문제해결방식은 각 나라의 법률과 그에 기반을 둔 학설, 판례를 통해 이룩되어 온 법적 체계에 따라 다를 수밖에 없다. 우리나라에서 인격적 표지를 상업적으로 이용할 권리를 보호할 필요성과 그 배경, 이론적․법적 근거, 문제 해결의 일관성과 예측가능성 등을 고려하면, 이 권리를 광의의 부정경쟁방지를 위한 재산권으로 이해하고, 양도성과 상속성을 인정하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다. 구체적인 사건에서는 민법 제750조, 부정경쟁방지법 제2조 제1호 등의 구성요건에 따라 권리 침해 여부나 규제대상에 해당하는지 여부를 검토하여야 한다. 인격의 형해화에 대한 우려는 당사자의 의사를 엄격히 해석하고, 공서양속, 신의칙, 권리남용 등 사법상의 일반원칙을 적용함으로써 해결해 나가야 할 것이다.

肖像財産權을 中心으로 본 肖像權에 관한 考察

박선일 延世大學校 法務大學院 1998 국내석사

사회가 복잡해지고 매스컴 즉, 신문, 잡지 등의 인쇄매체와 TV, 라디오, 영화 등의 전자매체가 비약적으로 발전함에 따라 개인의 사생활에 대한 침해가능성이 야기되게 되었다. 그 중에서 개인의 초상이 광고나 보도 등에 무단으로 이용되는 경우를 종종 볼 수 있다. 초상권이라는 개념은 개인의 얼굴과 특정인으로 인식할 수 있는 신체, 그 밖의 특징에 관하여 무단으로 촬영, 공표되지 않는 것, 그리고 광고 또는 보도 등에 허락이나 동의 없이 이용되지 않는 권리를 의미하는데 요즘에 와서는 연예인이나 그 밖의 저명인들을 중심으로 인격권적인 요소와는 별개로 그 경제적 가치를 이용하려는 경향이 늘고 있고, 또한 이에 관한 분쟁도 심심치 않게 등장하고 있다. 우리나라에서도 유명인사들의 초상이나 성명 등을 무단히 상업적 목적으로 이용한 행위에 대하여 손해배상청구가 늘어가고 있는 추세이다. 이처럼 초상권에 관한 문제가 대두되는 상황에서 이에 관한 분쟁이 발생하였을 경우 이를 해결할 수 있는 뚜렷한 방안을 찾기 힘든 것이 사실이다. 그러한 이유로 아직까지 집중적으로 연구되지 않은 초상권에 관하여 최근들어 등장하게 된 판례들과 산재되어 있는 학설과 이론들, 그리고 법적 적용의 근거들을 살펴 보면서 초상권에 관한 개념, 이론, 판례들을 분석하고자 한다. 미국, 일본과 같은 나라는 이미 초상권이 갖는 변화를 겪은 나라들이다. 이는 인격권으로서의 초상권에서 재산권으로서의 초상권으로 그 개념이 바뀌는 것을 말하는 것이다. 따라서 양자 모두에 관한 판례와 학자들의 주장이 우리나라에 비해서는 그 역사와 볼륨이 방대하므로 그들의 사례와 이론을 다소 참고하여 정리해 보려 한다. 인격권으로서의 초상권과 현실적으로 많은 분쟁의 소지를 지닌 재산권으로서의 초상권을 살펴봄으로서 우리나라내에서의 분쟁뿐 아니라 외국과의 분쟁 역시 현명하게 대처하고 해결하는데 도움이 되리라 생각한다. 저작권과 상표권과 같은 지적재산권의 일종으로서 초상권 역시 현대사회와 국제무대에서 피할 수 없는 문제로 대두되고 있다. 그러므로 이미 발전된 이론들과 우리의 현실에 맞는 집약적인 연구로 이를 대처해 나가지 않으면 안 될 것이다. With the rapid development of the different means of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, television and movies, modern society is increasingly facing complex, intricate facets with the chance of an encroachment on an individual's private life becoming more frequent. Among such violations we often see cases of personal portraits being broadcast or used in commercials without obtaining the proper right in them. The right of publicity is the right of an individual to prevent his or her personal portrait and distinctive parts of the body from being used or broadcast on television, publications, or commercials without the consent fo the individual. There has been a recent trend to exploit the economic aspects of such portrait rights, in addition to the already existing moral rights, and disputes, especially involving celebrities, are rising in number. In Korea, the actions against unlawful usage (for commercial purposes) of the portraits or names of the well-known are increasing. However, the fact is that when a dispute involves the right of publicity, it has often been difficult to come up wiht a clear-cut solution. In this thesis, therefore, I will look into the current court decisions, doctrines and theories, and attempt to provide and analyse the concept, theories, and decisions regarding the right of protrait, mainly the right of publicity. U.S. and Japan have already undergone changes in the concept of this right from the right of privacy, a moral right to a right of publicity, a more economic right. Since these countries have more profound materials and a longer history on this subject, I'll summarize some of their cases and theories for reference. Studying the right of privacy and also the right of publicity (which recently is becoming the center of numerous disputes) will help u s find a solution for the domestic disputes with Korea or even international disputes. The right of publicity as a part of copyright or trademark is another a hot issue that cannot be ignored in this modem society and in the international arena. Thus there is a great need to find a way looking through the existing theories and intensive studies on these matters.

코로나19 시대 대학 원격수업의 저작권 및 법적 문제 고찰

고지연 연세대학교 법무대학원 2022 국내석사

코로나19는 우리의 일상생활뿐만 아니라 교육 방식 또한 크게 변화시켰다. 교육 영역에서는 소위 ‘비대면 원격수업’이라는 새로운 형태의 교육 방식이 급속도로 확산되었다. 대학은 강의실에서 실시하던 대면수업을 비대면 원격수업으로 전환하였다. 이러한 급작스러운 변화로 인하여 무방비 상태였던 비대면 시스템은 저작권 보호 영역에서 화두가 되었다. 구체적인 예로, 2021년 저작권 보호 10대 이슈 전망 1위는 ‘비대면 환경에서의 저작권 문제(13.8%)’가 차지하였다. 이는 코로나19로 인해 교육, 공연 등 많은 분야의 활동이 온라인 환경으로 전환되면서 새로운 저작권 문제가 발생하였음을 증명한다. 또한, 수업 영상 및 화면 캡처가 무단으로 유포되는 초상권 문제 또한 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 외형상 원격수업 형태가 코로나19 이후 활성화 되었지만 제정된 디지털 기반의 원격교육 활성화 기본법에는 야기될 수 있는 법적 문제에 대한 어떠한 마련책도 없는 실정이다. 대학의 경우, 교육부 지침에 따라 원격수업 규정을 제정하고, 대학 자체적으로 원격교육지원센터를 운영하는 등 교육부 및 협의체의 지침사항을 적극적으로 수용하는 모습으로 변화된 교육 환경에 적응하려고 자발적으로 노력하고 있다. 2020년 초, 코로나19의 갑작스러운 등장으로 교육 분야의 대응을 거시적 관점에서 원격수업의 질적 향상에 초점을 맞추었다면, 약 2년이 지난 지금 우리는 미시적인 관점으로 그 안에 담긴 법적 문제를 논의할 단계이다. 원격수업은 대면수업과 달리 녹화를 통하여 저작물의 사용이 기록되어 그 이용에 대한 증거가 남게 된다. 특히 학생들은 수업 화면을 개인적으로 캡처, 다운로드 및 소장하는 등 저작물에 대한 복제가 무분별하게 행해짐에 따라 제 3자에게 전파될 가능성 또한 증가하였다. 이는 원격수업이 갖는 편리성의 부작용으로 법적 문제로 번질 수 있다. 따라서 교수자와 학생이 예기치 못한 법적 위험에 노출되는 것을 방지하기 위하여 기준점이 되는 구체적인 지침을 마련하여야 한다. 본 연구는 원격수업의 학습매체 활용과 대학의 저작물 이용 현황을 파악하고, 대학의 원격수업 규정을 검토함으로써 규정에 저작권 조항 추가의 필요성을 고찰하고자 한다. 본 연구자는 향후 우리나라 대학의 원격수업 운영 체계가 미래 교육을 이끌어 간다면, 이용자와 제공자 모두 법적 테두리 안에서 보호 될 수 있도록 교수자와 학생의 법적 인식 개선을 위한 촘촘한 교육 시스템의 정비를 정부와 대학에게 기대한다. COVID-19 has significantly changed not only our daily life, but also the way we teach. In the field of education, a new type of education method called 'non-face-to-face distance learning' has rapidly spread. Universities switched from face-to-face learning in the classrooms to non-face-to-face distance learning, and systems that were not prepared for sudden changes became a hot topic in the copyright protection field. As a specific example, the top ten prospects for copyright protection in 2021 was occupied by 'copyright problems in non-face-to-face environments (13.8%)'. This proves that a new copyright problem has arisen as activities in many fields, such as education and performances, are switched to an online environment due to COVID-19. In addition, the problem of portrait rights in which class videos and screen captures are distributed without permission also occurs frequently. Although the form of distance learning has been activated after COVID-19, there is no provision for legal problems that may arise in the enacted Basic Act on the Promotion of Digital-based Distance Education. In the case of universities, they are voluntarily trying to adapt to the changed educational environment by actively accepting the guidelines of the Ministry of Education and councils, such as enacting distance learning regulations in accordance with the instructions of the Ministry of Education and operating the distance education support center of the university. In early 2020, the response of the education field to the sudden appearance of COVID-19 was focused on improving the quality of distance learning from a macro perspective. But at now, about two years later, we are in the stage of discussing the legal issues contained within it from a microscopic point of view. Unlike face-to-face learning, distance learning records the use of works through recording, leaving evidence of their use. In particular, as students personally capture, download, and own class screens, the possibility of dissemination to third parties has also increased as the reproduction of copyrighted works is done indiscriminately. This can lead to legal problems as a side effect of the convenience of distance learning. Therefore, the specific guidelines as a reference point should be prepared to prevent exposure of teachers and students to unexpected legal risks. This study intends to examine the use of learning media for distance learning and the current status of the university's use of copyrighted works, and examine the university's distance learning regulations to consider the necessity of adding a copyright clause to the regulations. This researcher expects the government and universities to establish a tight education system to improve the legal awareness of teachers and students so that both users and providers can be protected within the legal framework if the distance learning operating system of Korean universities leads future education.

포토저널리즘에 있어서 초상권 보호의 기준에 관한 연구

金守煥 광주대학교 1996 국내석사

This study deals with the standard to protect the right of portrait in photojournalism. Man has an inherent right to prevent others from using pictures, photogaphs or drawings of his portrait without his consent. Photojournalists should be sensitive to the feedbacks and reactions from their audiences. Today, the right of portrait has been established as part of the legal right of privacy in a number of countries of the world. Meanwhile, there has been an increasing number of cases reported involving the invasion of the right of portrait by the mass media. Man can also lose his honor by a photograph of his face which published by newpaper, magazine, advertising, or television. The mass media usually want and try to justify their free expropriation of pictures of peoples in news reports or advertising rely on the pretext of the freedom of the press. It poses an important qustion : how to reconcile the two conflicting inerests, the freedom of the press and the individual's right to protect his image against any arbitrary uses. The right of portrait is the right not to be photographed and published without consent. The legal concept of the right of portrait has been developed in Germany. Today, in many countries, the civil laws prohibit the arbirary shooting and reporting one's portrait without the prior consent of a man pictured. In Korea, the enachment to protect the right of portrait is requested urgently. It must contain the concepts of the right of privacy and the right of property. Sometimes, there are conflicts between the photojournalist's right of expression, the citizen's right to know and the individual's right of portrait. It should be decided by applying the standards as the principle of the balance of interest, the theory of the abandonment of right, and the theory of public ontology. If there is not any evident reason, the right to know of people should take precedence. However, one's personal life and right should be guaranteed and guarded sufficiently. Infringement of the right of portrait by news photography would rather be dealt with as a civil compensation than a criminal punishment in the legal action. A criminal punishment for a journalist need a careful study because such a punishment may produce a side effect to shrink an essential freedom of the press and the individual rights of photojournalist. The civil action to protect the individual human rights is more reasonable than the criminal punishment. Ultimately, the photojournalists must develop the high sense of responsibility and morality. The self-regulation is better than the control of criminal or civil laws, or of the state organizations or of the courts. Today, it is the age to solve the infringement of the right of portrait not by control organization, but by the morals and responsibility of each journalist.