친환경적 도시개발과 개발 갈등: 녹색고급화의 영향에 대한 논쟁적 접근

서준교 한국NGO학회 2023 NGO연구 Vol.18 No.2

Urban development and growth depends upon the ability of maintaining urban sustainability. In order to fit up such the ability, constant change is required. Environmentally-friendly urban development is an instrumental meaning for new urban changes. Environmentally-friendly urban development is a new urban development approach to remedy the existing reckless development to stabilize urban natural environment and living condition as well as social and economic domain. However, environmentally-friendly urban development presupposes the improvement of environmental aspects through green plan that demands high costs. While the high cost of development leads to the influx of economically relaxed upper-middle-income people, existing low-income natives are being displaced or kicked out that raises social inequality and unfairness. This phenomenon is pointed out as a result of urban gentrification, especially green gentrification that is accepted as one of the side effects of environmentally-friendly urban development. Green gentrification as one of the side effects of such environmentally-friendly urban development has brought a debate over its effects along with what factors have made the effects is also drawing attention. This study identifies the background of green gentrification due to environmentally-friendly urban development and the factors that led to green gentrification as well as analyze the controversial aspects of impact and effectiveness. 도시의 발전과 성장은 도시의 지속가능성을 유지할 수 있는 역량을 갖추고 있느냐에 따라 다르게 나타날 수 있으며, 도시는 이러한 역량을 갖추기 위해 끊임없는 변화가 요구된다. 친환경적 도시개발은 이러한 측면에서 도시의 새로운 변화를 위한 수단적 의미로써 받아들여지고 있다. 친환경적 도시개발은 기존의 무분별한 개발로 인한 도시환경의 피폐화에서 벗어나 도시를 안정적으로 발전시키기 위해 도시의 자연환경과 생활환경뿐 아니라 사회적 그리고 경제적 측면 등 다양한 영역을 고려한 접근방법으로 주목받고 있다. 하지만, 친환경적 도시개발은 녹지 계획과 같은 환경적 측면의 향상을 강조함으로써 개발에 따른 고비용을 불러와 경제적으로 여유로운 고소득의 중상위 계층은 유입되는 반면, 기존의 저소득 원주민은 밀쳐내거나 내쫓는 현상을 발생시킴으로써 개발에 따른 사회적 불공평과 불평등이 제기되고 있다. 이러한 현상은 도시고급화, 특히 녹색고급화 현상에 따른 결과로 지목되고 있으며, 친환경적 도시개발의 부작용 중 하나로 받아들여지고 있다. 이와 같은 친환경적 도시개발에 따른 부작용인 녹색고급화는 무엇에 의한 결과인지와 함께 녹색고급화의 영향과 효과에 대한 논쟁 또한 관심을 집중시키고 있다. 본 연구는 친환경적 도시개발에 따른 녹색고급화의 배경과 함께 녹색고급화를 불러온 요인을 파악하는 동시에 영향과 효과에 대한 논쟁적 측면을 분석하는 접근을 시도할 것이다.

새로운 도시개발 패러다임이 도시개발정책에 주는 시사점

이종용 국토지리학회 2007 국토지리학회지 Vol.41 No.3

The most recently, It is rising to discuss new paradigm about urban development as an issue over the field of urban research. New urban development paradigm was introduced for looking solution those of various problems such as urban traffic jam, environmental pollution, open spatial decrease, shortage of public house supply and injudicious urban area extension. The most general theories of new urban development are smart growth, new urbanism of america, compact city of europe and japan, urban village of british, and activity of making willing to live town. In this research, I took survey of general ideas above examples and explained each paradigm?s detail and pulled out the factors with case study of present urban development. At result, Although each has born based on different environment and culture, those paradigms head to same direction such like to overcome the limit of existing problem of urban planning. Moreover, I conducted research to find direction of development which is mean to solve the south korea?s urabn problem and to strength urban?s competitive with above theories and actual factors. And we have to make new structured urban development strategy with considering urban restoration and sustainable development, which has different view from existing development plan. 최근 도시 연구분야에서 도시개발과 관련한 새로운 패러다임이 활발하게 논의되고 있다. 새로운 도시개발 패러다임은 교통혼잡, 환경오염, 오픈스페이스의 감소, 서민형 주택의 부족, 도심의 쇠퇴, 도시의 무계획적인 확산과 같은 다양한 현대 도시문제에 대한 해결책을 모색하는 과정에서 등장하였다. 도시개발과 관련한 새로운 패러다임 중에 가장 많이 논의되고 있는 개념들은 미국의 스마트성장과 뉴어바니즘, 일본과 유럽의 컴팩트 시티, 영국의 어번빌리지, 그리고 우리나라의 살고 싶은 도시 만들기 등을 들 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이처럼 세계 각국에서 논의되고 있는 새로운 도시개발 패러다임에 대해 살펴보고, 각각의 특징을 정리하였다. 또한 도시개발 패러다임의 구체적인 실천요소들을 기존 도시개발과 관련한 사례 연구들 통하여 살펴 봄으로써 패러다임의 특징을 정리하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 이들 패러다임들은 각기 등장하게 된 배경 및 수단에는 차이가 있지만 공통적으로 추구하고 있는 것은 기존의 도시계획의 문제점 및 한계를 극복하고 도시계획의 새로운 방향성과 담론을 제시하고 있다는 점을 파악할 수 있었다. 한편, 다양하게 제시되고 있는 이들 새로운 도시개발 이론과 실천수단들을 적용하여 우리나라 도시 문제의 해결과 도시경쟁력 강화 측면에서 그 발전방향을 모색하였다. 결과적으로 도시의 경쟁력 강화를 위한 도시개발의 새로운 방향으로는 인간존중, 자연친과, 시장지향, 성장수용, 시민참여형 도시성장이 필요하며, 이를 위해서는 도시의 지능화와 지식화를 가속화시키고 데이터에 기반한 도시계획과 관리가 필요하다고 볼 수 있다. 또한 기존의 도시개발 일변도의 사업방식에서 탈피하여 도시의 재생 및 관리 등 도시생애를 고려한 새로운 도시개발 패러다임을 위한 체계적인 전략을 마련하여야 할 것이다.

A Comparative Study on the Urban Planning System and Land Development Method with Special Reference to Egypt and Korea

정일훈,박은관,서순탁 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2009 도시과학국제저널 Vol.13 No.1

Urban experiences in the process of both economic and urban growth in Korea have recently attracted interest from policy-makers and academics in developing countries. This interest raises the question of how to respond to rapid population growth and the urban sprawl problem within a Korean context. In Egypt, 96% of the entire territory is desert, and most of the population is concentrated in the remaining 4%. In addition to this context, a rapid increase in population and urban concentration has caused an imbalance between demand and supply of land development. Consequently, unplanned development has been spreading rapidly in urban areas. Korea has experienced a rapid population growth and an urban sprawl problem since the 1960s. Korean experiences can give some policy implications to Egypt where the country is still undergoing similar problems. In this context, this paper is aimed at analyzing Egyptian and Korean systems of both urban planning and land development in terms of land ownership, the administrative framework for urban planning and land development within a comparative perspective. As a result of this study, similarities and differences between the two countries are identified and some policy implications in relation to spatial planning systems, of development permit systems, and of replacement of the land development method are suggested. Urban experiences in the process of both economic and urban growth in Korea have recently attracted interest from policy-makers and academics in developing countries. This interest raises the question of how to respond to rapid population growth and the urban sprawl problem within a Korean context. In Egypt, 96% of the entire territory is desert, and most of the population is concentrated in the remaining 4%. In addition to this context, a rapid increase in population and urban concentration has caused an imbalance between demand and supply of land development. Consequently, unplanned development has been spreading rapidly in urban areas. Korea has experienced a rapid population growth and an urban sprawl problem since the 1960s. Korean experiences can give some policy implications to Egypt where the country is still undergoing similar problems. In this context, this paper is aimed at analyzing Egyptian and Korean systems of both urban planning and land development in terms of land ownership, the administrative framework for urban planning and land development within a comparative perspective. As a result of this study, similarities and differences between the two countries are identified and some policy implications in relation to spatial planning systems, of development permit systems, and of replacement of the land development method are suggested.

민간도시개발 활성화의 이론과 실제 : 원형지 개발을 포함하여

김병기 韓國土地公法學會 2012 土地公法硏究 Vol.58 No.-

‘The Urban Development Act’ was enacted under the catch-phrase of “multidimensional and appropriate correspondence to the new diverse demands of urban development in the 21st century”, in order to respond to the problems arising from the urban development under the previous ‘Housing Site Development Promotion Act’. Also, the Urban Development Act is evaluated to have realized the considerable institutional evolution in the sense that it had designed the ‘urban development business by private sector’ as the alternative, enabling sustainable supply of urban land. According to the Urban Development Act, in the course of proposing the urban development area, the private sector can carry out their business as actual players and even have the right of eminent domain upon certain conditions. The urban development by the private sector as the main players can make up for the negative effect resulting from the previous urban development led by the public sector, specifically; the resistance by the citizens against the public sector’s expropriating method of urban development, enhancement of private sector’s technological skills and financing capabilities, and possibility of a creative urban development, getting out of standardized urban development etc. Furthermore, in the macroscopic aspect, the development by the private sector is in accord with the small government-oriented tendency, the private sector’s improved participation in the public utilities, and the free flow of private capital due to the relaxed regulations, and neo-liberal trend such as the establishment of competition system between public and private sector etc. Nevertheless, despite these positive effects, many problems are pointed out, so in the matter of the right of eminent domain, whether to admit the public interest of the urban development business should be decided, considering the purpose, scale, and development plan; and public expropriation should be determined accordingly, while balancing public and private interest. Moreover, whether the institutions designed for the private sector’s improved participation are highly effective or bring adverse effect is debatable. In addition, private sector can develop a raw land it was supplied with; According to existing law, the supply of raw land institution under the Urban Development Act and the advance supply regulation according to the advance-supply of raw land of ‘the Bogeumjari Housing Construction Site Process’ under the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs are the examples. Both are the same in the sense that they can be supplied with and develop a raw land; however, different in the laws they are based on and the time stages when the supply occurs. In the case of the private sector’s development of a raw land they are supplied with, ecofriendly and dimensional development is possible by establishing both land use plan and architectural plan; and a creative urban development can be induced by the relaxation of the initial funding, quick land supply, effective use of land through the whole development of land and building, and supply of land tailored to consumers. However, the problems caused accordingly should not be overlooked; especially, the institutional weakness must be examined and complemented based on the experience of the Amended Sejong City Act. It is evident that the positive effect can be anticipated by the private sector’s participation in the urban development. Even so, it should be discussed in the perspective of securing public interest in the light of the distinctiveness of private sector. As the participation of private sector basically assumes profit maximization, in order to minimize the adverse effect, subject and scope should be determined so as to prevent the impairment of public interest; and the role of public sector is more than important in this respect. 도시개발법은 과거 택지개발촉진법 하에서 이루어지는 도시개발에 있어서 발생하는 문제점에 대응하기 위하여 ‘21세기 새롭고 다양한 도시개발수요에의 전방위적·현장밀착형 대응’ 이라는 명제 하에 제정되었다. 그리고 지속적으로 필요한 도시 토지를 공급할 수 있는 대안적 형태의 ‘민간에 의한 도시개발사업’을 설계한 점에서 가장 큰 제도적 진화를 경험했다고 평가된다. 도시개발법에 따라 민간부문은 도시개발구역을 제안하는 과정에서 개발계획의 실질적인 수립주체가 되어 사업을 시행할 수 있으며, 일정한 요건 하에 토지수용권도 갖는다. 민간부문을 사업시행자로 하는 도시개발은 이전의 공공부문 주도의 도시개발로 인해 발생하는 부정적인 효과를 보완할 수 있다. 구체적으로 공공부문의 강제수용방식 도시개발에 대한 국민들의 반발심리, 민간부문의 기술력 및 자금조달능력을 제고, 획일적인 도시개발을 탈피한 창의적인 도시개발의 가능성 등이다. 나아가 거시적인 측면에서 작은 정부 지향추세, 규제완화로 인한 민간부문의 공익사업참여확대 및 민간자금의 자유로운 이동, 공공부문과 민간부문의 경쟁체계 확립 등 신자유주의적 조류와도 부합한다. 그러나 이러한 긍정적인 측면에도 불구하고 많은 문제점도 지적되는 바, 민간부문의 토지 수용권에 있어서 도시개발사업의 공익성 인정 여부는 목적, 규모 및 계발계획을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 하며, 이에 따른 공공수용은 공익과 사익을 비교형량하여 결정하여야 한다. 또한 민간부문의 참여확대를 위한 제도들이 결과적으로 큰 실효성이 없거나 역효과를 가져온다는 점도 논의의 대상이다. 한편, 민간부문은 토지를 원형지로 공급받아 개발할 수도 있다. 현행법상 근거로는 도시개발법상의 원형지 공급제도와 국토해양부의 보금자리주택지구 원형지 선수공급 업무처리지침에 따른 원형지 선수공급 제도가 그것이다. 양자는 원형지를 공급받아 개발할 수 있다는 점에서는 동일하지만, 근거법령과 원형지 공급의 시점에 있어서 차이가 있다. 민간부문이 원형지를 공급받아 개발하는 경우 토지이용계획과 건축계획을 동시에 수립하여 자연친화적이고 입체적인 개발이 가능하고, 사업시행자의 초기 자금부담 완화, 신속한 토지 공급, 토지와 건축물의 일체적 개발을 통한 토지의 효율적인 이용, 수요자에게 맞춤식으로 토지를 공급하여 창의적인 도시개발을 유도할 수 있다. 하지만 이에 따라 발생하는 문제점도간과하여서는 안 된다. 특히 세종시 수정안에 있어서의 경험을 바탕으로 제도적 문제점을 검토하여 보완하여야 한다. 도시개발에 있어서 민간부문의 참여를 통해 긍정적 효과를 기대할 수 있다는 점은 분명하다. 그렇다 할지라도 민간부문의 특수성에 비추어 공익성 확보의 관점에서 논의 되어야 한다. 민간의 참여는 근본적으로 이윤추구를 목적으로 하기 때문에 이에 따른 부정적 효과를 최소화할 수 있도록 그 대상과 범위를 결정하여 공익성이 훼손되지 않도록 해야 한다. 그리고 이에 대해서는 무엇보다 공공부문의 역할이 중요하다.

테마형 도시개발과 대규모 주거단지 조성을 위한 해외사례 및 지침수립 연구

이재준,이범현,최석환,김도영,박상철,신영준,이외희 경기연구원 2008 위탁연구 Vol.2008 No.1

It is international trend that development of large-scale residential area tries to plan agreeable and convenient life and accomplish special urban development because giving various urban theme. The success of a sustainable development depends on how much it considers the urban development theme when it is implemented. Because establishing various urban development theme, it is trying to secure competitive urban growth and accomplish sustainable development ultimately. Therefore, it is main purpose of this research that wish to receive applicable suggestion point in our country analyzing urban development case study of advanced nations. The case of this research is advanced nation's large scale residential projects that is establishing special theme and accomplish urban development continuously. The study identifies six types of urban development case that was dealt with in previous studies. The study has selected projects based on which the types of urban development scale. The case included six projects : Milton Keynes(U.K), Marne La Vallee(France), Kista Science City(Sweden), Kohoku(Japan), Rieselfeld(Germany), Mission Bay(San Francisco, USA). They all included special theme and success of sustainable development. Because the case of this research constructs cooperation system with inhabitants according to change that is development period of long term, it is standpoint that long term and inhabitants-related development can consist sustainable development. Specially, case that is applying "Urban Regeneration" techniques for urban center district's reconstruction according to change in spite of new built-up area furtherance way assume that suggestion point is in our country that the latest "Urban Regeneration" is becoming topic. Also, case projects by been consistent development subject from plan to monitoring is done and point that is cultivated is diagnostic. In contrast to, our country is thought that systematic repletion need in reply doing not take that development subject. The limitations of the study are first of all, that the study has failed to closely examine the planning process due to the insufficient data. In addition, it has been difficult to identify the change in the planning made. Lastly, this research suggested that large scale residential projects without staying in point analysis of development only, it is presenting "Guideline" that coincide in regional special quality of Gyeonggi Province. Because "Guideline" is utilized systematically in Gyeonggi Province, it wished to become manure given in developing desirable urban area.

Emerging Trends and New Improvements in Stadiums and URBAN DEVELOPMENT Using Cite Space Visualization

Xuemei Zhao,Xuefeng Bai,Hongbum Shin J-INSTITUTE 2021 Public Value Vol.6 No.2

Purpose: The stadiums play an important role in the development of a city. It is not only the place to hold sport events, but also an important regulating factor for the development of a city. Under the theme of sustain-able development, how to develop stadiums to play the biggest role in urban development is the topic. This paper aims to make stadium become the driving force of regional environmental change, and provide necessary condi-tions for urban regeneration and renewal, so as to drive the realization of sustainable development of the city through urban renewal and upgrading. Method: In this paper, CiteSpace 5.7.R5 was used as the research tool, the core database of Web of Science was selected as the literature source, the stadiums or venues and urban development and Olympic legacy were taken as the search terms, and the literature type was set as literature. A total of 1912 literature from 2010 to 2021 were selected for visualized analysis to draw the knowledge map of stadiums and urban development, and the number of published papers, institutions and research hotspots of related research on stadiums and urban development were studied. Results: Firstly, according to the published number of related research on the stadiums and urban develop-ment from 2010 to 2021, this period presented three different stages. The number of literature published on topics related to stadiums and urban development from 2010 to 2015 was relatively stable. From 2016 to 2018, the research on stadiums and urban development showed a sharp decrease, and the research enthusiasm began to decline. Between 2018 and 2021, the number of studies gradually increased and reached the highest number. Then, universities at home and abroad were the main research institutions on stadiums and urban development, and kept a continuous focus on this topic. Finally, the research focus in this field focused on the construction and development of stadiums, mega sport events and stadiums and the relationship between stadiums and urban development from architecture and city and link of stadiums, city and mega sport event. Conclusion: From 2010 to 2021, domestic and foreign scholars maintained a certain amount of enthusiasm in the research on stadiums and urban development, with a large number of research results. With the holding of the Olympic Games, the number of literature also increases, which provides reference resources for the follow-up research on the stadium and urban development. Second, universities at home and aboard have conducted more research on stadiums and urban development than other types of institutions. Finally, the research hotspots on stadium and urban development focuses on the analysis of the construction and development of stadium from different perspectives, mega sport events, and the relationship between stadiums and urban development from architecture and city and link of stadiums, city and mega sport event.

압축적 개발을 통한 도시재생에 대한 논쟁적 접근: 도시생활환경과 사회적 공평을 중심으로

서준교 한국거버넌스학회 2016 한국거버넌스학회보 Vol.23 No.1

The problems associated with urban sprawl have long been recognized. Particularly, as its major characteristics of unlimited outward extension of new development, it has evoked a variety of environmental and socioeconomic problems that have led to a threat to urban sustainability. In response to the problems of urban sprawl, compact urban development has been proposed. The main essence of compact urban development consists of high-dense development including the preservation of undeveloped green-field, the mixture of land uses, the provision of efficient urban transport systems, the proximity of various urban functions to increase social and economic interactions, and etc, which promote environmentally friendly urban development and socioeconomically efficient urban form that encourage urban sustainability. The idea of the compact urban development has increasingly been utilized the core strategies for urban regeneration in many cities of the world in recent years. However, it is doubted that the main characteristics of the compact urban development, such as high-density and the mixture of land uses, would promote sustainable urban development. Particularly, the urban regeneration through the compact development tends to concentrate on the redevelopment of the central city areas, which could produce negative effects on urban living environment and social equity. In spite of economic efficiency, the compactness of development on the central city leads to the bustle of city life as the intensity of various urban functions in the limited space, which negatively affects the overall urban living condition. Moreover, the concentration of development potentials on the central city raises real estate and housing price in there that makes difficulties with access to the revitalized central city for lower-income households. As a result, the central city becomes a place for those affluent upper and middle classes who are able to bear the expanse that leads to the gentrification of the central city. Furthermore, as the concentration of redevelopment on the central city, the socioeconomic aspects of inner-city areas have further been depressed due to a lack of financial investment from both public and private bodies. This leads to the polarization between the central city and the inner-city in terms of development potentials, which divides the city into two cities. Overall, it seems that the urban regeneration through the compact development may not be seen as a way of achieving sustainable urban development. The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of the compact urban development, particularly the urban regeneration through the compact development, in terms of its impact on urban living environment and social equity. 도시의 외연적 확산은 도시규모를 외연적으로 팽창시키는 개발의 특징으로 인해 다양한 환경적 그리고사회경제적 문제를 불려와 도시의 지속가능성을 위협하는 요인으로 지목받고 있다. 최근 도시의 외연적확산으로 비롯된 문제에 대응하기 위한 개발방식으로 압축적 도시개발이 제시되고 있다. 압축적 도시개발의 핵심은 고밀의 혼합토지이용으로 자연녹지로의 개발억제를 통한 보존과 함께 대중교통 중심의 효율적인 도시교통시스템으로 다양한 도시기능 간 접근성 향상에 따른 사회 및 경제적 상호작용을 증진시키는 도시형태로의 개발을 통해 도시의 지속가능성을 촉진시키는 것이다. 이러한 압축적 도시개발은 세계의 여러도시에서 도시재생을 위한 중심전략으로 널리 활용되고 있다. 하지만, 압축적 도시개발의 핵심적 특징인고밀의 혼합토지개발로 도시의 지속가능성을 성취할 수 있는가에 대한 의문을 갖게 한다. 특히, 압축적 개발을 통한 도시재생은 도시중심부에 집중된 재개발을 중심으로 함에 따라 도시생활환경이나 사회적 공평에 부정적인 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 보고 있다. 즉, 도시중심부의 압축적 개발은 한정된 공간에 도시기능의 집중으로 도시의 혼잡성을 확대시킴으로써 도시의 전반적인 생활환경에 부정적인 영향을 줄 수밖에없다는 것이다. 여기에, 재개발의 도시중심부 집중은 부동산과 주택가격을 상승시켜 경제적으로 열악한저소득계층의 진입을 어렵게 만드는 원인이 되고 있다. 결과적으로, 도시중심부는 이러한 비용을 부담할수 있는 중상위 계층의 거주지로 탈바꿈하는 고급주택화로 이어지고 있다. 게다가, 도시중심부를 한정한도시재생은 부도심 지역의 사회경제적 낙후를 더욱 심화시킴으로써 도시의 공간적 분리와 양극화에 따른이원적 도시를 낳고 있다. 전체적으로, 압축적 개발의 도시재생은 도시의 지속가능성을 확보하는 지속가능한 개발로서의 한계를 갖고 있음을 지적한다. 본 연구는 압축적 도시개발의 유효성, 특히 압축적 개발의도시재생에 따른 도시생활환경과 사회적 공평에 미칠 영향을 집중적으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다.

성장관리형 도심활성화 방안의 이론과 적용연구

박훈(Park Hun),정재용(Chung Jae-Yong) 대한건축학회 2011 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.27 No.8

Korea has experienced rapid urbanization accompanied by rapid economic growth, and the size of urban area has been expanding because of continuing migration of rural residents into the cities. These recent phenomena have lead to an unequal development of entire country. Also, it has taken on various aspects from entire country to the development of local regions, and especially it has brought social problems to the cities located in the capital region. As for the solution to such problems, this study discusses the plan of urban revitalization based on growth management through theoretical approaches such as growth management, urban regeneration, sustainable development and smart growth that are being issued in developed countries. Then, the study verifies the robustness of urban revitalization plan and its correlation with basic strategies through an analysis on the aspects of urban development of Siheung city where various development projects are recently undertaking. The results from theoretical approaches of this study show differentiated correlations in each of urban space, urban environment, political and systematic growth management, urban regeneration, sustainable development and smart growth, and based on the results, this study provided criteria for urban revitalization based on growth management. The conclusion derived from this study are as follows. First, in foreign developed countries who have been pushing ahead numbers of urban regeneration policies as countermeasures to the deterioration of urban area, limitations in physical urban regeneration on existing inner section of a city were already realized and thus now they are making a lot of effort to control ill-considered expansion of urban area and revitalization of central area at the same time. Second, by applying various planning methods based on the concept and theories of urban regeneration based on growth management, the ill-considered expansion of large cities can be prohibited and at the same time it enables sustainable development accompanied by economic growth and conservation of environment. Third, to promote the urban revitalization based on growth management, following criteria should be considered: from the view of urban space, 1. construction of rational urban spatial structure, 2. plan of efficient use of land, 3. developmental density control for balanced development, from the view of urban environment, 1. conservation of history and cultural environment, 2. securing pedestrians’ space, and from the view of policy and regulation, improvement in finance, budget, organization and system and rational management. Fourth, Siheung city has made a great effort to build a sustainable city through various city development plans in the present, however, most of the development projects were far different from sustainable development management, and the projects relatively with higher correlations as well are limited to partial improvements. These aspects are likely to appear in other cities in Korea, and to prevent this, there should be certain level of population each city aims for and the characteristics of each city should be analyzed thoroughly so that they can set clear direction and vision of urban development. Also, strategic approaches appropriate to each city need to be prepared.

도시개발사업에서 부패방지의 법적 재검토- 대장동 개발사업과 관련하여 -

배명호 한국부패방지법학회 2023 부패방지법연구 Vol.6 No.1

The corruption perceptions index (CPI) of our country has improved. It is difficult to define in a single word what the concept and range of urban development projects are. The laws related to the return of development profits encompass <the Act on Urban Development>, <the Act on Return of Development Profits>, and <the Housing Act>. Although anti-corruption laws have a criminal law nature in terms of the form. However, since legal ethics are considered important in terms of justice and the rule of law, they belong to the area of the crime prevention law. The main concern is focused on whether they have served as check laws to strengthen publicness for project operators in urban development projects, and whether they will be able to continue this function. This study was intended to review my study conducted about one year ago regarding the return of development profits and reinforcement of publicness in the urban development projects. This study examined the history of the Act on Urban Development Projects and reviewed the content of the return of development profits pursuant to <the Act on Return of Development Profits>. At the same time, this study dealt with the issues related to the Daejangdong development projectas the subtitle of this study as well as the conjoint development. While presenting the outline and progress of the Daejangdong urban development project, this study explained how the Daejangdong urban development project has been implemented in accordance with the Act on Urban Development Projects before the revision. Then, this study discussed the contents of revision of the Act on Urban Development Projects. The project operator claimed that a huge development profit of 550.3 billion KRW was returned through the Daejangdong development project. Therefore, this study reviewed whether this claim was a law enforcement act pursuant to <the Act on Urban Development>. As a result, different from the claim made by the project operator regarding the return of enormous development profits, the development cost is the due cost that must be borne by the principal agent of the development project according to the <Act on Urban Development> and it cannot be regarded as the return of development profits. The method of supplying the developed land by private project operators obeys the Article 26, Clause 2 of <the Act on Urban Development>. However, the competitive bidding under the Article 57, Clause 2 of the Enforcement Decree of the same Act corresponds to a binding rule. The Clause 3 is, in principle, a discretionary rule, but the proviso is the binding rule. The rules that can be supplied through a private contract (at-will contract) follow, in principle, the method of competitive bidding and drawing lots. Exceptionally, it is possible to supply the developed land based on a private contract. Considering that the method of competitive bidding, drawing lots, and private contract is a critical issue in which sharp conflicts of interest collide between the public-private interest and between private-private interests, 11 ways to reduce the room for discretionary intervention by the administrative body were established allowing the private contracts only in exceptional cases. The Daejangdong development project leaves a number of doubts about the legal basis for the private contract for the 5 lots secured by the project operator Hwacheon Daeyu through a private contract. This study dealt with the “Legal review of anti-corruption in the Daejang-dong development project.”As a jurist, I intended to approach matters related to legal principles. 우리나라 부패인식지수가 개선되었다. 도시개발사업의 개념과 범위를 한마디로 정의하기 어렵다. 개발이익환수 관련 법률은 「도시개발법」, 「개발이익환수법」, 「주택법」이 주요 법률이다. 부패방지 관련 법률은 외형적으로 형사법적 성격이지만, 정의와 법치주의차원에서 법 윤리가 중요시되어 범죄 예방 법 영역이며 도시개발사업에서 사업시행자들로 하여금 공공성을 강화하는 견제 법률로 작용했는지 그리고 앞으로도 이러한 자리매김을 할 수 있는지가 관심사이다. 약 1년전 발제자의 도시개발사업에서 개발이익환수 내지 공공성 강화차원에서 연구에 대한 재검토 차원이다. 도시개발사업법의 연혁을 살펴보고 「개발이익환수법」상 개발이익환수의 내용을 검토하였으며, 본고의 부제인 대장동 개발사업과 결합개발에 관한 쟁점을 다루었다. 대장동 도시개발사업의 개요 및 추진현황을 소개하면서 대장동 도시개발사업이 개정전 도시개발사업법에 따라 어떻게 행하여져 왔는지를 설명하였다. 이어 도시개발사업법의 개정 내용을 다루었다. 사업시행자는 대장동 개발사업으로 5,503억원이라는 막대한 개발이익금을 환원했다는 주장을 하였다. 따라서 이 주장이 「도시개발법」의 근거에 따른 법 집행행위인지 검토하였다. 그 결과 사업시행자의 막대한 개발이익금을 환원 주장과 달리 「도시개발법」에 따라 개발사업주체가 부담해야할 개발비용이라 할 수 있고 개발이익환수라 할 수 없다. 민간사업자의 조성토지의 공급방법에 관해서는 「도시개발법」 제26조 제2항이나 같은 법 시행령 제57조 제2항에 따른 경쟁입찰은 기속규정이며 제3항은 원칙적으로 재량규정이나 단서는 기속규정이다. 수의계약으로 공급할 수 있는 규정은 원칙적으로 경쟁입찰과 추첨의 방법으로 하고 예외적으로 수의계약의 방법으로 조성토지등을 공급할 수 있다. 경쟁입찰・추첨・수의계약의 방법 중 어느 방법에 의하는가는 공익과 사익간, 사익과 사익간 첨예한 이해가 대립되는 중대한 사안인 점에서 행정주체의 재량개입여지를 줄이기 위해서 11가지 예외적인 경우에 한하여 수의계약을 할 수 있는 규정을 두었다. 대장동 개발사업에서 사업시행자 화천대유가 수의계약을 통해 확보한 5개 필지가 수의계약에 대한 법적 근거에 대하여 많은 의문이 있다. 본고에서는 ”대장동 개발사업 관련 부패방지의 법적 재검토“를 다루었다. 법학자로서 법리에 관한 사항을 다루려고 하였다.

도시개발방식의 개선과제와 전망에 관한 연구

한상훈(Han, Sang-Hoon) 한국토지공법학회 2022 土地公法硏究 Vol.97 No.-

도시개발은 신도시 개발과 같이 새로운 개발을 통해서만 성취되는 것이 아니라 기존 도시의 노후된 기반시설의 정비와 생활편익시설의 공급을 포함하는 정비사업을 통하여 실천된다. 도시개발법에 근거한 도시개발사업은 민간의 참여를 통하여 도시개발사업의 자금을 확보함으로써 보다 창의적인 도시개발을 추진하고자 하는 입법취지의 실현을 위하여 다양한 사업방식과 사업시행 주체를 규정하고 있다. 그러나 도시개발법 제정 이후 수도권을 제외한 지방도시들에 있어서 도시개발사업 추진실적은 기대에 못 미치고 있다. 현재 개발이익환수에 관한 법률에서의 개발부담금은 토지에서 발생하는 개발이익을 환수하는 근거가 되지만, 건물에서 발생한 개발이익을 환수하는 근거가 되지 못한다. 또한 도시개발법에는 민간사업자가 도시개발을 통해 얻은 이익을 환수할 수 있는 근거 규정이 존재하지 않는다. 이러한 도시개발방식의 개선을 위하여 최근 국회가 제안한 도시개발법 일부개정법률안들이 제시하는 도시개발사업의 민간참여자에 대한 수익률 제한 규정(안)들의 타당성이 일부 인정된다. 그러나 이들 개정법률(안)들이 제시하는 바와 같이 도시개발사업의 민간참여자에 대한 수익률을 일률적으로 제한하게 되면 소규모 도시개발사업의 경우에는 기대수익률이 적어 민간사업자 참여가 줄어들고 대규모 도시개발사업에 있어서만 민간사업자 참여가 이루어질 가능성이 크다는 점에서 문제가 예상된다. 또한 도시개발법 일부개정법률(안)들은 총사업비를 기준으로 이윤율을 추정하면서도, 총사업비의 산정기준 시점 및 산정 방식 등에 관하여서는 구체적인 내용을 제시하지 않고 있어서, 개정법률(안)의 행정실효성 확보에 한계가 예상된다. 따라서 이와 관련한 상세 규정이 마련되어야 한다. 이상의 연구결과를 통하여 본 연구는 도시개발사업의 제도적 보완사항에 관한 정비와는 별개로 도시개발사업 추진에 필요한 인·허가 등 일련의 행정 과정에 관한 감독관청의 재량권 행사에 있어서 보다 적극적인 공익성 확보 노력에 관한 사항을 구체적으로 규정하는 것이 필요함을 제시하였다. Urban development is implemented by the new town development as well as by the urban development business such as the maintenance of obsoleted infrastructure and the provision of neighborhood facilities. Urban development project based on urban development act regulates various development methodologies and development subjects in order to implement legislative intent of the act for promoting creative urban development throughout the uses of private participation and funds in the development. However, the numbers of urban development projects were not good enough in local municipalities comparing to those of the the capital region of the nation ever since the legislation of urban development act. Current development impact fees defined by the restitution of development gain act can not be used as a reference for collecting development gains from buildings in the urban development projects but can be used as a reference for collecting development gains from the site of the urban development projects. In addition, there is no legal code for collecting development gains of the private participant in the urban development project. This study finds a certain feasibility of the restrictions of rate of return for private participation in the urban development project which proposed in the latest partially revised law on urban development by National Assembly in order for improving the problems of current urban development methodologies. However, if the same restrictions of rate of return for private participation would apply in the urban development project the expected rate of return for the project will be small so that the private participation in the project will be decreased. Also, it is necessary to complement existing urban development laws for securing administrative effectiveness because the latest partially revised law on urban development by National Assembly forecasts total development gains based on total project costs the law does not provide how to calculate the total project cost. Based on these findings this study concludes that it is necessary to define certain duty for acquiring public interest in the process of approval of urban development project along with the institutional improvement of the project by the administrative entities.